by Ober, Josiah
Lexicon of Greek Personal Names, 83
life expectancy, 88–89
Linear B, 130
literacy, 130, 132
liturgies, 244, 250
living standards, 70–100
local historiography, 39–41
location, of classical Greek states, 107
Lorenz curve, 90, 91
Lyceum, 247
Lycurgus (Athenian statesman), 303
Lycurgus (Spartan lawmaker), and Lycurgan reforms, 124, 139–44, 194, 231, 289
Ma, John, 259, 301, 303, 330
Macedon and Macedonia: army of, 268–69, 285–88; and Athens, 239–40, 271–76; classical Greece in relation to, 266–67; coinage in, 270–71, 285; defeat of Greek states by, 18–19; and empire, 261, 266, 279–88; governance of, 267–68; Greek states compared to, 279–82, 288; and Hellenization, 241, 267; infantry of, 286; navy of, 287; and the Persian Empire, 277–78; before Philip, 264, 266–68; rise of, under Philip, 268–76; success of, under Philip II, 279–91
Mackil, Emily, 256, 308, 358n30
Maddison, Angus, 342n66
Malthusian pressure/trap, 71–72, 74, 86, 89, 94, 139, 338n13
Mantinea, 230; battle of, 239
Marathon, 168
markets, 203–4, 244–47
marriage: Macedonian polygamy, 270, 280; mixed, 200
Massalia, 241
mass audiences, in Athens, 234–36
Mausolus, 238, 239–40, 262, 263, 270
meat, 29
medieval Europe, regime types and growth in, 122
Mediterranean Sea, 22
Mediterranean triad, 27, 29, 44
Megalopolis, 299
Megara, 146, 179, 198, 210, 213
Melos, 216–17, 356n58
Memnon of Rhodes, 278, 297, 298
mercenaries: Greeks as, 137, 227–28, 238, 253, 348n25; impact of, on warfare, 226; Persian Empire’s use of, 227–28; plundering by, 253; in Sicily, 177–78, 183–85, 253
merismos system of state budgeting, 250
Mesopotamia, 8, 10, 79, 301
Messene, 232, 306
Messenia, 143, 197, 230, 232, 348n29
Messenian Wars, 69, 138–40
Metapontum, 133, 135
metics, 96, 97; numbers of in Athens, 92t
microclimates, 106
Middle Bronze Age, 73
middle class: in Athens, 96–98, 148, 151; in class structure, 93–94; defined, 330n6; and domination, 108–9; economic growth dependent on, 4, 94, 101; wages of, 95
Miletus, 41, 179
military. See warfare
Mill, John Stuart, 168
mining, 270, 285
Minoan culture, 73, 125
Minos, King of Crete, 70
modernity: classical Greece compared to, xv–xvi, 4; democracy and economic growth as conditions of, xiii–xiv; efflorescence of, 2; exceptional character of, xiii–xiv
moral hazard, 114–15, 149, 252
morality: collective social action and, 50; polis living and, 51–52, 312
Morris, Ian, xiv, 81–83, 85, 89, 91, 98, 146, 206, 336n19
mother cities, 41, 133
motivation and social action: under centralized authority, 59; in decentralized conditions, 46–47; factors in, 66–70; self-interest and, 46, 289–90
Murray, Oswyn, xvi
Mycale, battle at, 193
Mycenaean civilization, 72–73, 104, 125–26, 129
Mytilene, 213–15
names, of known individuals, numbers of, 83
Nash equilibrium, 310
natural resources, 43–44, 104
natural states, 10–11, 57, 116, 125, 135, 143, 268
Naucratis, 27
navy: Athenian, 168–69, 192–93, 206, 214, 221–22, 305; Athenian Naval League, 230, 237, 239–40; Macedonian, 287; Persian, 193; Spartan, 119, 194, 221–22, 229. See also warships
Naxos, 196
Neandreia, 259
Neapolis, 37
Nemea, 30
Nemesis, 144
Netz, Reviel, 206
Nicias, 218–19
Nicocles, 262
Nicomachus, 251
North, Douglass, 5, 10, 116, 125, 135
occupations, 102, 205
Odeon, Athens, 205
Old Oligarch, 113, 209
oligarchy: in Athens, 221, 300; democracy vs., 201, 307–8; as Philip II’s favored regime, 298; as regime type, 40
olives and olive oil, 27, 29, 135, 152
Olson, Mancur, 46, 56, 59, 67
Olympia, 30, 135
Olynthos, 90, 271
opportunists, in Hellenistic world, 262–64
opportunity egalitarianism, 110
Orchomenos, 242
Oropos, 239
orphans, support of, 115
Orwell, George, 111
Osborne, Robin, 343n1
ostracism, 167, 174–75, 187–88, 197, 352n26, 353n38
outcome egalitarianism, 110
Paeonians, 268
Panathenaia, 153, 158, 303
panopticon, 349n33. See also social panopticon
Pareto optimal condition, 309
Paros, 12
Parthenon, Athens, 205
path dependency, 194
Pausanius, 1, 30
Peace of Philocrates, 271–73
Pearson correlation, 333n5
Peisistratus, 153, 158
Pella, 267
Pelopidas, 230
Peloponnesian League, 37–38, 119, 144, 155, 169, 198, 210
Peloponnesian War: account of, 212–22; causes of, 41, 210–12; Greek world after, 223–27; strategies for, 212–13, 215; Thucydides on, 207–8, 210–20, 252; truce during, 216
Peloponnesus, 138m
per capita consumption, 82–83
per capita growth, 81–84, 98
Perdiccas III, King of Macedon, 268, 281, 284–85
Pericles, 197–98, 200, 206, 208–9, 212, 263; funeral oration of, 208, 211, 213, 215, 289
Perinthus, 274, 288, 309
perioikoi, Spartan, 139, 142, 155
Persian Empire, 37; advantages/disadvantages of belonging to, 193; aggressive behavior of, in fourth century, 237–38; Alexander’s defeat of, 261, 297–99; Anatolia and, 258–60; Athenian empire compared to, 199, 354n15; Athenian peace agreement with, 198; competition and predation from, 27; defeat of, 261; governance of, 199; growth of, 159; ideology of, 199; invasions of Athens by, 168, 173–74, 191; Macedonia and, 277–78; navy of, 193; population of, 199; principalagent problems of, 199, 215, 228, 238, 298; punishment of towns by, 179, 193; Spartan alliance with, 221, 227–30; as threat to Athens, 159
petalism, 187–88, 353n38
phalanxes, 136, 138–39, 168
Pheidias, 206
Philip II of Macedon, 19, 56, 258; assassination of, 264, 278; and Athens, 239–40; and centralized authority, 279–80, 291; crucial victory of, 261; factors in success of, 278–91; leadership characteristics of, 263; and the League of Corinth, 276–78; and the rise of Macedon, 268–76; rule of, 263–64; tomb of, 267
philosophical schools, Athenian, 226, 247
Phocis, 33, 240, 272
Phoenicia and Phoenicians: alphabet borrowed from, 132; land area occupied by, 26, 27; political regime of, 55–56; small-state culture of, 8
piracy, 201, 202, 272, 305
Piraeus, 169, 203, 205, 232, 245, 303
Pithekoussai, 133
plague, 213, 355n48
Plataea, 7, 69, 168, 169, 237, 242
Plato, 47, 232; Aristotle as student of, 282; on Greek world, 223; Laws, 311; Phaedo, 21; on political regimes, 40; Protagoras, 112–13; Republic, 17, 31, 40, 42, 60, 311; school founded by, 226, 247; on specialization in governance, 17; Statesman, 40; and Syracuse, 254, 283; on walled cities, 42–43
pluralistic ignorance, 182, 307
Plutarch, 33, 140, 254–55, 257
poetry, 30
Point Mycale, battle at, 169
polis: characteristics of, 7; naturalness of, 51–52, 31
2. See also Greek states
political animals, humans as, 47–54, 49
political participation rights, 243
political regimes: in Age of Expansion, 135–36; Aristotle on, 40, 290, 311–13, 325–26; in Bronze Age, 124–26; in Early Iron Age, 126–27; growth affected by types of, 122; persistence and change of, 40; Sparta, 142; types of, 40. See also centralized authority; citizen-centered government; democracy; oligarchy
political science: sophists’ teaching of, 206–7; of Thucydides, 207–11
Polyidus, 288
population: in Age of Expansion, 133; of Athens, 7, 144, 205, 278; of classical Greece, 21–22, 22f, 74, 75f, 81–82; of core Greece, 22, 22f, 85, 99f; density of, 84–88; distribution of, 87t; in Early Iron Age, 74; of England and Wales, 22; of extended Greek world, 3, 22, 22f, 85; of Holland, 22; of Laconia and Messenia, 138; of Mycenaean civilization, 73; of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Greece, 71–72, 75f; of Persian Empire, 199; of Plataea, 7; shotgun method of estimating, 85, 339n26; of Sparta, 231, 349n30; of United States, 22
Potidaia, 238
pottery, 153, 158
power, Thucydides on, 207–11
premodern Greece, population and living standards in, 71–76
Priene, 259
principal-agent problem, 199, 215, 228, 238, 298
projectiles, 288
proportionality principle, 143, 147
prospect theory, 217, 219
Pseudo-Aristotle, Constitution of Athens, 40, 47, 236, 249
Pseudo-Xenophon, 113, 209
Ptolemaic dynasty, 302
Ptolemy “the Savior,” 301, 309
public goods: Aristotle on, 52; characteristics of, 345n29; citizen-centered government conducive to, 54; non-citizen roles in, 335n11; nonexcludable, 196; provision of, 113–14; wealthy citizens’ contribution to, 303
public insurance, 115, 252
public service, 113–14, 303
public speaking, 234–36, 249
punishment, motivations for undertaking, 68
Python of Byzantion, 282
quadriremes, 299, 359n50
quinqueremes, 299, 359n50
Raaflaub, Kurt, 354n15
rabbits, 29
rainfall, 24–25
rational choice theory, 46, 203
Rawls, John, 349n32
religion, 30, 136; and open access, 247
Renaissance Italy, xiv, 7, 296
rents and rent-seeking, 86, 108, 141, 147, 180, 204
representative government, 164
Rhamnous, 144, 205
rhetoric. See public speaking
Rhodes, 239, 261, 304, 305, 309
Rhodes, Peter J., 251
rights. See civic rights
risk, protection against, 114–15, 252
Robinson, James, 5
Roman Warm (climate change), 106
Rome and Roman Empire: adoption of neighbors’ expertise and technology by, 19; climate during, 106; economy of, 79–80, 341n50; and Hellenic culture, 295, 296, 315; political conditions of, 315; urbanization rate in, 87; wealth and income distribution in, 91, 94–95, 95t
rule egalitarianism: in Athens, 151; as condition for wealth promotion, 103, 111–17; defined, 110, 344n21; limited extent of, 104; and persistence of Greek efflorescence, 296; and rise and fall of classical Greece, 293–94
rules, institutional economics’ focus on, 343n1
Runciman, W. G., xvii
Rutishauser, Brian, 248
Sacred Band, Theban, 232, 276
Salamis, battle of, 169, 173–74, 193
Samos, 41, 201, 238
sarissa, 276, 286, 362n38
Satraps’ Revolt, 238
Scheidel, Walter, 91, 93–94, 96, 98, 334n21
schools of fish, 45, 61
Schumpeter, Joseph, 12
Scott, James C., 107
Scythians, 27–28
seas, Greek use of, 65
Second Sophistic, 295
secretaries, of administrative bodies, 250–51
Segesta, 218, 220
Seleucid dynasty, 260
Seleucus “the Victorious,” 300, 301
self-interest, 46, 112, 289–90
Selinous, 218
Sen, Amartya, 363n24
Serpent Column, Delphi, 279
Sestos, 238
shields, 130, 136, 286
shotgun method, of demographic estimation, 85, 339n26
Sicily, 177m; Athenian conflict with, 217–20; Carthage vs., 180, 253–57, 263; citizenship in, 184–85; economy of, 218, 255–57; Etruscans vs., 181; fall and rise of, 252–58; in fourth century, 223–24; in Hellenistic period, 300–301; in late sixth and early fifth centuries, 175–78; resurgence of, 41; after tyranny, 183–85; tyranny in, 60, 176–78, 253; wheat produced by, 12. See also Syracuse
siege towers, 287–88
siege warfare, 197, 226, 253, 287–88, 309, 313, 353n3
Sikels, 184, 218
silphium, 44
silver, 168–69, 270, 285
Simonides, 182
Simonton, Matthew, 201
Skione, 356n58
Skyros, 229, 230
slavery, 113
slums, 89
small-state cultures, 7–10
Smith, Adam, 11, 14
Snodgrass, Antony, 129
social capital, 16–17
social insects, 49, 58. See also ants; bees
social mobility, 142–43, 215
social networks, development of, 170–71
social norms, citizen-centered regimes arising from, 131
social panopticon, 141, 170, 194
social science, xvii–xviii
Social War, 239–40, 270
Socrates, 165, 206–7, 222, 232
Solon, 78, 146, 148–49, 152
Solonian reforms, 124, 148–53, 161, 289
sophists, 206–7, 234
Sophocles, 206
Sounion, 205
Sparta: advantages of, 123; Athenian conflicts with, 160, 166, 196–98, 210–17; and Athenian tyranny, 160–61; Athens compared to, 210–11, 211t; austerity of, 141; in Bronze Age, 125–26; citizenship in, 123, 143; and colonization, 139; conflicts involving, 69; defense plan of, 192; development of, 132; economy of, 139, 210; education in, 141–42; and empire, 227–32; equality in, 140–41, 349n32; ideology of, 231; infantry of, 124, 138–39, 231; influence and prominence of, 37, 144; land area of, 33, 137–38; land holdings in, 357n16; as land power, 31; language of, 137; lifestyles in, 141, 142; Lycurgan system in, 124, 139–44, 194, 231, 289; Macedon challenged by, 299; as model for city-state, 155; navy of, 119, 194, 221–22, 229; Persian alliance with, 221, 227–30; and Persian invasion, 168, 169, 192–94; political regime in, 142; population of, 231, 349n30; private wealth in, 140–41; resistance to innovation in, 118–19; in seventh and sixth centuries, 137–44; size of, 33, 37; social crisis in, 124; social mobility in, 142–43; specialization in, 31, 124, 139, 142; state-sponsored violence in, 139; as superpolis, 140, 143, 211; and trade, 142; warfare central to, 140. See also Peloponnesian War
spears, 130, 136, 286
specialization: in Athens, 124; in Bronze Age, 125; centralized authority and, 14–15, 17, 344n24; in classical Greece, 11–14, 17–18, 31, 205; in Early Iron Age, 127; economic growth dependent on, 11–14; federal leagues and, 243; in fourth century, 225; market exchange and, 204; military, 139; occupational, 102, 205; rejection of, 17–18, 214–15; and slavery, 113; in Sparta, 31, 124, 139, 142
Speusippos, 283
standard ancient premise, about Greek economic development, 76, 80, 107
standard modern premise, about Greek economic development, 76, 80, 88, 118, 338n7
standard of living. See living standards
Starr, Chester, 132, 258
Stasavage, David, 122
state performance, Athenian: access as factor in, 247; elite incentives as factor in, 174–75; expertise as factor in, 171–74, 248–52; federalism as factor in, 170–71; political regime type as
factor in, 166–67
states. See Greek states
steppe cultures, 28
Stockwell, Stephen, 329n2
strong ties, in networks, 171
subsidiarity, 242
subsidies, 115
subsistence minimum baseline, 93, 341n50 sunoikismos (coming to dwell together), 131
suntaxis (tax), 298
symposia, 267
Syracuse: advantages of, 123; Athenian conflict with, 217–20; Athens compared to, 157, 186–88, 220; Carthage vs., 180; citizenship in, 186; colonization by, 41; conflicts involving, 69; democracy in, 185–88, 252–53; economy of, 218; and empire, 56, 176, 218, 254; fall and rise of, 252–58; founding of, 133; influence and prominence of, 37; land area of, 33; size of, 33, 37; as superpolis, 179–80; after tyranny, 183–84; tyranny in, 178–82, 253
Syria, 301
Tachos, 263
Tarentum, 139
taxes: in Anatolia, 260; in Athenian empire, 203, 215–16; in Athens, 244–45, 250; direct, 250; indirect, 244–45; levied by Athens on shipping, 229; in Macedon, 284–85, 298; Peloponnesian War and, 215–16; public insurance and, 115
technological innovations, 117, 129–30, 135, 226
Teegarden, David, 83, 307, 364n30
Tegea, 143
Tellus of Athens, 78–79, 136
Temple of Apollo, Bassae, iif
Temple of Apollo, Delphi, 160
Thasos, 41, 197
Theater of Dionysus, Athens, 205, 303
Thebes: conflicts involving, 69; Macedon and, 274–76, 278; rebuilding of, 306; rise of, in fourth century, 237–40, 242; Sparta vs., 229–32
Themistocles, 34, 168–69, 289
Theopompus, 283–84
Theron, 180–81
Theseus, 132
Thessaly, 238, 240
the Thirty, at Athens, 228, 231, 232–33
Thrace, 205, 280
Thucydides, 206; on Delian League, 196–97; on Hipparchus’ assassination, 159; historical sources used by, 40; Melian dialogue, 216–17; on Peloponnesian War, 207–8, 210–20, 252; Pericles’ funeral oration, 208, 211, 213, 215, 289; political theories of, 118, 207–11, 290; on power of Athens and Sparta, 144; on rational acquiescence to external rule, 69–70, 202; and the sophists, 207
Timoleon, 256–57, 289
trade: advantageous location for, 107; Athenian empire and, 201; Athens and, 152–53, 237–38, 244–47; contracts for, 246; federal leagues and, 243; and markets, 203–4; policies and practices encouraging, 244–48; Sparta and, 142
tragedy, 158
transaction cost economics, 250
transaction costs, 11–12; control of, 115–16; federal leagues’ influence on, 308; in fourth century, 225–26; in labor markets, 97; for market exchanges, 204; rule egalitarianism and, 103; as source of goods for consumption, 86–88