30.Ernst Bloch, Das Prinzip Hoffnung (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1959).
31.Michael Löwy, Förlossning och utopi (Göteborg: Daidalos, 1992).
32.On Riazanov and his fate, see Jakov Rokitjanskij, ‘Das tragische Schicksal von David Borisovič Rjazanov’, Beiträge zur Marx-Engels-Forschung: Neue Folge (Hamburg: Argument, 1993) and Volker Külow and André Jaroslawski, David Rjasanov: Marx-Engels-Forscher Humanist Dissident (Berlin: Dietz Verlag, 1993).
33.There is a large amount of literature on the Frankfurt School and its members. Rolf Wiggershaus, Die Frankfurter Schule: Geschichte, Theoretische Entwicklung, Politische Bedeutung (München: Dt. Taschenbuch Verlag, 1997) and Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History of the Frankfurt School and the Institute of Social Research (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973) are excellent. Jürgen Habermas, Zur Rekonstruktion des historischen Materialismus (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1976). A rather fresh example of Axel Honneth’s struggle with the Marxian world of ideas is ‘Die Moral im ‘Kapital’: Versuch einer Korrektur der Marxschen.konomiekritik’, in Rahel Jaeggi and Daniel Loick, Nach Marx: Philosophie, Kritik, Praxis (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 2013).
34.Michel Foucault, Dits et écrits, vol. 1 (Paris: Gallimard, 2001), pp. 1405ff. Jean-Paul Sartre, Critique of Dialectical Reason, vol. 1 (London: Verso, 2004). The incomplete continuation was published posthumously: Sartre, Critique of Dialectical Reason, vol. 2 (London: Verso, 2006).
35.The critical edition of the Prison Notebooks is Antonio Gramsci, Quaderni di cercere (Turin: Einaudi, 1975). Selections in English are Selections from the Prison Notebooks, edited and translated by Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (New York: International Publishers, 1971) and Antonio Gramsci: Further Selections from the Prison Notebooks, edited and translated by Derek Boothman (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1995). The literature about Gramsci is difficult to survey, but Norberto Bobbio, Saggi su Gramsci (Milano: Feltrinelli, 1990) and Peter Ives, Language and Hegemony in Gramsci (London: Pluto Press, 2004), are interesting and rewarding.
36.On Eurocommunism, see Richard Kinderley, In Search of Eurocommunism (London: MacMillan, 1981).
37.Agnes Heller, The Theory of Need in Marx (London: Alison & Busby, 1976).
38.Karel Kosík, Det konkretas dialektik: en studie i människans och världens problematik (Göteborg: Röda Bokförlaget, 1963). On Kosík in his context, see Grebing, Der Revisionismus von Bernstein bis zum ‘Prager Frühling’, pp. 218–21.
39.Mao Zedong’s writings are found in English translation in a number of selections. Mao Tse-tung, Mao Tse-tung Unrehearsed (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974) is interesting. The publisher of the book, Stuart Schram, has himself authored a number of important books on Mao; the latest is Stuart Schram, The Thought of Mao Tse-tung (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
40.One important person for the dissemination of Guevara’s ideas – especially in Europe – was the young French academic Régis Debray, who was with him in Bolivia.
41.Leopold Schwarzschild, Den röde preussaren: Karl Marx – liv och legend (Stockholm: Bonniers, 1949).
42.Johan Lagerkvist, Tiananmen redux: den bortglömda massakern som förändrade världen (Stockholm: Bonniers, 2014), depicts China’s development over the last few decades with expert knowledge and biting acuity.
43.A rather new and quite comprehensive presentation of the dialectic is Fredric Jameson’s 2010 work Valences of the Dialectic. Jameson not only looks for the modern roots back to Hegel and Marx but also captures a long series of current studies of the concept, for example in Derrida, Foucault, and Deleuze. The book also sweeps over contemporary development, the capitalism of today, and the possibilities of utopian thinking. He still uses the term ‘Marxism’ without more detailed clarifications, and speaks in a rather ambivalent fashion about developments in the Soviet Union and the reasons for its collapse. On the other hand, he does not try to critically limit the reasonable use of the concept of the dialectic. Jameson, Valences of the Dialectic (London: Verso, 2010), above all chapters 2–5 and 15 (‘Actually Existing Marxism’), there in particular pp. 397ff.
44.Marx on the kitchen of the future, MEGA II/6, p. 704, CW 35, p. 17.
45.A fine analysis of Marx’s views of criticism is Emmanuel Renault, Marx et l’idée de critique (Paris: P.U.F., 1995).
46.Marx’s ‘Confessions’ are reproduced in MEW 31, p. 597, CW 42, pp. 567f.
47.There is a very great amount of literature on nationalism. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983) and Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1790: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992) are important works on the subject.
48.Sigmund Freud 1948, Das Unbehagen der Kultur, in Gesammelte Werke, chronologisch geordnet, vol. 14, edited by Anna Freud (London: Imago, 1948), pp. 241ff.
49.August Bebel, Kvinnan och socialismen (Göteborg: Dokument Partisan, 1972), English translation Women Under Socialism.
50.Clara Zetkin, Zur Geschichteder proletarischen Frauenbewegung Deutschlands (Frankfurt am Main: R. Stern, 1975).
51.Rosa Luxemburg, Reform or Revolution: And Other Writings, introduction by Paul Buhle (New York: Dover, 2006), p. 215.
52.Anne Fairchild Pomeroy, Marx and Whitehead: Process, Dialectics, and the Critique of Capitalism (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004).
Index
The index contains names and central concepts. Marx and Engels’s central writings are also included, as are a number of important historical events. The names in the postscript are not included; nor are purely bibliographical references in the notes to the text.
Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, fourth earl of (1784–1860), British politician – 324f, 679, 718
Achilles, hero of Homer’s Iliad – 472
Adler, Max (1873–1937), Austrian lawyer, journalist and politician – 344, 683
Adorno, Theodor W. (1903–69), German philosopher, sociologist and music theorist – 427, 606
Aeschylus (c. 525–456 BCE), Greek dramatist – 10, 72, 150, 155f, 237, 282, 619, 644
Agardh, Carl Adolf (1785–1859), Swedish botanist, economist, politician and priest – 79, 645
d’Agoult, Marie (1805–76), French author under the pseudonym Daniel Stern – 108f, 111f, 151, 167, 648f, 667
Ahmad, Aijaz, contemporary Indian literary theorist and political commentator – 329, 680
d’Alembert, Jean (1717–83), French mathematician and philosopher – 34
alienation, the idea that a person has become a stranger to the world; Marx emphasizes in particular that under capitalism she has become a stranger to her work, her fellow humans, and herself – 12, 89, 117, 129, 133, 140–143, 151f, 157, 173f, 195, 239, 344, 346, 374, 431, 434f, 523, 607, 616, 658, 661, 702
Allende, Salvador (1908–73), Chilean politician, president of Chile 1970–73 – 611
Althusser, Louis (1918–90), French philosopher – 134, 173, 308, 362, 428, 431, 607, 635, 643, 653, 658, 676, 683, 693
Altvater, Elmar (b. 1938), German political scientist – 430, 693
American Civil War, 1861–65 between the northern and southern United States – 270, 313, 315f, 326, 333, 396, 552, 632
anarchism, political ideology and movement that strives for a society without hierarchies (state, large companies, etc.) – 267, 274, 631, 712
Anderson, Perry (b. 1938), British historian and essayist – 586, 718, 724
Anneke, Friedrich (Fritz, c. 1817– c. 1882), artillery officer, journalist, communist – 256
Annenkov, Pavel Vasilevich (1813–87), Russian literary critic – 201, 204f, 216, 66–663
anthropology, philosophical, ideas and theories about what distinguishes humans – 91f, 387, 469, 473, 475, 507, 513, 523, 707
anthropology, physical, theories about humans as biological creatures – 144
Anti-Dühring, Engels’s polemic against the philosopher Eugen Dühring – 19, 402, 4
24, 468f, 492, 494, 496–499, 511, 518, 525, 582, 590f, 597, 632, 717
anti-Semitism, discrimination, hate crimes, and persecution of Jews – 102–104
Arendt, Hannah (1906–75), German philosopher – 160, 656, 695
Ariosto, Ludovico (1474–1533), Italian poet – 229
Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Greek philosopher, natural and social scientist – 30, 70, 145, 175, 367f, 407, 437, 442, 695
von Arnim, Bettina (née Brentano, 1785–1859), German author, leading figure in the Romantic movement – 93f
Asiatic mode of production, the particular mode of production that according to Marx characterized civilizations such as China and India – 347, 384–387
Aspelin, Gunnar (1898–1977), Swedish philosopher and historian of philosophy – 470, 666, 724, 749
Aspelin, Kurt (1929–77), Swedish literary scholar – 120, 651
associations, associated labour – 306, 528, 531ff, 536f, 539, 559, 563, 565, 588, 710f
Attali, Jacques (b. 1943), French economist, author and adviser – 10, 109, 282, 482, 649, 672f, 690, 699, 701
Auber, Daniel-François-Esprit (1782–1871), French composer – 167
Aufhebung, a central concept in the philosophy of Hegel that Marx took over; the word means that something disappears, that it is preserved, and that it reaches a higher level (usually translated into English as ‘sublation’) – 31, 147, 218, 237, 367, 617, 686
Augustus (63 BCE–14 CE), Roman emperor – 46
Aveling, Edward (1849–98), British biologist and socialist – 483, 511f, 582, 673, 708, 718
Avineri, Shlomo (b. 1933), Israeli political scientist – 532, 710
Babbage, Charles (1791–1871), British mathematician – 211f, 662f
Bachmann, Karl Friedrich (1785–1855), German philosopher – 68f, 73, 643
Bachofen, Jakob Johann (1815–87) Swiss historian of law – 513, 708
Backhaus, Hans Georg (b. 1929), German economist and philosopher – 428–432, 434, 683
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), English philosopher and statesman – 187
Bakunin, Mikhail (1814–76), Russian revolutionary, ‘the father of anarchism’ – 19, 62, 110, 115, 167, 181, 245, 255, 349, 528, 537, 544–548, 551, 555, 562f, 623, 650, 669, 712f, 715
Balibar, Étienne (b. 1942), French philosopher – 2, 581, 635, 693, 717
de Balzac, Honoré (1799–1850), French author – 10, 107, 109, 150, 237, 282, 393, 396, 462–465, 619, 631, 699
Baran, Paul A. (1909–64), Russian-American political economist – 428, 693
base and superstructure, Marx’s metaphor for the relation between the material content of society (its mode of production) and its political, legal, and intellectual forms – 309, 375–377, 611, 617
Bastiat, Frédéric (1801–50), French economist – 348, 684
Baudelaire, Charles (1821–67), French poet and critic – 36, 381, 453
Bauer, Bruno (1809–82), German philosopher and theologian, leader of the Young Hegelians – 59–61, 66, 73, 76, 79, 92, 101, 112, 137, 156, 162f, 179, 181, 643, 659
Bauer, Edgar (1820–86), German writer and political activist, Bruno Bauer’s younger brother – 163, 656
Bauer, Louis (or Ludwig), contemporary of Marx, doctor, socialist – 292, 674
de Beauvoir, Simone (1908–86), French author and philosopher – 513, 708
Bebel, August (1840–13), one of the founders of German social democracy and the party’s leading representative for many years – 566–658, 591, 594, 622, 705, 715f, 724
Becker, Johann Philipp (1809–86), Swiss-German brushmaker and socialist politician – 531, 538, 546, 700, 710–713
Beecher-Stowe, Harriet (1811–96), author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) – 335
Beesly, Edward Spencer (1831–1915), British positivist historian – 527, 543f, 551, 557, 709, 713f
van Beethoven, Ludwig (1770–1827), Austro-German composer – 152, 573, 655
benefit and productivity – 418
Benjamin, Walter (1892–1940), German philosopher, literary and art historian – 25, 103, 323, 325f, 379
Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), British lawyer and philosopher – 441, 507
Berger, Napoleon (1812–70), Swedish radical journalist, chiefly active in Switzerland and the US – 664f
Berlinguer, Enrico (1922–84), Italian politician, leader of the Italian Communist Party – 607
Berlioz, Hector (1803–69), French composer – 108
Berman, Marshall (1940–2013), American philosopher – 635, 664, 699
Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste, see Karl XIV Johan
Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932), German social democratic theoretician and politician – 477, 593, 705, 709, 719
Bervi, Vasilij (1829–1918), Russian sociologist and author, revolutionary, wrote under the name N. Flerovsky – 717
Berzelius, Jöns Jakob (1779–1848), Swedish chemist – 484
von Bismarck, Otto (1815–98), conservative Prussian and German statesman – 272, 528, 549, 561, 566f, 571f, 589, 591, 632, 715
Blanc, Louis (1811–82), French socialist politician, historian, and journalist – 215, 224, 297, 310, 319, 663
Blanche, August (1811–68), Swedish author and journalist – 545
Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805–81), French socialist and revolutionary – 21, 116, 320, 540, 545, 554f, 560, 562, 714
Blumenbach Johann Friedrich (1752–1840), German doctor and physiologist, ‘father of physical anthropology’ – 9, 645
Blumenberg, Werner (1900–65), German historian – 18
Boeckh, August (1785–1867), German classical philologist and archeologist – 252
von Boenigk, Otto, member of the Marx-influenced student circles in Die Jungen – 591f, 719
Bogdanov, Aleksandr (1873–1928), Russian philosopher, social democrat, Bolshevik, and communist – 598f, 720f
Bonaparte, Louis, see Napoleon III
Börnstein, (first name unknown), moved in revolutionary circles in Paris in the 1840s, at the same time as Marx – 116
von Bornstedt, Adelbert (1807–51), German officer, journalist, and revolutionary – 229, 245f
von Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus (1868–1931), Polish-Russian statistician – 446, 696
Boulanger, Georges (1837–91), French general and politician, leader of a brief mass movement in the late 1880s – 268
Bracke, Wilhelm (1842–80), leading German social democrat – 568, 716
von Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Graf (1790–1850), illegitimate son of the king of Prussia – 251f, 257, 265
Bray, John Francis (1809–97), American–British socialist economist – 206, 662, 723
Brazill, William J., contemporary American historian of philosophy – 60, 642f
Brezhnev, Leonid (1906–82), leader of the Soviet Union 1964–82 – 3
Briffault, Robert (1876–1948), British social anthropologist and author – 635
Bright, John (1811–89), British politician – 5, 206, 230, 299, 322, 506
Brissot, Jacques Pierre (1754–93), French journalist and revolutionary politician – 650
Brixius, lawyer in Trier in the 1830s – 41f
brotherhood, term for close masculine (sometimes also human) community from antiquity up until the present – 230, 297, 536, 538, 711
Brown, John (1735–85), Scottish doctor who divided illnesses into sthenic and asthenic; opium, in his opinion, was an important medicine – 99
Bruhat, Jean (1905–83), French historian – 552–554, 714
Buchanan, James (1791–1868), American president 1857–61 – 315
Büchner, Ludwig (1824–99), German philosopher – 495, 647, 686, 704
Bukharin, Nikolai (1888–1938), Soviet politician and ideologue – 602, 721f
von Bülow, Hans (1830–96), German conductor, pianist and composer – 655
Bund der Kommunisten (originally Bund der Geächteten, later Bund der Gerechten) – 223, 269, 303, 531, 631, 661, 664, 710
Burckhardt, Jacob (1818–
97), Swiss cultural historian – 63
Bürgers, Heinrich (1820–78), German journalist, long close to Marx, liberal at the end of his life – 167, 169f, 219f, 250, 269, 272, 257, 657, 663f, 674
Burke, Edmund (1729–97), British philosopher and politician – 267, 670
Burns, Mary (1823–63), worker in Salford of Irish origin, partner of Friedrich Engels – 169f, 321, 396f, 689
Byron, Lord George Gordon (1788–1824), British poet – 211
von Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen (1851–1914), Austrian political economist – 425, 692
Cabet, Étienne (1788–1856), French socialist thinker – 107, 192, 241, 537, 666
Caesar, Gaius Julius (100–44 BCE), Roman general, statesman, and author – 46, 253, 577
Calvez, Jean-Yves (1927–2010), French Jesuit priest, philosopher, and economist – 134, 653
Camphausen, Ludolf (1803–90), banker in Cologne, first minister-president of Prussia after the March revolution of 1848 – 250f, 254, 668
Capital, Karl Marx’s great social scientific and social critical project – 2, 4, 7, 11–14, 16, 18–20, 32, 94, 173, 276, 295, 326, 340f, 343–347, 349f, 354–356, 362, 372, 375, 377–379, 382, 394–400, 402, 406–411, 417, 420, 423–425, 425, 427–431, 433–436, 438–440, 442–444, 447–455, 457–459, 461f, 464–466, 468–473, 475, 478f, 481, 485, 487, 491–494, 496f, 499f, 502, 504–506, 513f, 519–522, 524f, 527f, 530, 532, 536, 541–544, 547, 569, 572–575, 578, 581, 591, 599, 608, 614, 617f, 620, 624, 629, 632, 638, 647, 652f, 678, 686f, 691f, 694–696, 704, 712, 719
capitalism, economic system where the means of production are especially privately owned and where production is regulated by market forces – 2, passim
Carey, Henry Charles (1793–1879), American political economist – 348, 684
Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), British historian and author – 25, 302, 638, 675
Carver, Terrell (b. 1946), British political scientist – 657, 673, 685, 698
Castro, Fidel (b. 1926), Cuban lawyer and revolutionary leader, president of Cuba 1976–2008 – 665
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