Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–98), British liberal politician – 316, 323, 325, 680
globalization in Marx – 301, 381
Gneuss, Christian, contemporary German political scientist and journalist – 719
Gödel, Kurt (1906–78), Austrian logician and mathematician – 451, 697
von Goethe, Johann Wolfgang (1749–1832), German author – 31, 53, 68, 155f, 182, 229, 237, 329, 463, 619f, 641, 659
Götrek, Per (1798–1876), Swedish bookseller and communist – 242, 667
Godwin, William (1756–1836), British philosopher, social critic (often regarded as a forerunner of anarchism), married to Mary Wollstonecraft – 274, 671
Gorbachev, Mikhail (b. 1931), leader of the Soviet Union 1985–91 – 711
Goschler, Constantin (b. 1960), German historian – 272, 639, 670
Gothlin, Eva (1957–2006), Swedish historian of ideas – 513, 708
Gottschalk, Andreas (1815–49), German government physician and revolutionary – 247f, 256, 261, 668, 670
de Gouges, Olympe (1748–93), French author, feminist, and revolutionary – 35
Gramsci, Antonio (1891–1937), one of the founders of the Italian Communist Party, during his years in Mussolini’s prisons developed an original philosophy inspired by Marx and others – 595, 607, 624, 723
Grebing, Helga, contemporary German political scientist – 604, 719, 722f
Greeley, Horace (1811–72), American journalist and politician, initially socialist – 313, 677
Greulich, Hermann (1842–1925), Swiss politician, socialist – 589, 718
Greulich, Margarete, Swiss artist around 1890, socialist – 589, 718
Grimm, Jacob (1785–1863), German linguistic and literary researcher – 252
Grimm, Wilhelm (1786–1859), German linguist – 252
Grove, William Robert (1811–96), British lawyer and physicist – 487, 704
Grundrisse, the great incomplete manuscript Marx wrote in 1857–58, which both heralds and goes beyond Capital – 13f, 16, 18, 152, 326, 340–351, 354–356, 358f, 362, 364, 367–274, 376, 378–390, 392–395, 399, 406, 416f, 423, 429f, 435, 441, 450, 452, 470, 491, 528, 532, 608, 618, 624, 632, 683–689, 694
Grundtvig, Nikolai Frederik Severin (1783–1872), Danish priest, author and politician – 317, 678
Grün, Karl (1817–87), German journalist, leading representative of the ‘true socialists’ – 114, 192, 198, 217, 338, 660
Guesde, Jules (1845–1922), French socialist politician – 521, 709
Guevara, Ernesto ‘Che’ (1928–67), Argentinian doctor, politician, and revolutionary – 610, 723
Guizot, François (1787–1874), French politician and historian – 36, 108, 166, 168, 243, 296f, 300, 675
Habermas, Jürgen (b. 1929), German philosopher and sociologist – 453, 606, 683f, 697, 722
Haeckel, Ernst (1834–1919), German biologist and philosopher – 495, 517f, 708
Hamilton, Thomas (1789–1842), English colonel and author – 102, 324, 648
Hansemann, David (1790–1864), Rhenish tradesman and minister of finance in several governments after the March revolution of 1848 – 250f, 668
von Hardenberg, Karl August Fürst (1750–1822), German (Prussian) reformist politician – 65
Hardt, Michael (b. 1960), American philosopher – 344f, 683
Harney, George Julian (1817–97), British journalist, one of the leading Chartists – 222f, 242, 262, 664, 670
Harvey, David (b. 1935), British-American geographer – 433, 691, 694
Hassall, Arthur Hill (1817–94), English doctor, chemist, and microscopist – 322
von Hatzfeldt, Sophie (1805–81), German socialist, countess, and close friend of Lassalle – 565
Haug, Wolfgang Fritz (f 1936), German philosopher and publisher – 433, 453, 694, 697
Haupt, Hermann Wilhelm (1831–?), German revolutionary – 303, 675
Hauptmann, Gerhart (1862–1946), German dramatist – 121, 203, 651
von Haw, Wilhelm (1793–1843), German lawyer, Lord Mayor of Trier – 42
heat death, misleading metaphor for entropy (the Second Law of Thermodynamics) – 487f, 704
Hébert, Jacques René (1757–94), French revolutionary – 34
Hecker, Friedrich Franz Karl (1811–81), German prosecutor during the revolutionary years of 1848–49 – 256
Hegel, Georg Friedrich Wilhelm (1770–1831), German philosopher – 12, 31–33, 51, 59–68, 70–73, 78–81, 83, 87–101, 112–114, 116, 124, 126, 129f, 134f, 137, 141f, 144f, 147, 152f, 156–158, 160, 162, 165f, 176f, 179f, 180, 182, 185f, 188, 191, 196, 206, 210, 214, 216, 218, 229, 237, 240, 242, 293, 310, 329f, 346f, 349–351, 355–364, 366–370, 375, 379, 383, 387, 402, 442f, 457, 486, 489f, 492, 494f, 497–500, 503, 507, 558, 564, 576, 594, 599, 602, 606, 608, 617, 619, 631, 641–644, 647f, 653f, 656–658, 662, 674, 677, 683–687, 695, 703f, 719, 723
Hegelings, see Young Hegelians
Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976), German philosopher – 608
Die andere Heimat, 2013 film 2013 by Edgar Reitz on poverty in Hunsrück in the Pfalz region in the 1840s – 85
Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), German poet and literary critic – 42, 49, 53, 66, 108–112, 120, 166f, 251, 304, 311, 649f, 660, 664, 676
Heinzen, Karl (1809–80), German-American writer, socialist – 229, 665
Heller, Agnes (b. 1929), Hungarian philosopher – 608, 722f
Heraclitus (fl. late sixth century BCE) – 564
Hercules, mythical hero of antiquity (Gr. Herakles) – 47
Herder, Johann Gottfried (1744–1803), German author, philosopher, historian and pedagogue – 100
Herr Vogt, Marx’s 1859 pamphlet against Carl Vogt – 366, 382, 398, 528, 530–532, 675, 710
Herwegh, Georg (1817–75), German poet and revolutionary – 81, 116, 167, 245, 293, 668
Herzen, Aleksandr (1812–70), Russian author – 245
Hesiod (seventh century BCE) – 242, 667
Hess, Moses (1812–75), German philosopher, socialist – 80, 117, 127, 136, 147, 169, 171, 180, 191, 217, 247, 645–647, 650, 653f
von Hessberg, Louis (Ludwig) (1788–1872), Prussian officer who wanted to establish the kingdom of God on earth with shared ownership – 119
Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179), German abbess, author, mystic – 94, 647
Hilferding, Rudolf (1877–1941), Austro-German economist and politician – 425f, 428, 692
historical materialism, the prevalent name of Marx’s (and Engels’s) guidelines for how historical studies should be organized – 449f, 606, 720
Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), German dictator – 13, 249, 268, 606
Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), English philosopher – 457, 518, 541
Hobsbawm, Eric (1917–2012), Austro-British historian – 2, 385f, 389, 424, 603, 636, 638, 688, 692, 722, 724
Hoffmann, E. T. A. (1776–1822), German author, composer, and civil servant – 58
von Hofmann, August Wilhelm (1818–92), German chemist – 486, 492
d’Holbach, Paul Henri (1723–89), French philosopher and author – 80, 165
Holmes, Rachel, contemporary British author – 289, 588, 637, 644, 672, 677, 709, 718
Holy Family, a reckoning with the Young Hegelians that Marx and Engels wrote together – 161f, 164f, 167, 172, 174, 178–180, 191, 196, 202, 205, 214, 216, 304f
Homer (c. 700 BCE), traditionally considered the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey – 329, 675
Honneth, Axel (b. 1949), German philosopher – 606, 722
Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973), German philosopher – 427, 606
Hospitalier, Edouard (1852–1907), French electrotechnician – 477, 701
Howell, George (1833–1910), mason, union member, member of the General Council of the International – 716
Hugo, Victor (1802–85), French author – 312
von Humboldt, Alexander (1769–1859), German natural scientist and explorer – 62, 168
von Humboldt, Wilhelm (17
67–1835), German language philosopher and politician, Alexander von Humboldt’s older brother – 46, 65, 187, 517
Hume, David (1711–76), Scottish philosopher and historian – 72
Huxley, T. H. (1825–95), British biologist – 508
Hyndman, Henry (1842–1921), British social democratic politician and writer – 520, 709
idealism in the philosophical sense (only ideas exist, or at least govern the development of the world) – 58, 87, 130f, 181, 186, 350, 442, 518
ideology, more or less coherent system of blind beliefs, values, and norms related to the society in which they gain credence – 12f, 62, 161, 171–174, 178f, 182–184, 186–188, 192f, 195f, 198f, 205, 210, 214, 216, 264, 267f, 304, 338, 347, 350, 366, 375f, 392, 428, 435, 452, 504, 507, 514, 523f, 590, 599, 606, 613, 631, 637, 657f, 660, 666, 683, 685, 689, 698
Icaria (Icarie), Étienne Cabet’s ideal society that he himself attempted to realize – 241, 537, 666
Inaugural Address, the brief document from 1864 with which Marx would set the agenda for the work of the International – 534, 536–538, 549, 566
individual, individualism – 28, 57, 83, 98, 102, 129, 138, 143, 145–147, 150, 155, 164, 175, 178, 182f, 188–191, 206, 209, 226, 231, 236, 249, 351, 253, 274, 295, 351, 354, 363, 378–380, 384, 388, 395, 415, 417, 422, 427, 432, 435, 449f, 469, 498f, 512, 536f, 570, 572, 604, 625, 648, 657, 648, 685, 694
industrialization, industrialism – 4, 21–23, 107, 226f, 230, 333, 451, 454, 651
Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique (1780–1867), French painter and draughtsman – 108f
International, the (International Workingmen’s Association), founded 1864, dissolved 1874 – 16, 19, 340, 528, 537, 538–400, 470, 529, 531–534, 537–541, 544–551, 553f, 556–563, 567f, 571f, 572, 579f, 583, 588, 612, 615, 624, 632, 710–716
International, see First, Second, Third, Fourth International
Interests – 300
Jackson, Michael (1958–2009), American singer and dancer – 304
Jameson, Fredric (b. 1934), American literary scholar – 345, 433, 454, 694, 723
Jefferson, Thomas (1743–1826), US president 1801–09 – 333
Johnson, Andrew (1808–75), US president 1865–69 – 541
Jones, Ernest (1819–69), British lawyer and author, chartist – 319, 323, 638, 678
July Revolution of 1830 – 41, 108, 271, 296, 300, 339
June Revolution, Marx’s name for the uprising in Paris in June 1848 – 255, 297, 669
Jung, Alexander (1799–1884), German literary historian and journalist – 187
Jung, Georg (1814–86), German journalist and politician, originally Young Hegelian, after the revolution of 1848–49, liberal, and finally follower of Bismarck – 80, 135
Die Jungen, a loose grouping of young intellectuals who around 1890 emerged as followers of Marx – 589, 591f, 718
Juvenalis, Decimus Junius (c. 60–c. 130), Roman author of satires – 233
Kafka, Franz (1823–1924), Czech-Austrian author – 103
Kant, Immanuel (1724–1803), German philosopher – 30–32, 51, 59, 63, 100, 144, 176, 184, 240, 490, 503, 599, 604, 619, 658, 704
Kautsky, Benedikt (1894–60) Austrian economist and financier, social democrat – 512
Kautsky, Karl (1854–1938), Czech-Austrian social democrat, founder of orthodox Marxism – 286, 343, 400, 435, 511, 581, 592, 687, 708, 719
Kay, James Philips (1804–77), British doctor and social reformer – 638, 665
Kekulé von Stradonitz, Friedrich August (1829–96), German chemist – 486
Kelvin, William Thomson (1824–1907), British physicist and mathematician – 701
Kemple, Thomas M, contemporary American cultural theoretician – 345, 393, 684, 688, 689
Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630), German astronomer – 26, 620
Khrushchev, Nikita (1894–1971), leader of the Soviet Union 1953–64 – 3, 609
Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye (1813–55), Danish philosopher and author – 63, 643
Klein, Naomi (b. 1970), Canadian author and journalist – 3, 636
Kliman, Andrew (b. 1955), American political economist – 433, 447–449, 694, 696
Kołakowski, Leszek (1927–2009), Polish philosopher – 134, 568, 608, 718f
Kollwitz, Käthe (1867–1945), German draftsman, graphic artist and sculptor – 121, 651
Köppen, Karl Friedrich (1808–63), teacher and journalist – 640
Korsch, Karl (1886–1961), German philosopher – 722
Kosík, Karel (1926–2003), Czech philosopher – 608f, 723
Kovalevskaya, Sofia (Sonja) (1850–91), Russian mathematician, professor in Stockholm – 509
Kovalevsky, Maksim (1851–1916), Russian lawyer, historian, sociologist and politician – 509, 707
Krader, Lawrence (1919–98), American ethnologist and social anthropologist – 510, 512, 514, 707f
Kriege, Hermann (1820–50), German journalist and revolutionary – 202, 661
Kropotkin, Peter (Pyotr, 1842–1921), Russian anarchist – 28
Kugelmann, Ludwig (1828–1902), German doctor, took part in the revolution of 1848, member of the First International – 399, 401f, 504, 519, 556f, 689f, 706, 710, 714
Kumar, Krishan (b. 1942), Indian-American sociologist – 697f
Kurz, Robert (1943–2012), German philosopher and journalist – 432, 694
Künzli, Arnold (1919–2008), Swiss political scientist and philosopher – 103, 648
Labarrière, Pierre-Jean, contemporary French historian of philosophy – 147, 654
labour as a purposeful human activity – 177
labour power – according to Marx, what is comparable in different human efforts and can therefore be quantified and paid a wage – 409, 412–423, 437f, 442, 445f, 450f, 457–459, 512, 541
Labriola, Antonio (1843–1904), Italian philosopher and author – 595, 720
Lafargue, Laura (1845–1911), Jenny and Karl Marx’s second daughter, married to Paul Lafargue – 483, 676, 703, 712, 717
Lafargue, Paul (1842–1911), French socialist politician and writer, Jenny and Karl Marx’s son-in-law – 104, 284, 464, 521, 587, 672, 709, 714
Lagerkvist, Johan (b. 1970), Swedish China specialist – 700, 723
de Lamartine, Alphonse (1790–1869), French author and politician – 243
de Lamennais, Félicité Robert (1782–1854), French priest, theologian, and socialist – 111
Lange, Friedrich Albert (1828–75), German philosopher – 503, 706
Lankester, Ray (1847–1929), British zoologist, Marx’s friend – 1, 476, 506, 520, 587, 635, 706
Lassalle, Ferdinand (1825–64), German social democratic politician, author, and journalist – 45, 342f, 501, 529, 564–570, 583, 595, 640, 683, 705, 710, 715
late capitalism, according to a fairly widespread idea, a later (for some the last) phase in the development of capitalism – 453f, 697
Laurent, Auguste (1807–53), French chemist – 486, 671
de Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent (1743–94), French chemist – 26
Le Lubez, Victor (b. c. 1834), French republican politician, member of the General Council of the International – 532
Lecomte, Claude (1817–71), French general – 555
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646–1716), German philosopher and mathematician – 70, 472, 518, 643
Lemke, Gottlieb (c. 1844–85), member of the German workers’ educational association in London – 687
Lenin, Vladimir (1870–1924), Russian politician, first leader of the Soviet Union – 20, 83, 125, 133f, 154, 173, 294, 346, 426f, 434, 515, 553f, 560, 578, 588, 595f–606, 608, 610, 612f, 620, 622–625, 652, 667, 684, 692, 714, 717, 720f
Leopold I (1790–1865), Belgian king – 167, 244
Leroux, Pierre (1797–1871), French socialist journalist and politician – 93, 107, 111
Leske, Carl Friedrich Julius (1821–86), German publisher – 195
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81), German author – 80, 619,
640
Lessner, Friedrich (1825–1910), German socialist politician, follower of Marx – 282, 587
Leviathan, a sea monster mentioned in the Bible; in modern times a symbol for absolute, often tyrannical, State power – 84
liberal, liberalism – 5, 32, 82f, 86, 98, 122f, 127, 145, 159f, 169, 180, 184, 186, 190, 230f, 243, 247, 251, 254, 265–267, 270, 289, 299, 300, 318, 340, 348, 351, 353, 455, 462, 483, 502, 506, 510, 537, 545, 567, 611, 613, 631, 636, 652, 659, 679, 680
Liebig, Justus von (1803–73), German chemist – 443, 477–482, 698, 701f
Liebknecht, Karl (1871–1919), German social democrat, later communist, son of the following – 594, 604
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (1826–1900), leading German social democratic politician – 275, 281, 283, 494, 496, 519, 566, 583, 587, 671, 714f,
Lifshitz, Mikhail (1905–83), Soviet esthetician – 654
Lincoln, Abraham (1809–65), US president 1861–65 – 314, 334f, 541, 711
Linnell, Björn (b. 1952), Swedish publisher and journalist – 15
Lissagaray, Prosper-Olivier (1838–1901), French journalist and author, Communard, at one time engaged to Eleanor Marx – 552, 713
Liszt, Franz (1811–86), Hungarian composer, pianist, and conductor – 108–110, 151, 655
Locke, John (1632–1704), English philosopher – 149, 164, 189, 654
Loers, Vitus (1800–62), scholar, Karl Marx’s Greek teacher – 48, 641
Longuet, Charles (1839–1903), married to Jenny (Jennychen) Marx, French socialist – 477, 521, 587
Longuet, née Marx, Jenny (Jennychen, 1844–83), daughter of Jenny and Karl Marx, German journalist – 108, 167, 279, 285, 288, 475, 587, 619, 631, 633, 673
Lönnroth, Johan (b. 1937), Swedish political economist and politician – 629
Lopatin, German (1845–1918), Russian revolutionary and journalist, originally physicist and mathematician – 403
Lorenzo, Anselmo (1841–1914), leading Spanish anarchist, follower of Bakunin – 562
Louis XVI (1754–93), French king – 34
Louis Philippe (1773–1850), king of France 1830–48 (‘the Pear King’) – 108, 243f, 296, 551
Löwenthal, Zacharias (after 1847 Loening, 1810–84), German publisher – 162, 656
Löwy, Michel (b. 1938), Brazilian-French philosopher – 103, 605, 648, 722
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