Democracy of Sound: Music Piracy and the Remaking of American Copyright in the Twentieth Century
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Gucci, 191–2
G-Unit, 169
Guns & Roses, 163
H.R.S. Society Rag, 43, 153. See also HRS (Hot Record Society)
Hall, Griffin, 12–3
Halstead, Fred, 107
Hamilton, Alexander, 136
Hamilton, Richard, 99–100
Hammond, John, 41–4, 57
Hancock, Herbie, 216
Hand, Learned, 46–8, 54, 81, 123, 176
Harding, Roger, 15 (fig.)
Harlan, John, 20
Harry Fox Agency, 55
Harry the Bastard, 153
Hart, Philip, 134, 210
Harvard Law Review, 32
Hawthorne Hot Shots, The (Beach Boys), 153
Heilman, David, 142, 148, 176
Hell’s Honkies Tape Club, 158
Helms, Jesse, 194
Hendrix, Jimi, 8, 97, 103, 114–5, 157
Herbert v. Shanley (1917), 44
Herbert, Victor, 20, 23, 25, 29, 44
Heylin, Clinton, 77, 106, 116,
Hickman, Clarence, 67
high-fidelity, 7, 41–2, 72, 74, 77, 81–2, 87
High Fidelity (magazine), 72–3
Historic Jazz label, 59
Hobson, Wilder, 38, 43, 51
Hoefer, George, 41, 56
Hoffman Avenue Records, 153
Holding, John B., 16–7
Holiday, Billie, 27, 44
Hollywood, 121, 136, 173, 185, 194, 202
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr., 21
Holscher, Louis, 152
Hopkins, Jerry, 98
Hornby, Nick, 151
Horses (Patti Smith), 105
Hot Record Society, 38, 42–4, 50–1, 53, 60, 65, 70, 74–5, 86, 96, 153, 173, 176, 209
Hot Wacks, 153–4
Hunting, Russell, 14–8, 31
Hupert, Dan, 156
Huxley, Aldous, 106
“I Am the Walrus” (The Beatles), 107
IBM, 210
Ibuka, Masaru, 82, 88
ideation, 65–6
IFPI (International Federation of Phonograph Industries), 185, 187, 189, 195
Igoe, Michael, 53–4
IIPA (International Intellectual Property Alliance), 191–2, 196
Immaculate Conception Records, 153
Independent Film and Television Alliance, 191
India, 183, 185–6, 190, 192, 194
intellectual property, 46–8, 137, 146, 161, 200–6, 216–7
and counterculture, 161, 211
and idea of information economy, 88, 210–1
and international trade, 174, 177–8, 186–95, 198
popularization of term, 7, 191
International Anti-Counterfeiting Coalition, 192
International Federation of Phonogram and Videogram Producers, 189
International News Service v. Associated Press (1919), 32–3, 47, 50, 137
Internet, 4, 7, 11, 86, 162, 171, 200, 212
Interpol (International Police Organization), 187, 196
“Invisible Generation, The” (William Burroughs), 87–8
iPod, 83, 161
Irish, Albert, 29–30
IRTA (Independent Record and Tape Association), 148
It’s a Beautiful Day, 99 (fig.)
iTunes, 1, 11, 86, 161, 209
Izod, 192
J. Cole, 1–2
Jackson, Henry “Big Bank Hank,” 166
Jackson, Michael, 206
Jadakiss, 170
jam music, 7, 156, 161, 173. See also Grateful Dead
Jamieson, Mark, 160, 168
Jay label, 50
jazz, 25, 37–45, 50–65, 71–2, 75–6, 78, 93–4, 106, 110, 118, 121, 128, 152–3, 176, 183, 204–5, 207, 216
Jazz Hot, 42. See also Panassié, Hugues
Jazz Panorama label, 59, 60 (fig.)
Jazz-time label, 50
Jedi, 171
Jefferson, “Blind” Lemon, 6, 59, 128
Jobs, Steve, 161
John, Elton, 115, 157
John Wesley Harding (Bob Dylan), 97, 208
Johnson, Eldridge, 14
Johnston, Bob, 96
Jolly Roger label, 51 (fig.), 52 (fig.), 55–7, 59–62, 128, 173, 209
Joplin, Janis, 101, 139
Jung Cat Records, 64 (fig.), 78. See also Rose, Boris
Jungle Inn, 39
Kaminstein, Abraham, 119–20, 124
Kane, Chuck, 114–6
Kanon, Herbert, 121
Kasha King label, 78
Kastenmeier, Robert, 147
Kazaa, 202
Keith organization, 28
Keith, Toby, 8
“Kentucky Babe” (Adam Geibel), 19, 20
Kessler, Jack (also Jack Fine), 139–40, 153
Kessler, Julius, 139, 153
Khomeini, Ayatollah, 182
Kid Capri, 167, 170
King Crimson, 158
Kippel, Les, 157
Kirby, Jack Temple, 217
Kirkeby, Ed, 59
Kittredge, Albert, 29
Kollock, Peter, 159–60
Kolodin, Irving, 76
Kool and the Gang, 6
Kool Herc, 164–5, 168
Koven, Donald, 85–6, 108, 136
Kraftwerk, 166
Kraut, 151
Kulcsar, Roy, 141
Kum Back (The Beatles), 105
Kustom Records, 153
L Brothers, 164
La Traviata (Verdi), 76
LaFarge, John, 29
LARTA (Latin American Record and Tape Association), 140–1
Lavine, Abigail, 82
Lear, Bill, 83–5
Led Zeppelin, 114, 208
Lee Bee Discs label, 78
Leeds and Caitlin, 17–8
Leeds, Arthur, 136–7
Lefkowitz, Louis, 112, 127, 129, 140–1
Leibell, Vincent, 46
Lennon, John, 105
Lessig, Lawrence, 204, 213
Let It Be (The Beatles), 105
Lettermen, 124–5
Levine, Sherrie, 206
Levy, Morris, 133
Lewis, Meade Lux, 41, 53–4, 56
liberalism, 81, 194–5
Lil Wayne, 208
Limewire, 86, 200, 207, 215
Limited Editions label, 59
Little White Wonder (Bob Dylan), 102
live performance
bootlegging of, 4, 6, 117,163–5, 206
in early radio programming, 44–6, 64, 67
and the Grateful Dead, 157–8, 160
and Patti Smith, 106, 155 (fig.)
See also Rubber Dubber label; mixtapes
LIVEr Than You’ll Ever Be (Rolling Stones), 96, 113
lobbying, 26, 118, 125–6, 138, 140, 191–3, 195
Lockhart, Leonard, 139–40
Lofton, Cripple Clarence, 54, 56
Lomax, Alan, 39, 52–3
Long Island, 130, 141, 143–4, 164
“The Long Tail” (Chris Anderson), 209
Los Angeles Press, 110
Lovebug Starski, 167
Lowery, David, 8
LOX, 170
LP record. See vinyl record
Lubar, Harvey, 157–8
Lucrezia Borgia, 77
Madonna, 196
Mafia, 5, 35, 110, 142
Magnetic Recorders Company, 69
magnetic recording, 6, 41–2, 63–71, 73, 81–9, 94–5, 133, 135, 210
on tape, 4, 11, 38, 62, 121, 210
on wire, 7, 66–8, 70, 83, 89
Magnetophon recorder, 68–9
Malcolm X, 104
Manuel, Peter, 177, 186–7
Mapleson, Lionel, 75, 96, 204
Marcus, Greil, 96
Marshall, Lee, 5, 154, 205
Marshall, Thurgood, 138
Marx, Karl, 103
A Masked Ball (Verdi), 76
mass reproduction, 4–5, 207
Matthews, Brander, 22, 27
Mayall, John, 98
McCaghy, Charles, 106, 117, 142
> McCartney, Paul, 104–5
McCuen, Brad, 59, 62
McGraw, Tim, 208
Meltzer, Sam, 57
Mercury label, 80, 181. See also Capitol Records v. Mercury (1955)
Metallica, 176
Method Man, 170
Metropolitan Opera House (New York), 75, 96
Metropolitan Opera, 74, 76, 119, 125. See also Metropolitan Opera v. Wagner-Nichols (1950)
Metropolitan Opera v. Wagner-Nichols (1950), 37, 48–50, 56, 73, 80, 123, 126, 137
Meyer, J.W., 15
Michelle, Yvette, 170
Micranots, 168
Mikva, Abner, 133–4, 148, 210
Military (US), 67–8, 88
Miller, Glenn, 35
Miller, Phillip L., 75
Minaj, Nicki, 212–3
Mister Jelly Roll (Jelly Roll Morton), 52–3
Mitchell, Joni, 113
Mix Tape: 60 Minutes of Funk, The (Funkmaster Flex), 170
mixtape
and benefits to recording industry, 173–4, 205
and use in hip hop, 1, 151, 167–71
personal use of, 151, 204,
DJ use of, 164–5, 172–3, 214
Modular Sounds, 143–4, 191
Monogram, 29–30
Monroe, John, 15, 16 (fig.)
Monsanto, 190, 192
Moore, Cason, 160
Moore, Jerry, 157–8
Moore, Thurston, 151
Morita, Akio, 88
Morton, Jelly Roll, 39, 52, 55, 119, 200
Mossinghoff, Gerald, 191, 195
Motorola, 84
Mozart, 76
MP3, 5, 7, 86, 173, 207, 215–6
MP3.com, 215
MPAA (Motion Picture Association of America), 2, 191, 193
Muntz, Earl “Madman,” 82–5
Music City Distributing, 114
music publishers, 11–2, 19, 21–3, 27–9, 44, 55, 111–2, 119–20, 122, 131–32, 139, 146, 174, 181, 203, 205–6, 214
Music Publishers Association, 22, 122
NAAL (National Academy of Arts and Letters), 22, 27
Naghavi, Alireza Jay, 154
Nam, Ng Sui, 190
Napster, 4, 7–8, 86, 200, 202, 214–6
NARM (National Association of Record Merchandisers), 130
Nashville Skyline (Bob Dylan), 97, 110
Nashville, TN, 96, 125, 131
National Institutes of Health, 120
Naxos, 201
NBC v. Nance (1974), 141
NBC, 69, 127, 141
neoliberalism, 211–2
New Deal, 68, 203
New Left, 106–7
New Riders of the Purple Sage, 158
New York (magazine), 95
Nicholas Nickleby, 102
Nievera, Martin, 196
Nipper, 14, 54 (fig.)
Nixon, Richard, 105, 107, 135, 138
“No Pakistanis” (The Beatles), 105
Nolan, Peter F., 211
Norcross Phonograph Company of New York, 14
Norelco. See Philips
Norris, Frank, 43
North Carolina, 96–7, 101, 109, 111, 125, 143–4
Notorious B.I.G., 167
NYPD (New York City Police Department), 141, 197
O, Michael, 100, 103
O’Sullivan, Gilbert, 205
Oberstein, Eli, 35–6, 76, 87
OFC label, 59, 60 (fig.)
Ohio Talking Machine Company, 14, 29–30
Oliver Ditson Company, 22
Olmstead v. United States (1928), 67
“On the Beach” (Paragons), 165
Onion, 206
open-source software, 161
opera. See classical music
Opperman, R. H., 68
Orbison, Roy, 205
Owen, Frank, 168
Pakistan, 105, 177, 189, 194, 196–7, 212
Palm Club label, 59, 60 (fig.)
palming off, 31, 49–50, 124, 152
Panassié, Hugues, 39, 42
Pandora, 215–6
Paradox Industries, 56
Paragons, 165
Paramount label, 35
Parker, Charlie, 78
Patagonia Festival, 76
Patrick and Merlin, 97–9, 100
Pax label, 52 (fig.), 56
payola, 74, 109, 132–3, 143, 208
peer production, 160, 202. See also Grateful Dead; Deadheads
Period label, 76–7
Perrotto, John, 144
Perry, Lee “Scratch,” 165
Pettit, Horace, 23–6
Pettus, Jerrold H. (also Jerry Pettus), 144, 153
Petty, Eric, 197
Philips, 72, 84, 87–8, 181
Phillips, Ralph “Buddy,” 144
Phish, 5, 163
Phoenix company, 124–5
Phonograms Convention of 1971, 186–7, 196
Phonoscope, 15, 16 (fig.), 17 (fig.)
Phonygraf label, 153
PhRMA (Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America), 191
piano roll, 12, 18–20, 23, 27–8, 31, 33, 37, 44, 63, 87, 89, 120, 212
Pig’s Eye label, 153
Pilpel, Harriet, 121
Pinckney, Francis, 111–2
piracy
artist opposition to, 8, 56, 162–3, 156, 176, 216
artist support for, 105–6, 155, 158–60, 202, 214
legislation against, 123, 125–36, 143–9, 194, 203
lobbying efforts in support of, 127–9, 133, 147–8
record label involvement in, 35–6, 55–6, 76, 142
See also file sharing; bootlegging; counterfeiting
Pirate Records, 59, 60 (fig.), 61
Pitney, Mahlon, 33
Plançon, Pol-Henri, 25
“Planet Rock” (Afrika Bambaataa), 166–7
player piano. See piano roll
Playgirl Industries, 139
Police (band), 206
Pontitoff, Alexander, 83
Porat, Marc Uri, 210
Porter, Tiran, 150
post-Fordism, 209
post-industrial society, 4, 177, 209–10
postmodernism, 172–3, 206
Poulsen, Valdemar, 66
Powell, Bud, 64 (fig.)
Powell, Enoch, 104
Powell, Lewis, 138
Premier Albums, 141
Presley, Elvis, 109, 113
Prince, 5, 163
Prince, Richard, 172
Progressive Era, 12, 28, 33, 133, 145, 203
Protean Radish, 101, 109
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 206
Psychedelic Supermarket, 98
Psychic Soviet, The (Ian Svenonius), 172
publication, 45, 80, 134, 146, 201
Puff Daddy. See Combs, Sean “Puffy”
“Puff the Magic Dragon,” 183
Pujol, Joseph “Le Pétomane,” 79 (fig.)
punk, 105, 117, 151, 154. See also Dead
Kennedys; Moore, Thurston; Smith, Patti
Purple for a Day (Deep Purple), 102
Putnam, Herbert, 21–2, 29
Quicksilver Messenger Service, 157
R&B, 165, 168
R.E.M., 163
Radio Free Europe, 93
Rambo, 182
Ramsey, Frederic, Jr., 50–1, 53
Rao, Narasimha, 194
“Rapper’s Delight” (Sugar Hill Gang), 164, 166, 167
RCA v. Whiteman (1940), 37, 45–8, 54, 80, 137
“RCA Victim” label, 113
RCA Victor, 13–4, 23–6, 29–33, 35, 38, 41, 45–8, 52, 54 (fig.), 55–6, 59–61, 66, 70–1, 76–7, 82, 84, 113, 122, 132 181, 209
Reagan, Ronald, 7, 177, 190, 192, 211, 216
Record Changer, 42 (fig.), 54 (fig.), 55–7, 75
Record Corporation of America label, 76
Record Plant, 114
Red Onion Jazz Babies (Clarence Williams), 43
Red Seal records, 33, 132
Redman, 170
“Redondo Beach” (Patti Smith)
, 106
Redwood, Ruddy, 165
reggae, 164–5
Rehnquist, William, 138
Reich, Wilhelm, 105
Reid, Arthur “Duke,” 165
Reid, Shaheem, 169–70
Rek-O-Kut recorder, 71
Remco, 42
Renaissance Minstrels (The Beatles), 113–4
Replacements, 162–3
Reprise, 181
Resnik, Regina, 36, 76
RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America), 119, 125–6, 131, 134, 138–43, 147, 154, 156, 163, 171, 180, 191, 197, 216
Richard Records, 113
Rieber, Dick, 39–40
Righteous Babe Records, 216
Ring des Nibelungen cycle (Richard Wagner), 36, 76, 87
Ringer, Barbara, 123–4, 130, 148, 149, 201
Robinson, Sylvia, 166
rock and roll, 5, 7, 57, 81, 87, 93–110, 113–7, 139, 142, 150–60, 163, 171–3, 183, 202, 210
Rockefeller, Nelson, 125, 127–9
Rolling Stone, 97, 99, 103, 107, 130, 156
Rolling Stones, 94, 96, 163, 166
Roosevelt, Franklin, 68, 138
Roosevelt, Theodore, 21, 28
Rose, Boris, 64 (fig.), 65, 74, 78–9, 94, 117, 176
Rosen, Charlie, 157
Rosengarten, Theodore, 53
Ross, Diana, 206
Roulette Records, 133
Royal Academy of Music, 190
royalties, 12, 33, 35, 110–2, 114–5, 119, 127, 131–3, 147–8, 154, 176, 215
RSO label, 181–2
Rubin, Jerry, 107, 161
Rubber Dubber label, 103, 107–8, 110, 114–7, 141, 151–3, 157
Run-DMC, 163–4, 167, 197
Russell, William, 42
Russia. See Soviet Union
Rydell, Bobby, 57, 142
Sam Goody, 139
Sampling, 6, 11, 162, 170, 172, 204
legal restriction of, 134, 171, 205
and samplers, 166, 168
Saturday Night Fever, 177, 181–2, 198
Saturday Review, 50–1, 76–7
Schafer, Charles, 133
Schirmer’s department store, 69
Schoenfeld, Joel, 141
Schultz, Mark, 160
Schulze, Günther G., 154
Scott de Martinville, Édouard-Léon, 66
Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel (1964), 80–1, 123–4, 137–8
Sermon, Erick, 170
Serven, A.R., 29
Sha Money XL, 170
Shakespeare, 217
Shapiro, Bernstein v. Miracle Records (1950), 53
Shaw, Artie, 35
Shaw, Greg, 152
sheet music
and sales tactics, 174
copying of, 3, 5, 22–3, 77
copyright of, 19, 23–4, 122
renting and sharing of, 27–8, 214
shellac disc, 1–2, 12, 53, 86
Sherburn, Nevill L., 59, 60 (fig.)
Shit Hits the Fans, The (Replacements), 163
Shore, Laurence Kenneth, 179
Siew, Vincent, 184
Simmons, Joseph “Run,” 163–4
Sinatra, Frank, 27, 56, 133
Singapore, 177, 179 (fig.), 184–5, 190, 192, 195