Cato the Elder (234–149 BCE), Roman politician and author – 46
Cervantes, Miguel (1547–1616), Spanish author – 610
character mask (Charactermaske), according to Marx the behaviour that a person (particularly a capitalist) must hold on to in order to remain in their societal role, regardless of individual characteristics – 304, 413, 458, 614, 676
Charles X (1757–1836), French king – 41
Chartists, Chartism, a popular British movement that developed after the 1832 electoral reform in which the working class was excluded from the right to vote; the movement got the name after the People’s Charter of 1838 with a number of demands for voting rights, limiting work hours, etc. – 24, 238, 213, 22f, 271, 275, 318f, 324, 502, 534, 665, 674
de Chateaubriand, François-René (1768–1848), French author, politician and diplomat – 267
Chen Gan, Mao Zedong’s adviser – 473
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai (1828–89), Russian author – 574, 717
Chopin, Frédéric (1810–49), Polish composer and pianist – 108f, 151
Civil War in France, address in the name of the International that Marx wrote in 1871 – 558, 714
Clausius, Rudolf (1822–88), German physicist and mathematician – 26, 487f, 704
Clément, Jean Baptiste (1836–1903), singer, author of songs, and Communard – 713
Clément-Thomas, Jacques Léon, French general – 555
Cluseret, Gustave-Paul (1823–1900), French anarchist and soldier, Communard 1871 – 251
Cobden, Richard (1804–65), British industrialist and politician – 5f, 230, 299, 318, 322f, 327, 506, 679
Cohen, Gerald A. (1941–2009), British-Canadian philosopher – 375, 637, 687
Cohen, Stephen F. (b. 1938), American historian – 718
colonialism – 22, 37, 332f, 386, 426
commodity fetishism, a central category in Capital; the natural vantage point of capitalist society, which means that commodities seem alive, and people lifeless (compare today’s way of talking about the ‘market’ as a living being) – 378, 412, 427, 439–441, 465, 476, 481, 614, 684, 691
communism, a political outlook that during the 1800s was often difficult to distinguish from socialism; the communal, often in the form of communal property, hailed as an ideal; after the First World War the name of political parties that adopted Lenin’s political programme – 6, 15, 81, 86, 93, 98, 107, 112, 117f, 123–125, 136, 146–148, 168–192, 197, 199, 202, 204, 221, 230f, 233, 236, 239f, 242, 247, 263, 267, 272, 278, 304, 372, 425, 559, 570, 582, 583, 586, 607f, 611f, 621, 631, 646, 648, 654, 660, 665f, 671, 723
Communist Manifesto, the party programme Marx worked out on the basis of Engels’s draft, published in 1848 – 5, 14f, 17, 112, 148, 220, 223f, 228f, 231–233, 236–242, 263, 265, 272, 291, 294, 298, 302, 305, 459, 619, 631, 637, 667, 676
Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), French philosopher – 32, 518, 527
Condition of the Working Class in England, Engels’s survey of worker’s living conditions in England and Scotland – 130, 169, 172
Condorcet, Jean Antoine (1743–94), French mathematician, philosopher and revolutionary – 35, 274
conservative, conservatism – 25, 18, 32, 64f, 98, 122, 247, 254, 267, 269, 272, 300, 302, 307, 317, 325, 550, 567, 631, 680, 654, 666
consumption – 22, 149, 353, 360, 367, 369, 413, 416, 418f, 422
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, the notebook Marx published in 1859 that was to constitute the first section of the great project of Capital – 188, 343, 347, 501, 511, 613, 661
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), Polish astronomer – 26, 273, 671
Cornu, Auguste (1888–1981), French historian – 10, 642f, 649f, 654
Corrigan, Philip (b. 1942), British sociologist – 573, 717
Cremer, William Randal (1828–1909), British worker, member of the International, later liberal parliamentarian, pacifist, awarded Nobel Peace Prize 1903 – 532
Crimean War, war between Turkey, Great Britain and France on one side, and Russia on the other, 1853–56 – 316, 324, 327f, 328, 337, 339, 632
crises, recurring under capitalism – 4, 38, 130, 159, 253, 323, 422
Critique of the Gotha Programme, which Marx wrote in 1875 and Engels published in 1891 – 620–625, 568, 571, 592, 618, 632, 718f
Critique of the Hegelian Philosophy of Right: Introduction, an article Marx wrote in Paris 1843/44 – 94
Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658), English soldier and statesman – 311
Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832), French zoologist and paleontologist – 273, 671
Da Ponte, Lorenzo (1749–1838), Italian author – 251
Dagerman, Stig (1923–54), Swedish author – 152
Dahlkvist, Mats, see Lindberg, Mats
Dalai Lama, the highest religious leader in Tibetan Buddhism – 252, 292
Dalton, John (1766–1844), English chemist and physicist – 129, 652
Dana, Charles Anderson (1819–97), American journalist, employed Marx for the New York Daily Tribune – 312–16, 332, 336, 339, 677, 681f,
Daniels, Roland (1819–55), German doctor, follower of Marx – 170, 227, 269f, 657, 664
Danielson, Nikolai (1844–1918), Russian economist and sociologist, initiator and (partial) translator of Capital into Russian – 443f, 490, 614, 626
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), Florentine (Italian) author – 52, 172, 317, 519, 708
Darimon, Alfred (1819–1902), French journalist, economist, and politician – 349
Darwin, Charles (1809–82), English natural scientist – 7, 27f, 32, 38, 71, 104, 153f, 274, 355f, 436, 443f, 451, 469, 488, 495, 500–508, 511f, 515–7, 523, 525, 581, 587, 598, 620, 632, 639, 644, 671, 705–708
Daumier, Honoré (1808–79), French lithographer, painter, and sculptor – 108
Deborin, Abram (1881–1963), Soviet philosopher – 602, 612, 721f
Debray, Régis (b. 1940), French author and journalist – 723
Defoe, Daniel (1660–1731), British author – 206
Deleuze, Gilles (1925–95), French philosopher – 723
democracy, rule by the people – 19, 98, 200, 218, 224, 231, 246f, 250–253, 262, 275, 291f, 529f, 545, 568, 571f, 283, 588f, 592–594, 600f, 604, 609, 632, 648, 656, 571f, 671f
Democratische Gesellschaft zur Einigung und Verbrüderung der Völker, society in Brussels 1847–48 in which Marx was vice president – 230
Demokratische Gesellschaft, society that a group including Marx founded in Cologne, 1848 – 230, 248
Democritus of Abdera (c. 460–c. 370 BCE), Greek philosopher – 69–71, 644
Demuth, Freddy (1851–1929), Helene Demuth’s and (most likely) Karl Marx’s son, instrument maker – 286, 288, 587, 674, 677
Demuth, Helene, ‘Lenchen’, (1820–90), the Marx family’s housekeeper – 17, 75, 168, 276, 278, 288, 657
Deng Xiaoping (1904–97), Chinese politician, central figure of power 1978 – 612
Deprez, Marcel (1843–1918), French electrotechnician – 477
Derrida, Jacques (1930–2004), French philosopher – 2, 635, 723
Desai, Meghnad (b. 1940), India-born British political economist and politician (Labour) – 636
Destutt de Tracy, Antoine (1754–1836), French philosopher and politician – 186f, 660
determinism, the idea that all or most of reality is predetermined – 264, 594, 295, 602
Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, journal that Karl Marx and Arnold Ruge published in Paris in 1844; only one double number was published – 78, 94, 118, 123, 127
Deutsche-Brüsseler-Zeitung, German-language newspaper in Brussels, 1847–48, with Marx and Engels among the contributors – 229, 665
Deutscher, Isaac (1907–67), Polish-English author – 721
Diack, William, British socialist, active in the late nineteenth century – 718
dialectic, originally the art of setting argument against argument; in Hegel the contradictions and oppositions that drive every developme
nt further; in Marx more specifically, to see the contradictory in a situation or process – 19, 31, 76, 90, 92, 102, 114, 125, 134, 137, 145, 147, 156–158, 160, 185, 214, 218, 311, 350, 359, 361f, 372, 400, 402, 406, 424, 442, 468f, 473, 476, 486, 488–490, 492–500, 515, 518, 525, 535, 594, 598f, 602f, 605f, 608, 616f, 626, 652, 683, 692f, 695, 697, 700f, 704f, 721–724
dialectical law, a concept Marx created and Engels developed in a number of different ways, a series of dogmas in Soviet Marxism – 469, 492, 498–500
dialectical materialism, broadening of Marx’s theories into a philosophy – 594, 598
Dialectics of Nature, Engels’s unfinished work in which he attempted to sum up the knowledge of his time – 19, 468, 473, 476, 488f, 493f, 494, 496, 498f, 518, 602
Diderot, Denis (1713–84), French philosopher and author – 34, 619
Dietzgen, Joseph (1828–88), tanner and philosopher – 350
dictatorship (see further dictatorship of the proletariat) – 83, 234, 253, 265, 426f, 530, 554, 571, 592, 610–11, 615, 623, 716,
discourse, with the original meaning of speech or conversation; since the 1960s, broadened to include the content of contexts where the various parts affect each other; often synonymous with what is possible/reasonable/desirable to say (and sometimes to do, as well) at a certain point in time and in a certain context – 274
Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–81), British politician and author – 25, 323, 325, 679
distribution – 184, 296, 313, 315, 352f, 356, 360, 367, 371, 384, 402, 407, 429, 592, 675, 685
Dmitrieff, Elisabeth (1851–1910 or 1918), Russian socialist and feminist, Communard – 553f, 714
Döblin, Alfred (1878–1957), German government physician and author – 303
Don Quixote, ‘Knight of the Woeful Countenance’, main character in Cervantes’s novel (1605–15) – 164, 182
Dronke, Ernst (1822–91), lawyer, for a time a close collaborator of Marx, later tradesman – 304, 676
Duchamp, Marcel (1887–1968), French artist – 464
Dudevant, Aurore, see Sand, George Duncan, Graeme, contemporary British political scientist – 108
Duncker, Franz (1822–88), German newspaperman, publisher, and politician – 372, 382, 687, 697, 715
Dühring, Eugen (1833–1921), German philosopher and political economist – 402, 493, 496, 525, 590, 690, 719
Eagleton, Terry (b. 1943), British literary scholar – 11, 683
Eccarius, Johann Georg (1818–89), German tailor active in unions, member of the Bund der Kommunisten and the International – 532
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts (or the Paris Manuscripts) – 13, 15, 130, 131, 133, 341, 399, 607
Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich (1781–1854), German professor of law, Prussian censor – 61, 643
Eichmann, Franz August (1793–1879), Prussian civil servant – 252, 699
d’Eichthal, Gustave (1804–86) French journalist and ethnologist, follower of Saint-Simon’s doctrines, with the ambition of founding a utopian society – 86
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, Marx’s 1852 work on Napoleon III – 300, 303, 306, 309f, 312, 336, 556, 591, 618, 676
Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), German physicist – 103, 515, 597, 708, 720
Elbe, Ingo (b. 1972), German philosopher and social scientist – 429, 692f
Elster, Jon (b. 1940), Norwegian sociologist and political philosopher – 9, 637
emergence, a more complex structure arises from a less complex one – 491f
Endemann, Wolfgang, contemporary German historian of mathematics – 471
energy principle (originally called the theory of the indestructibility of energy), the first law of thermodynamics, which says that energy can neither be created nor destroyed – 26, 127, 196, 461, 487f, 525
Engels, Friedrich père (1796–1860), cotton manufacturer, father of the following – 126, 259, 277, 671
Engels, Friedrich (1820–95), German socialist author and politician – 8, passim
Engelsism – alternative term for Marxism, from the idea that Engels more than Marx put his stamp on the more orthodox Marxist traditions – 12, 497, 637, 692, 705
Epicurus (341–270 BCE), Greek philosopher – 69f, 72f, 644
Ermen, Godfrey, partner in the firm of Ermen & Engels in Manchester – 126
Ermen, Peter, partner in the firm of Ermen & Engels in Manchester – 126
Ernst, Paul (1866–1933), German author – 589, 709, 718f, 723
Essbach, Wolfgang (b. 1944), German sociologist – 642f
essence, human, according to Marx before 1845 it emerged as the final goal of history – 99, 143, 148f, 178, 408, 523
Ewerbeck, August Hermann (1816–60), Franco-German doctor, communist and writer – 109, 200, 649, 661
exactitude, Marx’s striving for scientific – 192, 418, 442f, 449, 695
exchange as a direct relation between buyer and seller – 156, 190, 208f, 215, 233, 353, 360, 367, 381, 383, 407–412, 430, 436–439, 449, 456, 541, 617, 687, 691, 694f
Ezekiel (622–570 BCE), an Old Testament prophet – 571
Faber, Malte (b. 1938), German economist – 11
Falstaff, comic figure in many of Shakespeare’s dramas – 251
Faraday, Michael (1791–1867), English physicist and chemist – 27
fascism, political mass movement and ideology first developed in Italy and distinguished by nationalism, elitism and corporate governance – 268, 607
Faust, Johann (born 1480s), German astrologer and magician, main character in many literary and musical works – 12, 93, 155, 463, 626, 699
Fawkes, Guy (Guido, 1570–1606), English rebel, strict Catholic – 279, 280
February Revolution of 1848 – 36, 271, 297, 631, 649, 667
feudalism, according to Marx a mode of production distinguished by a hierarchical system of ownership from king to serf where the soil constitutes the crucial wealth – 140, 146, 152, 389, 390, 523
Feuerbach, Friedrich (1806–80), German philologist and philosopher, followed in his brother Ludwig’s footsteps – 221, 223, 663
Feuerbach, Ludwig (1804–72), German philosopher – 88, 174, 181, 500, 647, 650, 658, 663, 705
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814), German philosopher – 31f, 51, 59, 63, 68, 94
Field, Cyrus W. (1819–92), American businessman and pioneer of telegraphy – 315, 677
Fine, Robert, contemporary British sociologist – 695
Flerovsky, N., pseudonym of Vasilii Bervi – 574, 717
Flocon, Ferdinand (1800–66), French politician and journalist – 243
form and content as philosophical concepts – 367, 396, 409, 434, 436f, 559, 617
Fornäs, Johan (b. 1952), Swedish professor of cultural studies – 433, 691, 694f, 698
Foster, John Bellamy (b. 1953), American sociologist – 3, 71, 479, 490, 506, 636, 644, 700
Foucault, Michel (1926–84), French philosopher and historian of ideas – 606, 650, 713, 715, 723
Fourier, Charles (1772–1837), French socialist philosopher – 107, 111f, 189, 239, 313, 559, 650f
Fourth International, founded 1938 – 604, 612
Fox, Peter (d. 1869), journalist, active in the International and member of the General Council there – 540, 711
Fraas, Carl (1810–75), German agronomist – 478
Frankel (or Fränkel), Franco-Hungarian revolutionary, Communard 1871 – 557, 714
Frankland, Edward (1825–99), British chemist – 484
Franklin, Benjamin (1706–90), American printer, scientist, and politician – 379, 702
Frazer, James George (1854–1941), British social anthropologist and professor of religion – 509, 707
Freedom, with its foundation in free trade – 383f, 441f
Die Freien (The Free), the Young Hegelians’ later term for themselves – 61, 81, 163, 180
Freiligrath, Ferdinand (1810–76), German author and translator, close friend of Karl Marx – 349, 532f, 685, 710
French Revolution
of 1789–94 – 21, 31, 33, 41, 98, 115, 164, 177, 187, 217, 252, 267f, 271, 274, 297, 311, 333, 337, 441, 462, 538, 556, 588, 621, 640, 656, 667
Frenhofer, a fictitious painter in Balzac’s story ‘The Unknown Masterpiece’ – 396, 463–466
Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), Austrian doctor and author, founder of psychoanalysis – 29, 103, 123, 606, 621, 639, 651, 707, 724
Freyberger, Louise (1860–1950), Austrian social democrat, married first to Karl Kautsky and then to Ludwig Freyberger; Engels’s housekeeper during his final years – 286–288, 673
Friedman, Milton (1912–2006), American economist – 5, 230
Friedrich Wilhelm II (1744–97), king of Prussia from 1786 – 251
Friedrich Wilhelm II, Prussian soldier and Prussian minister, president 1848–50 – 251f, 257, 265
Friedrich Wilhelm IV (1795–1846), Prussian king – 42, 62, 79, 122f, 190, 251, 269, 338, 682
Friedrich, Caspar David (1774–1840), German artist – 53
Furet, François (1927–97), French historian – 656f
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), Italian (Tuscan) natural scientist – 26
Gall, Ludwig (1791–1863), social reformer and inventor – 40, 640
Gans, Eduard (1798–1839), German lawyer, Hegelian – 642
Garaudy, Roger (1913–2012), French philosopher and author – 134, 653
Garibaldi, Guiseppe (1807–82), Italian freedom fighter – 338, 551
Gaudí, Antoni (1852–1926), Spanish-Catalonian architect – 16
de Gaulle, Charles (1890–1970), French general, president of France 1959–69 – 553, 649
Geddes, Patrick (1854–1932), British sociologist, biologist, and city planner – 638
Gemkow, Heinrich (b. 1928), German historian – 9, 637, 645, 657
George, Stefan (1868–1933), German poet – 94
Gerhardt, Charles-Frédéric (1816–56), French chemist – 486
German Ideology, manuscript Marx and Engels wrote in 1845 but never had published – 161, 171–174, 178, 179, 182–184, 186–188, 191–193, 195f, 198f, 205, 210, 214, 216, 264, 304, 347, 350, 366, 375f, 392, 428, 435, 452, 455, 504, 514, 523, 590, 631, 637, 657f, 660, 685, 698
Gigot, Philippe-Charles (1819–60) Belgian communist, close to Marx and Engels during their years in Brussels – 198, 661
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