The Counterrevolution
Page 31
11. United States General Accounting Office, Survey of Progress in Implementing the Planning-Programming-Budgeting System in Executive Agencies; Report to the Congress (Washington, DC, 1969), 4.
12. Quade, Systems Analysis Techniques, 2.
13. James R. Schlesinger, “Quantitative Analysis and National Security,” World Politics 15, no. 2 (1963): 295–316, at 314.
14. See generally, W. Kip Viscusi and Joseph E. Aldy, “The Value of a Statistical Life: A Critical Review of Market Estimates throughout the World,” NBER (working paper no. 9487, February 2003), 54–56, www.nber.org/papers/w9487.pdf.
15. See President Carter’s executive order E.O. 12044 (tasking all executive agencies with the duty to conduct economic impact studies of all major government regulations); President Reagan’s executive order E.O. 12291 (assigning the responsibility to the Office of Management and Budget); and President Bill Clinton’s 1996 executive order E.O. 12866 (on the “Economic Analysis of Federal Regulations”).
16. The President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies et al., The NSA Report: Liberty and Security in A Changing World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014), 50–53, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2013/12/18/liberty-and-security-changing-world.
17. Paret and Shy, Guerrillas in the 1960’s, 3.
18. Marlowe, David Galula, 12.
19. Paret and Shy, Guerrillas in the 1960’s, 3–4 and 4n3; Marlowe, David Galula, 13; and see generally Kristian Williams, introduction to Life During Wartime: Resisting Counterinsurgency, eds. Kristian Williams, Will Munger, and Lara Messersmith-Glavin (Oakland, CA: AK Press, 2013).
20. It is important to emphasize here—and it is somewhat remarkable—that Galula’s seminal book, Pacification in Algeria 1956–1958, was originally published in English. In other words, it was originally published in translation, and only decades later published in its original French. This is true as well of his more theoretical treatise, Counterinsurgency: Theory and Practice. A French translation of Counterinsurgency appeared through the publishing house Economica in 2008; and a French translation of Pacification in Algeria was only published in 2016 by the publishing house Les Belles Lettres—which is mostly known for its ancient and classical texts, like the Loeb editions. That’s rare and remarkable in the publishing business, and it reflects the influence of RAND and the extent to which RAND shaped the discourse on counterinsurgency.
21. See Marlowe, David Galula, 9.
22. Martin A. Lee and Bruce Shlain, Acid Dreams: The CIA, LSD, and the Sixties Rebellion (New York, Grove Press, Inc., 1985), 196–197.
23. Gompert and Gordon, War by Other Means, iii. The 2008 report created a number of other byproduct studies, including among others: Byting Back—Regaining Information Superiority Against 21st-Century Insurgents: RAND Counterinsurgency Study, vol. 1, by Martin C. Libicki et al.; Counterinsurgency in Iraq (2003–2006): RAND Counterinsurgency Study, vol. 2, by Bruce Pirnie and Edward O’Connell; Heads We Win—The Cognitive Side of Counterinsurgency (COIN): RAND Counterinsurgency Study, paper 1, by David C. Gompert; Subversion and Insurgency: RAND Counterinsurgency Study, paper 2, by William Rosenau; Understanding Proto-Insurgencies: RAND Counterinsurgency Study, paper 3, by Daniel Byman; Money in the Bank—Lessons Learned from Past Counterinsurgency (COIN) Operations: RAND Counterinsurgency Study, paper 4, by Angel Rabasa et al.; and Rethinking Counterinsurgency—A British Perspective: RAND Counterinsurgency Study, paper 5, by John Mackinlay and Alison al-Baddawy. See Gompert and Gordon, War by Other Means, vi–vii.
24. Gompert and Gordon, War by Other Means, vii.
25. There has also been a revolving door between the institutions: James Schlesinger, for instance, the former CIA director and secretary of defense, was a strategic analyst at the RAND Corporation, and Henry Rowen, who served as president of RAND, previously headed up the CIA’s National Intelligence Command. Other lower-level agents and researchers would also go back and forth between the institutions. See generally Lee and Shlain, Acid Dreams, 197; and Valtin, “CIA, RAND Ties Muddy APA Torture ‘Investigation,’” Daily Kos, June 7, 2015, http://www.dailykos.com/story/2015/06/07/1391345/-CIA-RAND-Ties-Muddy-APA-Torture-Investigation (“Douglas Valentine in his book, The Phoenix Project, describes how top CIA Phoenix official, Robert “Blowtorch” Komer, left the Agency to work for RAND in 1970”).
26. FM, 141–142.
27. FM, 142.
28. Ibid.
29. Cora Currier, “Blowing the Whistle on CIA Torture from Beyond the Grave,” The Intercept, October 17, 2014, https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/10/17/blowing-whistle-cia-torture-beyond-grave/; see also Scott Gerwehr, “Letter to the Editor: States of Readiness: Do New Threats Loom?; Stopping Terror,” New York Times, October 1, 2001 (“The writer is a policy analyst specializing in deception and psychological operations at the RAND Corporation”), http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/01/opinion/l-states-of-readiness-do-new-threats-loom-stopping-terror-439100.html; Scott Gerwehr and Nina Hachigian, “In Iraq’s Prisons, Try a Little Tenderness,” New York Times, August 25, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/25/opinion/in-iraqs-prisons-try-a-little-tenderness.html; Valtin, “CIA, RAND Ties”; “Shocking: 2003 CIA/APA ‘Workshop’ Plots New Torture Plans,” Invictus, May 26, 2007, http://valtinsblog.blogspot.com/2007/05/shocking-2003-ciaapa-workshop-plots-new.html#.VYGMSUtq61w; and Tamsin Shaw, “The Psychologists Take Power,” New York Review of Books, February 25, 2016, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2016/02/25/the-psychologists-take-power/.
30. Valtin, “CIA, RAND Ties.”
31. “Shocking: 2003 CIA/APA.” The report and list of attendees of the 2003 workshop are available online here: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2065302-scienceofdeceptionworkshopreport.html.
32. Currier, “Blowing the Whistle on CIA Torture.”
33. It is clear as well that RAND has had a significant role and its involvement in the systematic development of counterinsurgency theory continues to the present. Still today, RAND has an extensive list of current publications on counterinsurgency, which remains one of its important axes of research. See, for example, http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/MG595z5.html.
34. See, for example, Timothy Kudo, “How We Learned to Kill,” New York Times, February 27, 2015: “Throughout the past century, military social systems and training evolved to make humans less reluctant to take a life”; “The madness of war is that while this system is in place to kill people, it may actually be necessary for the greater good”; “To fathom this system and accept its use for the greater good is to understand that we still live in a state of nature.”
OCKHAM’S RAZOR, OR, RESISTING THE COUNTERREVOLUTION
1. William of Ockham, Epistola ad fratres minores in Opera Politica, vol. 3, 1–17, eds. Ralph Francis Bennett and Hilary Seton Offler (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1956), at p. 6; and see William of Ockham, Court traité du pouvoir tyrannique, trans. Jean-Fabien Spitz (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1999), 4.
2. William of Ockham, Breviloquium de principatu tyrannico, in Opera Politica, vol. 4, 97–260, ed. Hilary Seton Offler (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), bk. 1, chap. 4, p. 102 (“Admonendi sunt subditi, ne plus quam expedit sint subiecti”). Ockham is here quoting Pope Gregory. This is my translation. A more historically and theoretically faithful translation would be “subjects should be admonished not to be subjected more than is asked of them,” with the Latin term admonendi rendered closer to the notion of forewarned, advised, instructed, and the Latin term subiecti rendered closer to the concept of subjectification. The latter is very close to the Foucaultian notion of assujettissement. However, in contemporary American English, the notion of subjectification is too rarified and the term admonished now too close to punishment. In addition, in the present political context, the meaning of subiecti comes close to the more forceful concept of subjugation; so to help readers understand the passage, I decided to strike a more modern balance. The Cambridge edition reads: “
Subjects should be urged not to be more subject than is useful” (William of Ockham, A Short Discourse on Tyrannical Government, trans. John Kilcullen, ed. Arthur Stephen McGrade (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 9. The French edition translates the papal quotation as “les sujets doivent être avertis de ne pas être assujettis plus qu’il n’est nécessaire” (William of Ockham, Court traité du pouvoir tyrannique, trans. Jean-Fabien Spitz (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1999), 102.
3. William of Ockham, bk. 2, chap. 3, p. 115, in Breviloquium; Ockham, Court traité du pouvoir tyrannique, 120–121; and Ockham, A Short Discourse on Tyrannical Government, 23–24.
4. Ockham, bk. 2, chap. 3, p. 114–115, in Breviloquium; Ockham, Court traité du pouvoir tyrannique, 119; and Ockham, A Short Discourse on Tyrannical Government, 22.
5. Michel Foucault, Qu’est-ce que la critique?, eds. Henri-Paul Fruchaud and Daniele Lorenzini (Paris: Vrin, 2015), 37; and Michel Foucault, Théories et institutions pénales, ed. Bernard E. Harcourt (Paris: Gallimard/Le Seuil, 2015).
6. Ockham, bk. 1, chap. 4, p. 102, in Breviloquium (“subiectionem autem nimiam cavere non possunt, nisi sciant quam et quantam super eos praesidens habeat potestatem”). A more literal and historical translation might be “subjects cannot be attentive to excessive subjection unless they know of what kind and to what extent the one who presides over them (praesidens, as in the one who is on top of them) exercises power over them.” The use of praesidens here, related of course to the term president, is pregnant. For other translations, see Ockham, Court traité du pouvoir tyrannique, 102 (“Or ils ne peuvent se défier de la sujétion excessive, à moins de savoir quelle est la nature et l’étendue du pouvoir que celui qui est à leur tête possède sur eux”); and Ockham, A Short Discourse on Tyrannical Government, 9 (“But they cannot be on guard against excessive subjection unless they know what and how much power their superior has over them”).
7. See the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, “Drone Warfare”; and see also Pitch Interactive, “Out of Site, Out of Mind,” http://drones.pitchinteractive.com/.
8. “Ce qu’il y a de plus scandaleux dans le scandale c’est qu’on s’y habitue.” See Judith Surkis, “Ethics and Violence: Simone de Beauvoir, Djamila Boupacha, and the Algerian War,” special issue, French Politics, Culture & Society 28, no. 2 (Summer 2010): 38–55, quote at 38.
9. Pierre Vidal-Naquet, La Torture dans la République (Paris: La Découverte/Maspero, 1975); Vidal-Naquet, L’Affaire Audin (Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit, 1958). In particular, Vidal-Naquet took on the cause of Marcel Audin, in reports and pamphlets denouncing what he would call his “assassination” (Vidal-Naquet, L’Affaire Audin, 100). Many years later, Aussaresses would confess to ordering the killing of Audin. See http://www.francetvinfo.fr/france/video-les-aveux-posthumes-du-general-aussaresses-on-a-tue-audin_500432.html.
10. See his famous article, “The Question,” L’Express, January 15, 1955; cf. Stora, Algeria 1830–2000, 51.
11. Stora, Algeria 1830–2000, 50; and see generally, Jean Charles Jauffret, Ces officiers qui ont dit non à la torture, Algéries 1954–1962 (Paris: Éditions Autrement, 2005).
INDEX
Abe, Shinzo, 189
“Abnormal” (Foucault), 231–232
Abu Ghraib, 72, 117, 118, 205
Acid Dreams (Lee and Shlain), 241
Ackerman, Bruce, 220
ACLU. See American Civil Liberties Union
active minorities, police as, 135–136
active minorities, surveillance of. See minorities, surveillance of active
Adorno, Theodor, 85
advertising, 160
digital, 96–97, 153–154, 194
domestication of counterinsurgency warfare and, 182, 187
profiling, 191, 194
Afghanistan, 3, 10, 61, 81–82, 93–95, 164
Africa, 20, 25, 27, 48
Africa, John, 138
African Americans, 12, 136–137, 203, 253
police and, 11, 132, 138, 142, 171
targeting of, 13, 118, 146
Agamben, Giorgio, 75–76, 119, 217–218, 221
Ahmed, Ali, 148
Aikins, Matthieu, 94
Al Qaeda, 126
Alabama Supreme Court, 109, 110
Alfonso X of Castile, 106–107
Alger républicain (newspaper), 43
Algeria, 25, 28, 45, 47, 79, 102, 117
counterinsurgency warfare in, 20, 24, 31, 46
disappearances in, 41, 44
torture in, 38–39, 40, 43, 48, 63
Alleg, Henri, 43, 103, 114–116
allegiance, of population, 8, 25, 31–32, 37, 89
See also population, winning hearts and minds of
Amazon, 95, 96, 97, 153, 154, 187
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 59, 149, 254
American Muslims
NYPD and, 4–5, 6, 147–151, 150 (photo)
targeting of, 11, 13, 14, 174–178
See also Muslims
American Psychological Association, 244
AmeriCorps, 29
Anderson, Tanisha, 171
Anemone, Louis, 139, 140
Angwin, Julia, 282
AOL, working with NSA, 4, 154
apathy, voting and, 188–189
Apple, working with NSA, 4, 154, 160
Apple Watch, 160, 188, 191
Arendt, Hannah, 212, 291
Argüello, Gaspar Isidro de, 107
Army and Marine Corps (Counterinsurgency) Field Manual 3-24, US (Petraeus), 89, 146
aspects of, 30, 31 (fig.)
commandments, twenty-four, 93
core principles, 31–32
counterinsurgency as political, 34–35
Counterrevolution and, 242–243, 244 (fig.)
influences, 23, 32–34, 207
information expunged from, 49
infrastructure and, 91–92
Ashcroft, John, 60, 65, 152
assassinations, 10
CIA, 45, 85
of US citizens, 125–127, 226–228
See also drone strikes
AT&T, working with NSA, 157–159
Attica, 120, 137, 253
Aussaresses, Paul, 37, 39–41, 45, 98–99
Australia, as Five Eyes partner, 59
al-Awlaki, Abdulrahman, 126
al-Awlaki, Anwar, 125–126, 228
Bail Reform Act of 1984, 219
Baldwin, James, 12, 117, 253
Balko, Radley, 132, 279
Bamford, James, 268
Banfield, Edward, 141
bare life, 76, 119
Barron, David, 125, 226–228
Bates, John D., 227–228
The Battle of Algiers (film), 40, 43, 46
Bayoumi, Moustafa, 276
Beaver, Diane E., 231
Bell, Sean, 148
Ben Bella, Ahmed, 253
Benhabib, Seyla, 255
Benjamin, Walter, 221
Bentham, Jeremy, 157
Bérard, Jean, 40
Bigeard, Marcel, 63
bin al-Shibh, Ramzi, 62
bin Laden, Osama, 77
Black Lives Matter protests, 142, 210, 253
Black Panthers, 12, 136–137, 203, 253
Black Youth Project 100, 253
black-site prisons, CIA, 61, 64, 72, 74, 76, 222
See also torture
Bland, Sandra, 171
Blood in the Water (Thompson, H. A.), 120, 137
Bloomberg, Michael, 139
Bob (slave), 109, 111
Bob v. State, 111
Bollardière, Jacques Pâris de, 253
bombs, 8
helicopters and, 138
robot, 11, 85, 129–130, 131, 135, 202, 243, 247
BOUNDLESS INFORMANT program, NSA, 4, 58
Boyd, Larry, 168
Branch Davidians, 138, 203
Bratton, William, 138–140, 141
“bread and circus,” 182
Brooks, Rosa, 90–91
<
br /> Brothers Karamazov (Dostoyevsky), 113, 120–122
Brown, David O., 129
Brown, Michael, 132, 170, 172
BULLRUN program, 4
Bureau of Investigative Journalism, 2–3, 78, 81–82, 127
Bush, George W., 3, 11, 57, 61, 152, 208, 218
role of, 4, 20, 117, 183, 196, 202, 220, 221, 229, 231
state of emergency and, 214, 215, 216, 223
torture and, 64–67, 70, 71, 108
Bussey, Hezekiah, 109–110
Butler, Judith, 219, 292
Bybee, Jay, 68
Cameron, David, 127
Canada, as Five Eyes partner, 59
Carter, Jimmy, 240
Castile, Philando, 171
Cavarero, Adriana, 120
Chamayou, Grégoire, 3, 79, 80, 84–85, 179
Chang Ting-chen, 33
Chassin, Lionel-Max, 25
Cheney, Dick, 65
Chiang Kai-shek, 34
children, 138
drone strikes and, 3, 78, 82, 251
surveillance of, 167–170, 169 (photo)
China, 20, 33, 46, 59
See also Mao Zedong
CIA
assassinations, 45, 85
human mapping program and, 149, 202
“kill list” and, 3, 77
Muslims and, 151–152, 166
torture and, 61, 62, 63–66, 72, 74, 76, 222, 228, 246
total information and, 60
Cincinnati Police Department, 140–141
citizens
assassinations of US, 125–127, 226–228
use of force against, 129–131, 140
See also police, counterinsurgency warfare and; population, general; surveillance, domestic
civil society, 91–93, 99–100
Clarissa (slave), 109–110
Clausewitz, Carl von, 24, 27, 33, 196
Cleaver, Eldridge, 137
Clinton, Bill, 9, 240
Clinton, Hillary, 189
COIN, 31, 33, 241, 242
COINTELPRO, 136–137, 146, 253
Cole, David, 59
A Colony in a Nation (Hayes), 173
Columbia Law School, 81
Comey, James, 60
communications
signal intelligence programs and, 4, 11, 58, 153, 159
surveillance of domestic, 12, 153
total surveillance of foreign, 59
See also information; surveillance