Lovelace, Ada (1815–52), British mathematician – 211
Ludd, Ned (also called General or King Ludd), an Englishman who destroyed sock-knitting machines in the 1770s; later became the symbol of the Luddites – 226, 665
Luddites, a movement that often violently turned against the introduction of new machines in trade and industry – 226, 665
Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, 1886 work by Engels – 174, 469, 500, 658
Lukács, Georg (1885–1971), Hungarian philosopher, literary theorist and politician – 344, 427, 481, 604f, 608, 654, 683, 692, 702, 719, 722
Lumpenproletariat, Marx’s term for the amorphous mass of everyone from the jobless to career offenders who placed themselves at the service of society’s elite, particularly in the revolutions of 1848–49; the term disappeared from his vocabulary thereafter – 297, 305, 307
Lunacharsky, Anatoly (1875–1933), Russian author and politician, Bolshevik, communist and Soviet minister of education – 598, 720
Lundgren-Gothlin, see Gothlin
Lüning, Heinrich Otto (1818–68), German government physician and radical journalist – 219, 227, 663
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), German monk, priest and theologian, prominent figure of the Protestant Reformation – 199
Lutheranism, the Christian tendencies that adopted Luther’s theology – 44, 57, 60, 78, 126, 346
Luxemburg, Rosa (1871–1919), Polish socialist – 83, 426, 428, 594, 604, 607, 624, 646, 692, 722, 724
Lyell, Charles (1797–1875), British geologist – 173, 304, 712
Lycurgus, according to tradition the creator of the legal system in Sparta; his existence is uncertain, but if he lived, he did so in the eighth century BCE – 221
Lysenko, Trofim (1898–1976), Soviet biologist and agronomist – 515, 708, 722
Lyubavin, Nikolai (1845–1918), Russian chemist with seditious opinions; important for the translation of Capital into Russian – 403
McCarthy, Joseph (1908–57), American politician – 385, 611
McLellan, David (b. 1940), British Marx specialist – 9, 393, 573, 644, 672, 688, 716
Mach, Ernst (1838–1916), Austrian physicist and philosopher – 597, 720
Machiavelli, Nicoló (1469–1527), Florentine philosopher, historian, and politician – 601
machine – 14, 22–25, 138, 152, 204, 207–213, 226, 227, 236, 259f, 320, 369, 383, 392, 409, 414f, 417, 419, 421, 431, 437f, 441, 445f, 450f, 461, 476, 481, 535, 556, 617, 662, 691, 696, 698
Malthus, Thomas Robert (1766–1834), British priest and political economist, known for his theory of population – 273f, 502–506, 515, 671, 705f
Manale, Margaret, contemporary French Marx expert – 9
Manchester liberalism (the ‘Manchester School’), a loosely composed group of advocates for complete freedom of trade in the decades around 1850 – 5, 126, 230, 318, 327, 475, 506
Mandel, Ernest (1923–95), Belgian economist – 453, 697
Mann, Heinrich (1871–1950), German author – 303
Mann, Thomas (1875–55), German author – 303
Mao Zedong (1893–1976), Chinese communist leader, Marxist theoretician, dictator of China after the revolution of 1949 – 473, 609, 610, 612f, 652, 700, 723
March Revolution in the German states, broke out in 1848 – 245, 250–252, 256f, 632, 667, 669
Marcuse, Herbert (1898–1979), German philosopher – 133, 606, 652
Marie Antoinette (1755–93), French queen – 34
Marius (157–86 BCE), Roman general and politician – 72
marriage, ideas on – 16, 43, 78, 87, 93, 236, 238, 251, 284–286, 290, 537, 565, 645f, 668, 674
Marriage of Figaro, opera from 1786 by Mozart with libretto by Da Ponte – 251, 668
Marshall, Alfred (1842–24), British political economist – 520, 709
Martov, Julius (1873–1923), Russian social democrat, leader of the Mensheviks – 596
Marx, Caroline (1824–47), Karl Marx’s youngest sister – 43, 75, 644
Marx, Edgar (‘Musch’, 1847–55), son of Jenny and Karl Marx, died aged 8 – 312f, 320, 713
Marx, Eduard (1826–37), Karl Marx’s youngest brother – 43, 640
Marx, Eleanor (1855–98), Jenny and Karl Marx’s youngest daughter, politician, author, translator – 8, 44, 52, 126, 282, 285f, 288f, 483, 520, 544, 552, 587–589, 622, 632, 637, 640, 644, 655, 672–674, 676f, 710, 713f, 718
Marx, Emilie (1822–88), Karl Marx’s younger sister, married to Johann Jacob Conradi and resided in the neighborhood of Trier – 43, 640
Marx, Franziska (1851–52), Jenny and Karl Marx’s daughter, died aged 1 – 280, 287, 672
Marx, Heinrich (1777–1838), German lawyer, Karl Marx’s father – 41–44, 48, 51–57, 59, 77, 268, 640–642
Marx, Heinrich Guido (‘Föxchen’, 1849–50), Jenny and Karl Marx’s son, died aged 1 – 280
Marx, Henriette, née Pressburg (1788–1863), Karl Marx’s mother – 42f, 45, 56, 74
Marx, Hermann (1819–42), Karl Marx’s younger brother – 43, 640
Marx, Jenny, née von Westphalen (1814–81), Karl Marx’s wife – 14, 78, 167, 169, 204, 232, 243, 275, 288f, 304, 398, 563, 633, 638, 640, 645, 665, 670–673, 675, 683, 715
Marx, Jenny (Jennychen), see Longuet, Jenny
Marx, Laura, see Lafargue, Laura
Marx, Mauritz David (1815–19), Karl Marx’s older brother – 43
Marx, Samuel (1775–1827), chief rabbi of Trier, Karl Marx’s uncle – 42, 470, 493
Marx, Sophie (1816–86), Karl Marx’s older sister, married to Willem Robert Schmalhausen, a lawyer in Maastricht – 50, 52f, 76, 641
Marx-Engels-Gesamtausgabe (MEGA), critical edition of Marx and Engels’s works, letters, and excerpts – 13f, 46, 69, 73, 125, 133, 345f, 348, 400, 404f, 480, 637f, 640–658, 660–665, 668, 670–692, 694–708, 710–718, 724
Marx-Engels-Werke (MEW), edition of Marx and Engels’s collected works and letters – 14, 346, 684, 688
Marxism, a range of often competing political and social philosophical tendencies that claim to be furthering Marx’s work – 3, passim
materialist conception of history – 184, 196, 350, 428, 431, 510, 719
materialism, an ambiguous term that can mean both an attitude towards life (an exclusive interest in material things, ‘our times are so materialistic’) or a psychological theory (people’s only driving force is their own life of luxury), but here means both an idea about everything that exists (substance has priority over spirit), and a conception of history according to which historical studies should look first to production and distribution of the necessities of life, and not to political or legal systems or to ideas – 71f, 85, 157, 164f, 174f, 362, 366, 449f, 452, 487, 521, 594, 597f, 603, 606, 636, 644, 652, 657, 670, 684, 686, 697, 700, 717, 720–722
mathematics – 32, 47, 405, 448, 469–473, 495, 498, 513, 700
Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–72), Italian journalist and politician – 337, 540, 545
Mehring, Franz (1846–1919), German journalist, historian, and politician – 8, 183, 203, 573, 637, 652, 659, 716
Meier, Paul, contemporary German art historian – 703, 709
Meissner, Otto (1819–1902), German publisher – 401
Mendel, Gregor (1822–84), Austrian monk and geneticist – 508, 670
Mendelssohn, Felix (1809–47), German composer and conductor – 108
Merchant capitalism, the type of capitalism that precedes industrial capitalism; money is invested in long-distance trade, above all at sea, and gives rise to increasing wealth – 450
Mészáros, István (b. 1930), Hungarian philosopher – 173, 658
Meyerbeer, Giacomo (1791–1864), Franco-German composer and pianist – 120
metabolism, a biological term for the body’s conversion of fuel, which Marx uses – 455, 4801, 591, 698, 702
Mill, James (1773–1836), British historian, philosopher, and political economist – 135, 158
Mill, John Stu
art (1806–73), British philosopher and political economist, son of the above – 32, 135, 289, 352, 432, 543f, 685
Milton, John (1608–74), English poet and civil servant – 254
Mitin, Mark Borisovich (1901–87), Soviet philosopher – 602, 722
Mitscherlich-Nielsen, Margarete (1917–2012), German psychoanalyst – 673
Der Mittelstand, the middle, or public, class; Hegel’s term for publicly employed civil servants – 78
Mitterrand, François (1916–96), French politician, president of France 1981 – 456, 698
Moleschott, Jacob (1822–93), Dutch-Italian physiologist – 686
Moll, Joseph (1813–49), German watchmaker, member of the Bund der Kommunisten, fell in battle in the revolution of 1849 – 220, 223, 269, 305, 719
von Moltke, Helmuth, père (1800–91), Prussian-German field marshal – 550
Monz, Heinz, contemporary German historian – 10, 45, 639f
Moore, Samuel (c. 1830–1912), lawyer, mathematically trained friend of Engels and Marx – 470, 493
More, Thomas (1478–1535), English politician and author, creator of the work ‘utopia’ through his 1516 book of the same name – 113
Morgan, Lewis H. (1818–81), American lawyer and social anthropologist – 509, 575f, 707
Morgan, Roger P., contemporary British historian – 567
Morishima, Michio (1923–2004), Japanese political economist and mathematician – 697
Morris, William (1834–96), British artist, designer and author – 520, 655, 709
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91), Austro-German composer – 82, 151, 189, 251, 655
von Müller-Tellering, Eduard (c. 1808–?), lawyer and journalist, radical democrat – 292f, 662, 674, 708, 718f
music – 108, 110f, 150–152, 155, 178, 189, 221, 391, 573, 649, 654f, 675, 713
Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), leader of the Italian fascists, dictator of Italy 1922–43 – 268, 607
Na’aman, Shlomo (1912–93), Israeli historian – 715
Nadaud, Martin (1815–98), French mason and politician, socialist – 319
Namli, Elena (b. 1966), Russian-Swedish theologian and human rights expert – 629
Napoleon I (Napoléon Bonaparte, 1769–1821), French emperor – 35, 298, 306f, 307, 310, 312, 323f, 336, 548
Napoleon III (1808–73), French emperor – 139, 298, 305, 307, 310, 313, 336f, 531, 533, 548, 550, 621, 677, 679, 681, 710
Narodniki, ‘Friends of the People’, a social revolutionary tendency in Russia during the second half of the 1800s up through the early 1920s – 574, 579, 595f
nationalism, a powerful movement from American and French revolutionaries, centered around the idea that one’s own country has something unique and outstanding to safeguard – 40, 57, 546, 570, 591, 594, 621
Nazism, national socialism, ideology focused on racism, particularly anti-Semitism, but otherwise similar to fascism – 268, 607
Needs, material – 164, 259, 281, 392, 400
Negri, Antonio (b. 1933), Italian philosopher and political scientist – 344f
neo-Kantianism, philosophical trend that from the 1860s up through the interwar period sought to simultaneously preserve and further develop the inheritance from Kant – 32, 503
Nero (33–68), Roman emperor – 46
Neue Rheinische Zeitung, newspaper published in Cologne in 1848–49 and for which Marx became editor-in-chief – 17, 110, 247–258, 260ff, 632
Neue Rheinische Zeitung, newspaper that Marx and Engels published in London 1849–50 – 294–303, 528
Neunübel, Ingolf, historian, now active in the private business sector – 711
New York Daily Tribune, leading American daily newspaper that Marx contributed to – 6, 14, 18, 312, 316–318, 320, 322, 324, 328, 334f, 368ff, 372, 388, 396, 468, 528, 632
Newton, Isaac (1643–1727), English physicist, mathematician and historian – 26, 355, 458, 472, 501
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1840–1900), German classical philologist, philosopher and author – 598, 721
Nikolai I (1796–1855), Russian tsar – 271
Noyes, John Humphrey (1811–86), American preacher, creator of Bible communism – 666
new Marx reading (die neue Marx-Lektüre) – 429, 430, 433, 449, 581, 693
Obama, Barack (b. 1961), president of the United States 2009–17 – 304
O’Connor, Feargus Edward (1794–1855), British chartist and freedom fighter for Ireland – 340
Oebom, Gustav, pseudonym for Berger, Napoleon, q.v.
oil industry – 485
Oizerman, Teodor I. (b. 1914), Soviet-Russian philosopher – 134
Oishi, Takahisa, contemporary Japanese economic historian – 174
Offenbach, Jacques (1819–80), Franco-German composer – 655
Oken, Lorenz (1779–1851), German natural philosopher and biologist – 355
Ollman, Bertell (b. 1935), American philosopher – 173
On the Jewish Question, an article Marx wrote in Paris in 1843/44 – 94, 101, 104f, 136, 164, 185, 648, 656
opium of the people – 7, 99f, 117, 233, 619, 626, 648
Opium for the people, an expression incorrectly attributed to Marx in Sweden (Marx speaks of ‘opium of the people’) – 7, 99, 696
Origin of Family, Private Property, and the State, Engels’s work from 1884 – 424, 509, 622
Ørsted, Hans Christian (1777–1851), Danish physicist and chemist – 27
Oswald, Friedrich, pseudonym for the young Engels – 61, 126
Ovid (Publius Ovidius Naso, 43
BCE–18), Roman poet – 58
Owen, Robert (1871–58), British industrialist and socialist – 112, 239, 241, 461, 483, 534, 650, 662
Owenite, follower of Robert Owen’s social project – 545
Palmerston, Henry Temple, third viscount (1784–1865), British Prime Minister – 323–326, 335, 679
Papageno, figure in Mozart’s opera The Magic Flute (1791) – 82
Paris Commune of 1871 – 19, 37, 398, 528ff, 550f, 552–561, 562f, 567, 569, 571, 573, 575, 579, 582, 609, 615f, 622, 632
Pasteur, Louis (1822–95), French chemist – 29
Patrick, (surname unknown), deputy inspector, follower of cooperation in its early development in the mid-1800s – 321
pauperism, the kind of poverty associated with industrialization and other modern development – 121–123, 146, 338, 651
Pecqueur, Constantin (1801–87), French economist, socialist in the spirit of Saint-Simon and later Fourier – 139, 653
Percy Hotspur, figure in Shakespeare’s drama Henry IV–294, 674
Pesch, Sibylle, knitter, married to Moses Hess – 169
Petersen, Thomas, contemporary German philosopher – 11
Petrucciani, Stefano, contemporary Italian philosopher – 11
Petsch, Albert, German publisher and bookseller, active in London – 531
Pfänder, Carl Heinrich (1819–76), German portrait painter and socialist, close to Marx – 282
Pfuel, Ernst Heinrich Adolf (1779–1866), Prussian general, minister-president in Prussia 1848 – 251
phalanstéres, Charles Fourier’s small independent and self-sufficient ideal societies – 113, 119, 190, 241
Philips, Fritz (Frederick), Dutch industrialist, relative of Karl Marx – 279f
Philips, Lion (1794–1866), Dutch industrialist, relative of Karl Marx – 43
Phoebus Apollo, god of sun, light, and the arts in ancient Greece – 247
Picasso, Pablo (1881–1973), Spanish artist – 152, 453, 655
Piketty, Thomas (b. 1971), French economist – 2f
Plato (427–347 BCE), Greek philosopher – 5, 30, 59, 70, 86
Platt, Stephen R., contemporary American historian – 331
Plekhanov, George (1856–1918), ‘father of Russian Social Democracy’, a Menshevik at variance with Lenin’s Bolsheviks – 594f, 602, 720f
Plutarch (c. 46–c. 120), Greek author and philosopher – 72
political econ
omy, science with old roots, but in modern form created by Adam Smith – 29, 123, 134ff, 153ff, 157, 160f, 205, 350, 353ff, 364f, 378, 427, 497, 519, 590, 625
polytechnic ideal, everyone will be educated in more practical and more theoretical activities – 118, 462, 521, 625, 699
Pomeroy, Anne Fairchild, contemporary American philosopher – 626
de Pompery, Édouard (1812–95), French socialist, follower of Fourier – 112
Poncy, Charles (1821–91), French smith and poet – 650
postmodernism, ambiguous term that can be both placed in opposition to modernity (the modern process of transformation of everything from commerce and industry to ideas) and aesthetic modernism, flourished from the 1970s up through the early 2000s – 393, 453, 697f
Poussin, Nicolas (1594–1665), French painter – 463f
Poverty of Philosophy, Marx’s 1847 polemic against Proudhon – 114, 161, 174, 204f, 208, 211f, 214–7, 220, 224, 349, 572, 716
precariat, term for a social layer that has an uncertain position on the modern labour market – 4
press, freedom of the – 42, 80–95, 119, 243–244, 248ff
Preve, Constanzo (1943–2013), Italian philosopher – 644
producer’s cooperative – 321, 536, 592, 711
production, material – 3–4, 21–24, 87, 121, 151f, 193f, 207f, 298, 313, 318, 350ff, 359–393, 451f, 457f, 476, 617
production, relations of, in Marx’s terminology the way in which the results of production are allocated in society; together, the relations of production and forces of production form a mode of production, for example feudalism, capitalism or socialism – 210, 215, 301, 357, 375–377, 380, 388, 511, 579–581, 617–618, 717
production, mode of, the tension-filled unity that forces of production and relations of production constitute; capitalism is one such mode of production – 347, 354, 360, 384–388, 407, 412, 421–423, 441, 452, 453, 615, 617
production, forces of, term Marx took over from Adam Smith which designates productivity and its conditions – 2, 128–129, 211, 375–376, 441ff, 511, 527, 581, 614, 617f, 652
professionalization, the process through which an occupational category, by its training and/or societal acceptance, is given its field of work as its exclusive field of competence – 516
profit, tendency of the rate of to fall – 421, 448
A World to Win Page 90