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Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (1858-1947) German physicist considered to be the founder of quantum theory.
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Also known as the Beer-Lambert-Bouguer law;
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Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (1845-1923) German physicist and discover of X-Rays. He received the first Nobel Prize in physics in 1901.
Antoine Henri Becquerel (1852-1908) French physicist awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for physics for the discovery of radioactivity.
Victor F. Hess,The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936, Biography: http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1936/hess-bio.html
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Robert Andrews Millikan (1868-1953) American physicist and Nobel laureate.
Arthur Holly Compton (1892-1962) American physicist, inventor of X-ray crystallography and Nobel laureate for the Compton Effect.
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Cosmic Radiation, Peter Meyer, in Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academic Press, 1989, pp. 159-160.
The Anschluss (union) was the forced annexation of Austria by Hitler's Germany on 13th March 1938. National Socialist (Nazi) rule was established in Austria.
Biographical information about VICTOR HESS in: Current Biography Yearbook 1963, ed. Ch. Moritz, The H.W. Wilson Company, New York, 1963, p. 180-182.
Cosmic Rays, R. A. Mewaldt, Encyclopedia of Physics, Macmillan, 1996.
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Cosmic Rays, R. A. Mewaldt, Encyclopedia of Physics, Macmillan, 1996.
An astronomical unit, or AU, is the average distance from Earth to the Sun, about 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers.
Supernovae, David Branch, Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academic Press, 1989, pp. 733-734.
Supernova 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud, W. Kunkel and B. Madore, Las Campanas Observatory, IAU Circular 4316: 1987A; N Cen 1986.
Supernova 1987A, David Branch, in Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academic Press, 1989, pp. 726-727.
The number 106, read “ten to the sixth,” is 10 times itself six times or 1,000,000. Another way to interpret powers of ten is that 10n is a one with n zeros after it. So, 1050 would be a one followed by fifty zeros.
Cosmic Radiation, Peter Meyer, in Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academic Press, 1989, pp. 163-164.
Pierre Victor Auger (1899-1993) French physicist who worked in the fields of atomic, nuclear and cosmic ray physics. One of the founders of the European Space Agency.
Hideki Yukawa (1907-1981) Japanese physicist who predicted a meson 200 times as heavy as an electron in 1937. The π meson, discovered in 1947, was the particle he predicted.
Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898-1988) Nobel Prize-winning, Austrian-born, American physicist known for work on the strong nuclear force that holds atomic nuclei together.
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Encyclopedia of Science Heavens 2. Robin Kerrod, MacMillian, 1997: 35.
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Roger Bacon, Theophilus Witzel, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol XIII, 1912, Robert Appleton Co.: http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13111b.htm
Ibid.
Isaac Newton, in a letter to Robert Hooke, dated 15 February 1676.
Science Fair Central: Soup to Nuts Handbook, Discovery School web site: http://school.discovery.com/sciencefaircentral/scifairstudio/handbook/scientificmethod.html
From the Greek gnosis (γνώσις), described as direct knowledge of the supernatural or divine. An agnostic is someone who denies the existence of such knowledge, believing all things are knowable without divine revelation.
Marcello Truzzi (1935-2003) Danish-American Sociologist and co-founder of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP).
Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) Russian born American author and biochemist, best known for his works of science fiction and for his popular science books.
Horace Walpole (1717-1797), fourth Earl of Orford, son of Prime Minister Robert Walpole, connoisseur, antiquarian and author.
Horace Walpole's Correspondence, Lewis, S.L., Ed.. 31 Vols., Yale University Press, New Haven, 1937.
Serendipity and the three princes. Remer, T.G. From the Peregrinaggio of 1557. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1965.
Claudius Ptolemaeus (ca. 90-168 AD) a Greek-Egyptian mathematician, geographer, astronomer, and astrologer in Roman Egypt.
Sir Karl Raimund Popper (1902-1994) an Austrian and British philosopher of science.
"7. Simplicity", Popper, Karl, 1992, The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 2nd edition, London: Routledge, 121-132.
The Fixation of Belief, Charles S. Peirce, Popular Science Monthly, vol 12, November 1877, 1-15.
Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996) American historian and philosopher of science.
John Nance Garner (1868-1967) Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives and Vice President of the United States.
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Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) German physicist who invented the Fahrenheit temperature scale.
Anders Celsius (1701-1744) Swedish Astronomer and polar explorer.
Error estimates of Version 5.0 of MSU/AMSU bulk atmospheric temperatures, J. R. Christy, et al., J. Atmos Oceanic Tech, vol 20, pp. 613-629.
Temperature Changes in the Bulk Atmosphere, John Christy, in Shattered Consensus, P. Michaels ed., Rowman & Littelfield, 2005, p 88.
An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate, R.W. Reynolds, et al., 2002, J. Climate, 15, 1609-1625.
Climates & Weather Explained, Edward Linacre and Bart Geerts, Routledge, 1997, p. 17.
Temperature Changes in the Bulk Atmosphere, John Christy, in Shattered Consensus, P. Michaels ed., Rowman & Littelfield, 2005, p 77.
GISS Surface Temperature Analysis: Analysis Graphs and Plots, Makiko Sato, NASA GISS website: http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/
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The Teeth may hold clue to vanished Viking settlements, Sally Pobojewski, The University Record, University of Michigan, October 24, 1994. http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/9495/Oct24_94/3.htm
Cosmic background reduction in the radiocarbon measurement by scintillation spectrometry at the underground laboratory of Gran Sasso, W. Plastino, et al., 2001, Radiocarbon, vol 43, pp. 157-161.
Willard Frank Libby (1908-1980) American physical chemist and Nobel laureate.
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Harold Clayton Urey (1893-1981) American physical chemist and Nobel prize winner.
The Greek character δ is a lower case delta (Δ). Scientists use delta as shorthand for difference or ratio. δ18O is short for “delta oxygen eighteen.”
Global Warming, Spencer R. Weart, Harvard Univ. Press, 2003, pp 47-50.
The hydrogen isotope 2H is also called heavy hydrogen or deuterium, hence δD.
Precise measurement of isotope ratios with a single collector mass spectrometer, J. Schutten1, et al., Applied Scientific Research, Vol. 6, No. 1, January, 1957, pp 388-392.
Simulation of δ18O in precipitation by the regional circulation model REMOISO, Kristof Sturm, et al., Hydrol. Process. 19, 3425-3444 (2005).
Circulation Variability Reflected in Ice Core and Lake Records of the Southern Tropical Andes, S. Hastenrath, D. Polzin, B. Francou, Climatic Change, Volume 64, Number 3, June 2004, pp. 361-375(15).
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