The Resilient Earth: Science, Global Warming and the Fate of Humanity

by Simmons, Allen

  Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations, Mann, M.E., Bradley, R.S. and Hughes, M.K. 1999, Geophysical Research Letters 26: 759-762.

  Counterpoint: Climate Change Responses, Bob Carter, Monday 11 April 2005, Radio National, Presented by Michael Duffy, http://www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/counterpoint/stories/s1339366.htm

  Mercury in a Spanish peat bog: Archive of climate change and atmospheric metal deposition, A. Martinez-Cortizas, et al., 1999, Science 284: 939-942.

  Greenhouse warming or Little Ice Age demise: a critical problem for climatology, S. B. Idso, 1988, Theo. and Applied Climatology 39: 54-56.

  Climate change prediction, W.S. Broecker, 1999, Science 283: 179.

  Glaciers that speak in tongues and other tales of global warming, W.S. Broecker, 2001, Natural History 110 (8): 60-69.

  Centennial-scale Holocene climate variability revealed by a high-resolution speleotherm δ18O record from SW Ireland, F. McDermott, D.P. Mattey and C. Hawkesworth, 2001, Science 294: 1328-1331.

  Highly variable Northern Hemisphere temperatures reconstructed from low- and high-resolution proxy data, A. Moberg, D.M. Sonechkin, K. Holmgren, N.M. Datsenko and W. Karlén, 2005, Nature 443: 613-617.

  Reconstructing Past Climate from Noisy Data, Hans von Storch, et al, Science 22 October 2004: Vol. 306. no. 5696, pp. 679 – 682.

  Behind the Hockey Stick, David Appell, Scientific American, March 2005.

  Blowing hot and cold, K.R. Briffa and T.J. Osborn, 2002, Science 295: 2227-2228.

  The Mann Et Al. Northern Hemisphere “Hockey Stick” Climate Index: A Tail of Due Diligence, Ross McKitrick, in Shattered Consensus, Patrick J. Michaels ed., Rownan & Littlefield, 2005, pp. 20-49.

  Hockey sticks, principal components, and spurious significance, S. McIntyre and R. McKitrick, Geophysical Research Letters, vol 32, 2005.

  Another Ice Age? Time Magazine, Monday, Nov. 13 1972.

  Ibid.

  Ibid.

  The Cooling World, Peter Gwynne, Newsweek, April 28, 1975.

  Science Panel Calls Global Warming ‘Unequivocal’, E. Rosenthal and A. C. Revkin, New York Times, February 3, 2007.

  Tropical storms stepping up with climate change, NewScientist.com news service, 30 July 2007: http://environment.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn12377

  Extreme weather brings flood chaos round the world, NewScientist.com news service, 30 July 2007: http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn12385-extreme-weather-brings-flood-chaos-round-the-world.html

  Birth of the Earth, Andrew Alden, About Geology web site, http://geology.about.com/od/nutshells/a/aa_earthbirth.htm.

  Satellite-sized planetesimals and lunar origin, W. K. Hartmann and D. R. Davis, Icarus 24, 504-515, 1975.

  The origin of the Moon, A. G. W. Cameron and W. R. Ward, 1976, Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conference 7th, 120-122.

  The Age of the Earth (new edition, revised), A. Holmes, 1937, Nelson:London, p.1-263.

  A geologic time scale, 1989 edition, Harland, W.B.; Armstrong, R.L.; Cox, A.V.; Craig, L.E.; Smith, A.G.; and Smith, D.G., Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, p.1-263. ISBN 0-521-38765-5

  A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., and Smith, A.G., International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), Cambridge University Press, March 2005. Web site: http://www.stratigraphy.org/.

  Archean stromatolites in Michipicoten Group siderite ore at Wawa, Ontario, H. J. Hofmann, R. P. Sage, and E. N. Berdusco, Economic Geology; August 1991; v. 86; no. 5; p. 1023-1030.

  Written declaration on greenhouse gas emissions by the livestock sector, Romana Jordan Cizelj and Jan Christian Ehler, 28 March, 2007, DC659409EN.doc.

  Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, & Viruses Tutorial, The Biology Project, 1997, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona. http://www.biology.arizona.edu/CELL_BIO/tutorials/pev/page3.html

  A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., and Smith, A.G., International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), Cambridge University Press, March 2005. Web site: http://www.stratigraphy.org/.

  Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part O, Volume 1, revised, Trilobita, R.L. Kaesler, ed. 1997, Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, Kansas.

  Trilobite systematics: The last 75 years, R. A. Fortey, 2001, Journal of Paleontology 75:1141–1151.

  Forest Primeval: The oldest know trees finally gain a crown, S. Perkins, Science News, April 21, 2007, Vol 171, p243.

  Earth System History, Steven M. Stanley, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, 1999.

  Impact of a Permo-Carboniferous high O2 event on the terrestrial carbon cycle, Beerling, D. J. and Berner, R. A., PNAS, November 7, 2000,vol. 97, no. 23, 12428-12432.

  When Giants Had Wings and 6 Legs, Henry Fountain, New York Times, Science Section, February 3, 2004.

  The environment of vertebrate life in the late Paleozoic in North America: a paleogeographic study, Ermine C. Case, 1919. The Carnegie Institution of Washington: Washington D.C.

  Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time, Robert A. Berner, PNAS 1999;96; 10955-10957.

  Plant fossils in geological investigation - the Palaeozoic, C.J. Cleal, (1991): - 233 pp.; Ellis Horwood, New York.

  The great Paleozoic crisis - life and death in the Permian, D.H. Erwin, (1993): - 327 pp.; Columbia Univ. Press, New York.

  Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago, Douglas H. Erwin, 2006, Princeton University Press.

  Extinction: How Life on Earth Nearly Ended 250 Million Years Ago, Douglas H. Erwin, 2006, Princeton University Press, pp 7.

  The mid-Cretaceous earth: Palaeogeography, ocean circulation and temperature, atmospheric circulation, C.R. Lloyd, 1982. J. Geol., 90, pp. 393-413.

  A warm, equable Cretaceous: The nature of the problem, E.J. Barron, 1983. Earth Sci. Rev., 19, pp. 305-338.

  A multiple proxy and model study of Cretaceous upper ocean temperatures and atmospheric CO2 concentrations, K. L. Bice, et al., 2006, Paleoceanography, 21, PA2002, doi:10.1029/2005PA001203.

  Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction, L. W. Alvarez, W. Alvarez, F. Asaro, and H. V. Michel, 1980, Science, v. 208, pp. 1095-1108.

  T. Rex and the Crater of Doom, W. Alvarez. 1997, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 185 p.

  Chicxulub Impact Crater Provides Clues to Earth's History, V. L. Sharpton, 1995, in Earth in Space, American Geophysical Union, v. 8, pp. 7.

  A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., and Smith, A.G., International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), Cambridge University Press, March 2005. Web site: http://www.stratigraphy.org/.

  Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum, A. Sluijs, et al., 2006, Nature, 441(7093): 610-613.

  Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene, Kennett, J.P. & Stott, L.D. 1991.. Nature, 353: 225-229

  Extreme warming of mid-latitude coastal ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Inferences from TEX 86 and isotope data, J.C. Zachos, et al, 2006, Geology, v.34, p.737–740.

  Ibid.

  Catastrophe and Opportunity in an Ancient Hot-House Climate, Cindy Shellito, Geotimes, October, 2006.

  Global Fever, Elisabeth Nadin, Science Notes 2003, University of California, Santa Cruz. http://scicom.ucsc.edu/SciNotes/0301/index.html

  Wyoming's Garden of Eden, Kenneth D. Rose, April, 2001, Natural History.

  Did mammals spread out from an Asian Eden? Becky Ham, 2007, AAAS, on MSNBC web site, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3077464/

  Horns, Tusks and Flippers: The Evolution of Hoofed Mammals, Donald R. Prothero & Robert M Schoch, 2002, The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD.

  A finding of Oligocene primates on the European continent, Meike Köhler and Salvador Moyà-Solà, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 December 7; 96(25): 14664–14667.

  Anatomy of the Popigai impact crater, Russia, Mas
aitis, V. L., Naumov, M. V. & Mashchak, M. S., 1999: 1-17 in Dressler, B. O. & Sharpton, V. L., (eds.) 1999: Large meteorite impacts and planetary evolution II. The Geological Society of America, Boulder Special Paper 339, 1999, viii-464.

  Seismic expressions of the Chesapeake Bay impact crater: Structural and morphological refinements based on seismic data, C. W. Pong, et al. (eds.) 1999: Large meteorite impacts and planetary evolution, II, The Geological Society of America Special Paper 339, Boulder, 1999, viii-464.

  Large temperature drop across the Eocene–Oligocene transition in central North America, Alessandro Zanazzi, Matthew J. Kohn, Bruce J. MacFadden and Dennis O. Terry, Nature 445, 639-642, 8 February 2007.

  Oligocene climate dynamics, Bridget S. Wade & Heiko Pälike, Paleoceanography, VOL. 19, PA4019, doi:10.1029/2004PA001042, 2004

  The miocene desiccation of the Mediterranean and its climatical and zoogeographical implications, Kenneth J. Hsü, 1973, Naturwissenschaften, Volume 61, Number 4,

  Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis, W. Krijgsman, F. J. Hilgen, I. Raffi, F. J. Sierro and D. S. Wilson, Nature 400, 652-655,12 August 1999.

  How did the Messinian Salinity Crisis end? Nicolas Loget, Jean Van Den Driessche and Philippe Davy, Terra Nova, Volume 17 Issue 5 Page 414 - October 2005.

  The Pliocene Paradox (Mechanisms for a Permanent El Niño), A. V. Fedorov, et al., Science 9 June 2006: Vol. 312. no. 5779, pp. 1485 - 1489

  The Pliocene Paradox, A. Fedorov1, A. C. Ravelo, et al.; http://www.aos.princeton.edu/WWWPUBLIC/gphlder/pliopar.pdf

  Frozen Earth, the once and future story of ice ages, Doug Macdougall, 2004, the University of California Press, pp 242.

  Human Ancestors hall: Homo sapiens, the Smithsonian Institution: http://www.mnh.si.edu/anthro/humanorigins/ha/sap.htm .

  PCR-Based Identification of Hyperthermophilic Archaea of the Family Thermococcaceae, Galina B. Slobodkina, et al., Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Sept. 2004, p. 5701–5703.

  Dark Power: Pigment seems to put radiation to good use, Davide Castelvecchi, Science News, May 26, 2007; Vol. 171, No. 21 , p. 325.

  Frozen Earth, the once and future story of ice ages, Doug Macdougall, 2004, the University of California Press, pp 15.

  Louis Agassiz, University of California Museum of Paleontology web site, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/agassiz.html.

  Paleoproterozoic snowball Earth: Extreme climatic and geochemical global change and its biological consequences, Joseph L. Kirschvink et. al., PNAS, Vol. 97, Issue 4, 1400-1405, February 15, 2000.

  Frozen Earth: the once and future story of ice ages, Doug Macdougall, 2004, the University of California Press, pp 143.

  A Neoproterozoic snowball Earth, Hoffman, P.F., A.J. Kaufman, et al. 1998.. Science 281(Aug. 28):1342.

  Snowball Earth, P. f. Hoffman and D. P. Schrag, Scientific America, January 2000.

  Pre-Mesozoic ice ages: their bearing on understanding the climate system, Crowell, J.C., Geological Society of America Memoir192, 1999.

  Clastic wedges and patterned ground in the Late Ordovician—Early Silurian tillites of South Africa, B. Daily and M. R. Cooper, April 1976,

  Sedimentology 23 (2), 271–283.

  Late Ordovician glaciation in southern Turkey, O. Monod, H. Kozlu, J.-F. Ghienne, W. T. Dean, Y. Günay, A. Le Hérissé, F. Paris, M. Robardet (2003)

  Terra Nova 15 (4), 249–257.

  The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction, Peter M. Sheehan, 2001, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Vol. 29: 331-364.

  Deglaciation sequences in the Permo-Carboniferous Karoo and Kalahari basins of southern Africa: a tool in the analysis of cyclic glaciomarine basin fills. Johan Visser, 1997, Sedimentology, 44 (3), 507–521.

  Grooves and striations on the Stanthorpe Adamellite: evidence for a possible late Middle - Late Triassic age glaciation, A. P. Spenceley, 2001, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48 (6), 777–784.

  The Greenland-Norwegian Seaway: A key area for understanding Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous paleoenvironments, Jörg Mutterlose et al. Paleoceanography, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1010, doi:10.1029/2001PA000625, 2003

  Isotopic evidence for temperature variation during the early Cretaceous (late Ryazaian-mid-Hauterivian), Gregory D. Price, et al., Journal of the Geological Society, London, Vol 157, 2000, pp 335-343.

  The Great Ice Age, Louis L. Ray, 1992, United States Geological Survey, ISBN 0-16-036025-0.

  Biogeography of mammals in Southeast Asia: estimates of rates of colonization, extinction, and speciation. L. R. Heaney, 1986. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 28:127-165.

  A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting on the Younger Dryas event and deep-sea circulation. Fairbanks, R. G. 1989, Nature 342: 637-642.

  Frozen Earth: the once and future story of ice ages, Doug Macdougall, 2004, the University of California Press, pp 232.

  Earth's Albedo in Decline, Earth Observatory News, 2005, NASA.

  Frozen Earth: the once and future story of ice ages, Doug Macdougall, 2004, the University of California Press, pp 236.

  The Precambrian Earth: Tempos and Events, P.G. Eriksson, et al. (eds), Developments in Precambrian Geology, vol 12, 2004, ISBN: 978-0-444-51506-3.

  Volcanic eruptions caused Permian period extinctions, New Scientist, 29 January 2005, page 16

  Dates from the West Siberian Basin, Marc Belchow et al, Science, 7 June 2002.

  Large Igneous Provinces and Mass Extinctions, P.B. Wignall, 2001, Earth-Science Reviews, v. 53, p. 1-33.

  Ancient Volcanoes Were A Wipe Out, Nicola Jones, Terra Daily, July 4, 2001. http://www.spacedaily.com/news/early-earth-01f.html

  Century-Scale Shifts in Early Holocene Atmospheric CO2 Concentration, Friederike Wagner, et al., Science, 18 June 1999, 284:5422, pp. 1971-1973.

  The Long Summer: How climate changed civilization, Brian Fagan, 2004, Basic Books, p 19.

  Ibid, pp 1-10.

  Useless Arithmetic: why environmental scientists can't predict the future, Orrin H. Pilkey and Linda Pilkey-Jarvis, 2006, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-13212-1, p 68.

  Fundamental Concepts: Extinction, Smithsonian Institution web site: http://paleobiology.si.edu/geotime/main/foundation_life4.html

  Jefferson and Monticello, Jack McLaughlin, 1988, Henry Holt And

  Company, New York.

  Notes on the State of Virginia: On Big Bone Lick and the Mammoth, Thomas Jefferson, 1781, edited by Avi Hathor. Available online: http://www.geocities.com/bigbonehistory/jefferson-notes.html?200726

  Ibid.

  Ibid.

  Jean d'Alembert, 1717-1783, was a French mathematician and pioneer in the use of differential equations and their application to physics.

  Big Bone Lick Timeline, compiled by Don Clare, 2005, Friends of Big Bone. http://www.friendsofbigbone.org/Contents/timeline.htm

  Georges Cuvier, Fossil Bones, and Geological Catastrophes: New Translations and Interpretations of the Primary Texts, Martin J. S. Rudwick, University Of Chicago Press, 1998.

  Carolus Linnaeus, 1707-1778, Swedish botanist who laid the foundations for modern taxonomy. His system for naming and classifying organisms is still in use.