A World to Win

by Sven-Eric Liedman

  13.Marx, ‘Moralising Criticism and Critical Morality. A Contribution to German Cultural History. Contra Karl Heinzen’, Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung 28 October–25 November 1847 (5 parts), MEW 4, pp. 331–59, CW 6, pp. 312–40.

  14.Marx’s lecture is given in German translation in MEW 4, pp. 444–58, and in English in CW 6, pp. 450–65. It is also easily accessible on the Internet: Marx, ‘Discours sur la question du libre-échange’, Marxists.org. On the lecture and its enthusiastic reception, see Bert Andréas, Association Démocratique ayant pour but l’union de la fraternité de tous les peuples: Eine frühe international demokratische vereinigung in Brüssel 1847–48 (Karl-Marx-Haus, 2004).

  15.Adrian Velicu, Civic Catechisms and Reason in the French Revolution (Farnham: Ashgate, 2010).

  16.Engels in a letter to Marx, 23–24 November 1847, MEGA III/2, pp. 121f, CW 38, p. 149.

  17.Engels’s ‘Principles of Communism’ can be found in MEW 4, pp. 361–80, CW 6, pp. 341–57. On the need to ‘manifest’ according to the ‘Preface to the 1872 German Edition’, p. 57, which corresponds to MEW 4, p. 573, CW 23, p. 174.

  18.Engels’s preface to the 1883 German edition in MEW 21, p. 3, CW 26, p. 118.

  19.On Jenny Marx’s possible contribution to the wording of the Manifesto, see Ulrich Teusch, Jenny Marx: die rote Baronesse (Zürich: Rotpunktverlag, 2011), p. 74 and the facsimile in the picture section (between pp. 110 and 111).

  20.The quotes are taken from CW 6, pp. 483, 486f, and 487. In MEW 4 the corresponding pages are pp. 461, 464f, and 465.

  21.‘The lower middle class …’, MEW 4, p. 472, CW 6, p. 494.

  22.‘converted the physician …’, ibid., pp. 465 and 487 respectively.

  23.‘Now and then …’, ibid., pp. 471 and 493 respectively. Marx later distances himself from the iron law of wages; pp. 159 and 570.

  24.‘All are …’, ibid., pp. 469 and 491 respectively.

  25.‘bourgeois property’, ibid., pp. 475 and 498 respectively; ‘a social power’, ibid., pp. 475 and 499 respectively.

  26.The Manifesto on the family, ibid., pp. 478f and 502 respectively.

  27.Engels, ‘Principles’, MEW 4, p. 377, CW 6, p. 354.

  28.‘Certain common forms’, ibid., pp. 480f and 504 respectively.

  29.The enumeration of measures after the revolution in ‘Principles’, MEW 4, pp. 373f and CW 6, pp. 350f; in MEW 4, pp. 481f and CW 6, pp. 505 respectively.

  30.Engels on the various socialist movements in MEW 4, pp. 377f and CW 6, pp. 355f.

  31.On ‘Feudal Socialism’, ibid., pp. 482ff and 507f respectively.

  32.‘Petty-Bourgeois Socialism’, ibid., pp. 484f and 509f respectively.

  33.‘German, or “True”, Socialism’, ibid., pp. 485–8 and 510–13 respectively.

  34.‘Conservative, or Bourgeois Socialism’, ibid., pp. 488f and 513f respectively.

  35.‘Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism’, ibid, pp. 489–92 and 514–7 respectively. The numerous attempts at small utopian societies are dealt with in Frank E. Manuel and Fritzie Manuel, Utopian Thought in the Western World (Cambridge, Mass. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1979). One account of the specifically American experiments is Brian J. L. Berry, America’s Utopian Experiments: Communal Havens from Long-Wave Crises (Hanover and London: Dartmouth College, 1992). Especially interesting are the experiments in the spirit of Fourier (pp. 83–92) and the attempt to realize Cabet’s Icaria, for which Cabet himself – having left Europe, where it was difficult to work – was (as time went on) the increasingly dictatorial leader (pp. 107–15). The especially American variant that arose under the name of ‘perfectionism’, created by John Humphrey Noyes, is also of particular interest. Its ideology was called ‘Bible communism’, and the experimental society practised common property and general promiscuity under the name of ‘mixed marriage’. Each member had to submit to the criticism of the others in a way that is reminiscent of the Cultural Revolution in China. But the leader himself was exempt from that kind of ordeal (pp. 92–8).

  36.The last pages of the Manifesto, ‘Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Existing Opposition Parties’, MEW 4, pp. 92f, CW 6, pp. 518f.

  37.On translations according to Marx and Engels, see MEW 30, p. 573, CW 23, p. 174.

  38.As far as I know, the only literature on Götrek is in Swedish, above all Erik Gamby, Pär Götrek och 1800-talets svenska arbetarrörelse (Stockholm: Tidens förlag, 1978); regarding the translation of the Manifesto, see pp. 200–11. Hesiod, Works and Days, verse 763.

  39.Marx’s letter to Engels, 23 February 1851, CW 38, pp. 295f. On Helen Macfarlane’s life and work, see David Black, Helen Macfarlane: A Feminist, Revolutionary, and Philosopher in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England (New York: Lexington Books, 2004).

  40.The literature on the revolutions of 1848–9 is enormous. Currently, the best account of the French revolution is probably Arnaud Coutant, 1848, quand la République combattait la Démocratie (Paris: Éditions Mare et Martin, 2009). Classic depictions are Marie d’Agoult’s, previously mentioned (Marie d’ Agoult, Histoire de la Révolution de 1848, Paris: G. Sandré, 1850–53), published under the pseudonym Daniel Stern, and Alexis de Tocqueville, Souvenirs (Paris: Gallimard, 1964); Marx naturally wrote on the subject. The subsequent March revolution in a number of German states has been treated in works such as Wolfgang J. Mommsen, 1848 – Die ungewollte Revolution (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 2000), Helmut Bleiber, Rolf Dlubek, Rolf Schmidt, Demokratie und Arbeiterbewegung in der deutschen Revolution von 1848/49: Beiträge eines Kolloquiums zum 150. Jahrestag der Revolution von 1848/49 am 6./7. Juni 1998 in Berlin (Berlin: Gesellschaft – Geschichte – Gegenwart Band 22, trafo verlag, 2000), and Jonathan Sperber, The European Revolutions: 1848–1851 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).

  41.The congratulations to Paris in ‘An die Bürger Mitglieder der Pro-visorischen Regierung der Französischen Republik’, MEW 4, pp. 605f. Not found in CW.

  42.Jenny Marx, ‘Kurze Umrisse eines bewegten Lebens’ is found together with other documents and letters in Jenny Marx, Jenny Marx: Kurze Umrisse eines bewegten Lebens (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1989). The original has been partially preserved and was donated in 1950 to the Institute for Marxism–Leninism in Moscow. An English translation with the title ‘Short Sketch of an Eventful Life’ is included in the collection volume Marx–Engels 1959.

  43.Marx’s notes in MEW 4, p. 611, CW 6, pp. 581f, and his article in La Réforme, MEW 4, pp. 536ff, CW 6, pp. 564ff.

  44.On Herwegh, see Michael Krausnick, Die eiserne Lerche: Georg Herwegh, Dichter und Rebell (Baden-Baden: Signal-Verlag, 1993).

  45.Marx and Engels, ‘Demands of the Communist Party in Germany’, MEW 5, pp. 3ff, CW 7, pp. 3–7.

  46.Letter from Weerth to Marx, 12–26 or 27 March 1848, MEGA III/2, p. 414.

  47.The latest biography of Gottschalk is Klaus Schmidt, Andreas Gottschalk. Armenarzt und Pionier der Arbeiterbewegung. Jude und Protestant (Köln: Greven, 2002). On Gottschalk’s feuds with Marx, see pp. 118–29.

  48.On the German National Assembly, see Wilhelm Ribhegge, Das Parlament als Nation, die Frankfurter Nationalversammlung 1848/49 (Düsseldorf: Droste, 1998). The satirical poem reads in the original: ‘Dreimal 100 Advokaten – Vaterland, du bist verraten; dreimal 100 Professoren – Vaterland, du bist verloren!’

  49.‘The Democratic Party’, MEW 5, pp. 22ff.

  50.Marx on Camphausen, 3 June 1848, MEW 5, pp. 25–8 and 32f, 30–33 and 39f respectively. ‘The Downfall of the Camphausen Government’, pp. 96f and 107f respectively. The author of the article is not known with certainty, but everything speaks to Marx having written it – there are both quotations from poems and an aphoristically incisive sentence: ‘Herr Camphausen has sown reaction as envisaged by the big bourgeoisie, and he has reaped reaction as envisaged by the feudal party’.

  51.The first article on Hansemann is also unattributed, but the Heine quotation indicates Marx: ‘The Hansemann Government’, Neue Rhein
ische Zeitung, 24 June 1848, MEW 5, pp. 101f, CW, pp. 111f. On the press laws, 20 July 1848, pp. 240ff and 250ff respectively.

  52.The quote from The Marriage of Figaro from the article about the threat to deport Schapper in ‘The German Citizenship and the Prussian Police’, ibid., pp. 364f and 383f respectively.

  53.‘The Pfuel Government’, 14 October 1848, ibid., pp. 422 and 466 respectively.

  54.A morganatic marriage (from the medieval Latin matrimonium morganaticum, a new formation from the medieval German morgenga, ‘morning gift’) was a way for kings to assume the right of regularizing their relationships to mistresses or to remarry with an untitled woman when his spouse from his first marriage had died. Marx, ‘Counter-Revolution in Berlin’, Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 12 Nov 1848, MEW 6, pp. 7–12, CW 8, pp. 14–19.

  55.The article is called ‘Impeachment of the Government’ and is found in MEW 6, pp. 21f and CW 8, pp. 25f.

  56.The article in Preussischer Staats-Anzeiger was published on 25–26 Nov 1848. The response in Neue Rheinische Zeitung came out on 30 Nov, MEW 6, pp. 81f, CW 8, pp. 106f, under the title ‘German Professional Baseness’. ‘A Decree of Eichmann’s’, 19 Nov, ibid., pp. 31f and 37f respectively.

  57.The March Revolution as a parody of the French in Marx’s article ‘The Bill Proposing the Abolition of Feudal Obligations’, Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 30 July 1848, MEW 5, p. 282, CW 7, p. 294.

  58.Marx, ‘The Crisis and the Counter-Revolution’, 12–15 Sept 1848, MEW 5, pp. 398–404, CW 7, pp. 427–33; the quote, ibid., pp. 402 and 431 respectively.

  59.On Germany’s ever deeper degradation in ‘Report of the Frankfurt Committee on Austrian Affairs’, 28 Nov 1848, MEW 6, pp. 69–74, CW 8, pp. 88–93.

  60.Marx, ‘The June Revolution’, 29 Jun 1848, MEW 5, pp. 133–7, CW 7, pp. 144–9. Engels’s articles on the workers’ uprising in Paris in MEW 5, pp. 123–32, CW 7, pp. 130–43.

  61.On the meeting and friendship between Bakunin and Wagner, see Richard Wagner, Mein Leben (München: Bruckmann, 1911); quoted according to Anthony Masters, Mathematische Manuskripte (Kronberg Ts.: Scriptor, 1974), pp. 106f.

  62.On the arrest, see the articles in Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 4–5 July 1848, MEW 5, pp. 165–8, CW 7, pp. 176–9 (author uncertain).

  63.Marx’s defence for the charges in ‘Legal Proceedings against the Neue Rheinische Zeitung’, 7 July 1848, MEW 5, pp. 175ff, CW pp. 186–8 and 11 Jul 1848, ibid., pp. 198–201 and pp. 208–11 respectively. Marx, ‘Public Prosecutor “Hecker” and the Neue Rheinische Zeitung’, 29 Oct 1848, MEW 5, pp. 440–4, CW 7, pp. 485–9. The joint title for Marx’s and Engels’s pleas is ‘The First Trial of the Neue Rheinische Zeitung’ and was published in the newspaper. Marx’s defence speech is reproduced in MEW 6, pp. 223–34, CW 8, pp. 304–17; Engels’s in ibid., pp. 234–9 and 317–22 respectively. Marx, ‘The Trial of the Rhenish Committee of Democrats’, 23 February, ibid., 240–57 and 323–39 respectively. Marx on the charges against the newspaper in an untitled article, 19 May 1849, ibid., pp. 503–6. In CW 9, p. 473, only the declaration itself that the newspaper will cease to appear is reproduced.

  64.On the celebration of anniversaries in an article also untitled, 18 March 1849, ibid., pp. 362 and 108 respectively.

  65.‘To the Workers of Cologne’, 19 May 1849, ibid., pp. 519 and 467 respectively.

  66.Engels on the events in Elberfeld in an untitled article, 17 May 1849, MEW 6, pp. 500ff, CW 9, pp. 447ff.

  67.Engels’s mother’s letter, 20 October 1848, MEGA III/2, p. 513; and 5–6 December 1848, ibid., pp. 527ff. On anecdotes and other items concerning Engels’s days in Elberfeld, see Tristram Hunt, Friedrich Engels: Kommunist i frack (Stockholm: Leopard förlag, 2009), pp. 171f.

  68.Marx, ‘Wage-Labour and Capital’, Neue Rheinische Zeitung, 5–11 April 1849, MEW 6, pp. 397–423, CW 9, pp. 197–228.

  69.Engels’s preface to the 1891 edition is reproduced in MEW 22, pp. 202–9, CW 27, pp. 194–201.

  70.Jenny Marx to Lina Schöler, 29 June 1849, MEGA III/3; she and Karl to the same addressee, 14 July 1849, ibid., pp. 28f. Karl’s contribution to the letter is a few short closing lines.

  71.Marx, ‘The 13th of June’, Der Volksfreund, 29 June 1849, MEW 6, pp. 527f, CW 9, pp. 477ff. Marx in an open letter to the editor of La Presse in French, La Presse, ibid., pp. 529 and 480f respectively. Marx to Engels, 17 August 1849, MEGA III/3, pp. 40–3, CW 38, pp. 212f. On Gottschalk’s death in the cholera epidemic, see Klaus Schmidt, Andreas Gottschalk. Armenarzt und Pionier der Arbeiterbewegung. Judge und Protestant (Köln: Greven, 2002), pp. 143–8.

  72.Marx to Engels, 23 August 1849, MEGA III/3, p. 44, CW 38, pp. 212f. Engels to George Julian Harney, 5 October 1849, ibid., pp. 49 and 217 respectively.

  8Difficult Times, Difficult Losses

  1.Edmund Burke, Reflektioner om franska revolutionen (Stockholm: Contra, 1790).

  2.Marx/Engels, ‘The Prussian Refugees’, Sun, 15 June 1850; ‘Prussian Spies in London’, Spectator, same day; and ‘To the Editor of The Globe’, mid-June 1850, MEGA I/10, pp. 343–9, CW 10, pp. 378–86.

  3.Marx, Enthüllungen über den Kommunisten-Prozess zu Köln, MEGA I/11, pp. 363–422, MEW 8, pp. 405–70, CW 11, pp. 395–457. The quote, ibid., pp. 412, 456, and 445 respectively.

  4.On Chartism during 1848, see John Saville, 1848: The British State and the Chartist Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 80–101, and John K. Walton, Chartism (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 32ff.

  5.On the ideological change around 1850, see Frederick Gregory, Scientific Materialism in Nineteenth Century Germany (Dordrecht and Boston: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1977).

  6.On Virchow, see Constantin Goschler, Rudolf Virchow: Mediziner, Anthropologe, Politiker (Köln: Böhlau, 2009). On his reaction to the typhus epidemic, pp. 59–64; on his views on communism and socialism, p. 72; on his closeness to Marx, p. 78. A good summary of Virchow’s changed views on progress, revolutions, and more gradual development, pp. 301ff, 305ff, and passim.

  7.Georges Cuvier, Discours sur les revolutions de la surface du globe et sur les changements que’elles ont produits dans le règne animal (Paris: Dufours, 1825). On Cuvier and catastrophe theory, see for example Dorinda Outsam, Georges Cuvier: Vocation, Science and Authority in Post-Revolutionary France (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984) and Laurent Goulven, Paléontologie et évolution en France de 1800 à 1860: Une histoire des idées de Cuvier et Lamarck à Darwin (Paris: C.T.H.S., 1987). Copernicus’s great work from 1543 is called De revolutionibus orbium cœlestium (On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres). On the changes to the concept of revolution and studies concerning this, see p. 26.

  8.The literature on Lyell, Malthus, and in particular Darwin is vast. One Darwin biography that sums up the whole problem area in question quite well is Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin (London: Penguin Books, 1992). On Malthus’s criticism of Condorcet and Godwin, see A. M. C. Waterman, Revolution, Economics and Religion: Christian Political Economy, 1798–1833 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).

  9.Liebknecht’s Biographical Memoirs of Karl Marx came out in the original in 1896. See Wilhelm Liebknecht, Karl Marx zum Gedächtnis: ein Lebensabriss und Erinnerungen (Nürnberg: Wörlein and Comp., 1896). The complete and critically guaranteed version is the English translation in William A. Pelz’s edition of central Liebknecht documents: Wilhelm Liebknecht and German Social Democracy: A Documentary History (Westport: Greenwood, 1994). On Jenny Marx there, pp. 86f.

  10.Ulrich Teusch, Jenny Marx: die rote Baronese (Zürich: Rotpunktverlag, 2011), pp. 81ff.

  11.Jenny’s memoirs ‘Short Sketch of an Eventful Life’ in Jenny Marx, Jenny Marx: Kurze Umrisse eines bewegten Lebens (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1989); also in Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Gespräche mit Marx und Engels (Frankfurt am Main: Insel Verlag, 1973), I, pp. 241f.

  12.On Engels’s entry into Ermen & Engels and the doings that got his father to believe in him, Tristram Hunt, Friedrich Engels: Kommunist i frack (Stockholm: Leopard
fölag, 2009), pp. 187f.

  13.Jenny Marx to Engels, 27 Apr 1853, MEGA III/6, p. 452, CW 39, pp. 581.

  14.Marx to Engels, 8 Sep 1852, MEGA III/6, p. 11, CW 39, p. 181.

  15.Selected portions of the spy’s report are reproduced in many biographies, for example Isaiah Berlin, Karl Marx: His Life and Environment (Oxford London New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), pp. 142f; David McLellan, Karl Marx: His Life and Thought (St Albans: Paladin, 1976), pp. 268f. The entire document can be read in Carl Grünberg, Archiv für die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung (Leipzig: Verlag von C.L. Hirschfeld, 1922), pp. 56ff as well as in Enzensberger 1973, I, pp. 251ff.

  16.Jenny to Karl in August 1851, MEGA III/3, pp. 612ff, not in CW.

  17.Marx’s letter to Engels about his son’s death, 19 Nov 1850, MEGA III/3, p. 91, MEW 27, p. 143, CW 38, p. 241. Engels’s comforting letter to Jenny Marx has not been preserved; on the other hand, Marx’s letter has, in which he says that Engels’s thoughtfulness had been a help, 23 Nov 1850, MEGA III/3, p. 92, CW 38, p. 242.

  18.Jenny’s letter, quoted according to Teusch, Jenny Marx, p. 105. Jenny’s memoirs about Franziska’s death in Jenny Marx, Jenny Marx.

  19.Marx wrote a series of letters to Engels about Edgar’s illness, vacillating between hope and despair: 3, 8, 16, and 30 March 1855, MEGA III/7, pp. 182, 183, 185, 186, and 187, CW 39, pp. 524f, 526, 528, 529f, and 530. The letter concerning his son’s death follows on 6 April 1855, ibid., p. 188. In the last of these letters, he wrote: ‘I shall never forget how much your friendship has made to make this ghastly time easier for us.’ A few days later, on 12 April, he wrote: ‘I cannot tell you how we miss the child at every turn’, MEGA III/7, p. 189, CW 39, p. 533. Jenny’s memoirs in Jenny Marx, Jenny Marx, p. 40. Liebknecht on Marx’s sorrow, Pelz, William Liebknecht, pp. 117f.