Divided we Fail
Page 27
13. Larry Bleiberg, “School Board Elects Cosby as Chairman,” Louisville Courier-Journal, April 12, 1988.
14. Bruce Allar, “The Gospel According to Kevin Cosby,” Louisville Magazine, September 1993.
15. “Boysen Says Jefferson Need Not Stop Busing,” Louisville Courier-Journal, September 25, 1991.
16. Ibid.
17. “Forum of Protest; School Plan to End Busing Called Racist,” Louisville Courier-Journal, October 4, 1991.
18. Allar, “Gospel According to Kevin Cosby.”
19. “Forum of Protest.”
20. Ibid.
21. “Blacks’ Old, New Guards Emotionally Torn over School Plan,” Louisville Courier-Journal, October 13, 1991.
22. “Meeting’s Speakers United in Support for End to Busing,” Louisville Courier-Journal, October 11, 1991.
23. “Consultants Collect $70,400 for Work on School Plan,” Louisville Courier-Journal, January 30, 1992.
24. “Meeting’s Speakers.”
25. “Powers, Ingwerson Cover No New Ground at Meeting on Plan to End Busing,” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 2, 1991.
26. “Busing Revisited; Angry Parents Say Forums Designed to Stifle Debate,” Louisville Courier-Journal, October 15, 1991; “Desegregation’s New Direction; Parents Left Waiting, Worrying as Schools Decide What’s Best,” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 17, 1991.
27. “Ingwerson Would Resume Busing to Meet Racial Goals,” Louisville Courier-Journal, October 31, 1991; “Sen. Neal Opposes Proposed Student-Assignment Plan,” Louisville Courier-Journal, December 15, 1991.
28. “Readers’ Forum . . . The Busing Proposal ‘Community Input,’ ” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 25, 1991.
29. Ibid.
30. “NAACP to Ask Ingwerson to Withdraw Busing Plan,” Louisville Courier-Journal, December 7, 1991.
31. “Revised School Plan Approved,” Louisville Courier-Journal, December 20, 1991.
32. “Educators Still Sorting out Details of New Busing Plan,” Louisville Courier-Journal, December 21, 1991.
33. “Facts on School Plan Scare Confusing,” Louisville Courier-Journal, February 11, 1992.
34. “Ingwerson Is Superintendent of the Year,” Louisville Courier-Journal, February 22, 1991; “Some Hoping to Foil Ingwerson’s Chance for National Award,” Louisville Courier-Journal, February 13, 1992.
35. “Integration Goal Reached,” Louisville Courier-Journal, May 23, 1992.
36. For the composition of the monitoring committee, see monitoring committee documents from Robert Douglas, private collection; “Groups Jockey for Slots on Panel to Monitor School-Assignment Plan,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 18, 1992.
37. Details of Joseph McMillan’s life from author interview with McMillan, January 11, 2010.
38. “Push to Persuade Ingwerson to Stay Unlikely to Work,” Louisville Courier-Journal, September 5, 1992; “Ingwerson Quits to Lead Educational Institute,” Louisville Courier-Journal, March 5, 1993.
39. “Job Pressures May Have Led to Departure,” Louisville Courier-Journal, March 5, 1993.
40. “Schools Accused of Resegregating,” Louisville Courier-Journal, February 25, 1993.
41. Beverly Bartlett, “Panel Raises Possibility of Mostly Black Academy,” Louisville Courier-Journal, March 12, 1996.
42. Carman Weathers, “Separation Not Necessarily Evil,” Louisville Courier-Journal, August 5, 1994.
43. “Racial Imbalance Forces 10 Blacks to Leave Central,” Louisville Courier-Journal, September 23, 1994.
44. Veda Morgan, “The Fourth ‘R’: How Race Affects School Choices under Jefferson County’s Project Renaissance,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 16, 1996.
45. Veda Morgan, “District Expands Some Schools Despite Enrollment Being Flat,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 17, 1996.
46. Veda Morgan, “School Integration Incentives Proposed,” Louisville Courier-Journal, August 13, 1996; Veda Morgan, “Daeschner Backs Revised Version of School Plan,” Louisville Courier-Journal, August 23, 1996.
47. Details of Deborah Stallworth’s life from author interview with Stallworth, May 20, 2009.
48. Author interview with Sandra Hampton, August 19, 2009.
Chapter 18
1. Interviews with Robert Douglas, Carman Weathers, Riccardo X, Fran Thomas.
2. Details of Teddy Gordon’s life from author interviews with Gordon, March 31, 2009, and January 21, 2010, except where other sources cited.
3. “Woman Injured on Waterslide at Kentucky Kingdom,” Louisville Courier-Journal, July 24, 1992.
4. “Officer Sues for Promotion, Cites Reverse Discrimination,” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 27, 1990; “Appeals Court Rejects White Police Officer’s Promotion-Bias Claim,” Louisville Courier-Journal, April 2, 1993.
5. “Oldham Suit over Racial Harassment Is Resolved,” Louisville Courier-Journal, March 10, 1995.
6. “Judge Declares Alderman’s Seat Vacant,” Louisville Courier-Journal, April 21, 1998.
7. Rick McDonough, “Court Orders Alderman Removed,” Louisville Courier-Journal, April 18, 1998; “Representative Reginald Meeks (D),” Kentucky Legislature, http://www.lrc.ky.gov/.
8. Bill Billiter, “The Voter Is King, and Candidate,” Louisville Courier-Journal, May 18, 1971.
9. “The Candidate Who Wasn’t There Is a Sure Loser,” Louisville Times, May 25, 1971.
10. Andrew Wolfson and Chris Kenning, “Court to Hear Unlikely Advocate,” Louisville Courier-Journal, December 4, 2006; “32nd District,” Louisville Courier-Journal, October 24, 1979; “5th District,” Louisville Courier-Journal, October 20, 1983; Alan Judd, “Democratic Candidates for Prosecuting Attorney Have Varied Backgrounds,” Louisville Courier-Journal, May 21, 1987.
11. Author interviews with Harold Fenderson, January 14, 2010, and Daniel Withers, principal of Central High School, November 2, 2009.
12. Veda Morgan, “Suit Attacks Schools’ Way of Integrating: 6 Black Parents Challenge Limits at Central High,” Louisville Courier-Journal, April 23, 1998.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Hampton, Complaint, April 22, 1998.
16. Details of Judge John Heyburn’s life from author interview with Heyburn, August 20, 2009, and author communication with Heyburn, January 13, 2012.
17. Mary Margaret Bell, “Chenoweth Elementary School,” Jefferson County Public Schools History Blog,.
18. Details about Frank Mellen from author interview with Mellen, April 3, 2009.
19. Details about Byron Leet from author interview with Leet, November 9, 2009.
20. Hampton, Answer of the Defendants, May 13, 1998.
21. Mark Schaver, “Black Parents Seek End to Court Order Issued in ’75,” Louisville Courier-Journal, January 30, 2000; Hampton, Intervening Complaint, Virgil C. Fitzpatrick, October 14, 1998.
22. Some details about QUEST from author interview with Steve Porter, January 15, 2010.
23. Hampton, Intervening Complaint.
Chapter 19
1. Fern Creek High School was eligible for a federal school-improvement grant for the nation’s worst schools in 2009 after years of poor performance on state tests. Lonnie Harp, “School Ratings Give a First Look at New System,” Louisville Courier-Journal, January 27, 2000; author interview with Houston Barber, principal at Fern Creek, April 8, 2010; also see Cary Stemle, “Get under the Bus?” Leo (Louisville Eccentric Observer) Weekly, August 4, 2010.
2. Veda Morgan, “2 Groups Seek Dismissal of Central Suit,” Louisville Courier-Journal, September 15, 1998.
3. Details of first Hampton trial from Hampton v. Jefferson County transcripts, April 13, 14, and 21, 1999; author interviews with Teddy Gordon, Byron Leet, Frank Mellen, Judge Heyburn, and CEASE members.
4. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 US 265 (1978).
5. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk (New York: Barnes and Nobles Classics, 2005), 9.
6. Author interview with
Stephen Daeschner, January 13, 2010.
7. Hampton, Memorandum and Order, April 22, 1999.
8. Michael Jennings, “Balancing Races Is Hard, Schools Say,” Louisville Courier-Journal, April 15, 1999.
Chapter 20
1. Hampton v. Jefferson County, Response, April 26, 1999.
2. Hampton v. Jefferson County, Second Amended Complaint, May 10, 1999.
3. Hampton v. Jefferson County, 72 F. Supp. 2d 753 (1999), Opinion, June 10, 1999.
4. Carman Weathers, “Debating Integration’s Value,” Louisville Courier-Journal, August 19, 1997.
5. Author interview with Robert Douglas.
6. Michael Jennings, “Parents Seek to End School Decree,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 16, 1999.
7. Jeffrey Rosen, “The Lost Promise of School Integration,” New York Times, April 2, 2000.
8. Terry Belk v. The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 269 F.3d 305 (4th Cir. 2001); Alison Morantz, “Desegregation at Risk: Threat and Reaffirmation in Charlotte,” in Gary Orfield and Susan Eaton, eds., Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of Brown v. Board of Education (New York: New Press, 1996), 179–206.
9. Rosen, “Lost Promise”; Julia A. McLaughlin v. Boston School Committee, 938 F. Supp. 1001 (US Dist. 1996).
10. Rosen, “Lost Promise”; Brian Ho v. San Francisco Unified School District, 965 F. Supp. 1316 (US Dist. 1997).
11. Rosen, “Lost Promise.”
12. Ibid.
13. Peter Applebome, “New Choices for Parents Are Starting to Change U.S. Education Landscape,” New York Times, September 4, 1996; Alan Wolfe, ed., School Choice: The Moral Debate (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).
14. Susan Chira, “A Sea of Doubt Swells Around Bush’s Education Plan,” New York Times, July 22, 1991.
15. Applebome, “New Choices”; Adam Nagourney, “Dole Backs School Choice through Vouchers,” New York Times, July 19, 1996.
16. Applebome, “New Choices.”
17. Peter Cookson, School Choice: The Struggle for the Soul of American Education (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994).
18. Andrea Billups, “Poll Finds Ignorance on School Choice,” Washington Times, November 17, 1999.
19. Rosen, “Lost Promise.”
Chapter 21
1. Larry Weisman, “Surprising Rams, Titans Duel to Finish,” USA Today, January 31, 2000.
2. Liz Clarke, “Hardy Warner Takes Home a Final Laurel; Unlikely Hero Finishes with MVP Performance,” Washington Post, January 31, 2000.
3. Details of the second Hampton trial from Hampton v. Jefferson County transcripts, January 31, February 1, 2, 17, 18, and 24, and March 17 and 28, 2000.
4. Idris Ghani, “Judge Confirms Victory of Handy over Williams in 42nd District Race,” Louisville Times, August 7, 1984; Mervin Aubespin, “Local NAACP Elects Attorney as President,” Louisville Courier-Journal, December 7, 1976.
5. Carol Marie Cropper, “Aubrey Williams Fired from State Director’s Job,” Louisville Courier-Journal, September 3, 1987.
6. Courtroom dialogue here and below comes from the transcripts, Hampton v. Jefferson County, 72 F. Supp. 2d 753 (1999), US District Court-Western District of Kentucky.
7. Details of John Whiting’s life from author interview with Whiting, January 13, 2010, in addition to transcripts.
8. Mark Schaver, “Schools Will Talk about Settlement of Central Lawsuit,” Louisville Courier-Journal, January 22, 2000.
9. Mark Schaver, “Settlement in Central High Case Looks Unlikely,” Louisville Courier-Journal, March 28, 2000.
10. Details of Pat Todd’s life from author interviews with Todd, November 4, 2009, and January 14, 2010.
Chapter 22
1. Chris Poynter, “The Plaintiffs: Elated CEASE Members Say They Feel Vindicated,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 21, 2000.
2. Hampton v. Jefferson County, 102 F. Supp. 2d 358 (U.S. Dist. 2000), Opinion, June 20, 2000.
3. Poynter, “The Plaintiffs”; Holly Coryell, “Group Hails End of Racial Limits,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 23, 2000.
4. Andrew Wolfson, “Schools and Race: Attitudes Changing,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 25, 2000.
5. Holly Coryell, “Schools Won’t Fight Ruling in Race Case,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 27, 2000.
Chapter 23
1. Details about Crystal Meredith from court transcripts and interviews with Teddy Gordon and an anonymous source. See also Jan Crawford-Greenburg and Howard Rosenberg, “Two Women Come Together to Oppose Busing: Plaintiff Crystal Meredith and Civil Rights Activist Mattie Jones Say Program Failed Their Children,” Nightline, ABC News, June 28, 2007.
2. McFarland v. Jefferson County, Civil Docket for Case, http://www.clearinghouse.net/.
3. Details about the McFarlands from court transcripts and author interview with David McFarland, August 20, 2009.
4. McFarland v. Jefferson County, Civil Docket.
5. Details about the McFarland trial from McFarland v. Jefferson County transcripts, December 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12, 2003.
6. Jennifer Gratz v. Lee Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003).
7. Barbara Grutter v. Lee Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003).
8. Orfield and Eaton, Dismantling Desegregation; Charles T. Clotfelter, After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).
9. Richard Fry, The Changing Racial and Ethnic Composition of U.S. Public Schools (Washington, DC: Pew Hispanic Center, August 30, 2007), http://www.pewhispanic.org/.
10. Marjorie Coeyman, “Charter Schools Build on a Decade of Experimentation,” Christian Science Monitor, January 7, 2003.
11. Howard S. Bloom, Saskia Levy Thompson, and Rebecca Unterman, Transforming the High School Experience: How New York City’s New Small Schools Are Boosting Student Achievement and Graduation Rates (New York: MDRC and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, June 2010), http://eric.ed.gov/.
12. Paul E. Peterson and Martin R. West, eds., No Child Left Behind? The Politics and Practice of School Accountability (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2003).
13. Kentucky and national achievement gap data are based on 2005 National Assessment of Education Progress scores, which were compiled by the Education Trust, www.edtrust.org.
14. Chris Kenning, “Jefferson County School Board: Three Incumbents Retain Seats,” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 3, 2004; Chris Kenning, “School Race-Policy Foe Runs for Board,” Louisville Courier-Journal, August 11, 2004.
Chapter 24
1. Chris Kenning, “School Desegregation Plan on Trial,” Louisville Courier-Journal, December 8, 2003.
2. Chris Kenning, “Three Magnet Schools See Declining Diversity,” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 5, 2006.
3. Chris Kenning, “Central High Principal Dismissed,” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 13, 2002.
4. Chris Kenning, “Supporters Rally for Ousted Central High Principal,” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 19, 2002.
5. From transcripts, Hampton v. Jefferson County, 72 F. Supp. 2d 753 (1999), US District Court-Western District of Kentucky.
6. Ibid.
7. Details about Harold Fenderson’s life from author interview with Fenderson, January 14, 2010.
8. Kenning, “Supporters Rally.”
9. Chris Kenning, “Fenderson Appeals His Dismissal,” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 16, 2002.
10. Teddy B. Gordon, “Petition for Writ of Certiorari, Petitioner Crystal D. Meredith,” US Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, July 21, 2005, in Teddy Gordon, “Federal Appellate Practice, a/k/a Ted Gordon’s Incredible Adventure,” unpublished manuscript provided by Gordon to the author.
11. Andrew Wolfson and Chris Kenning, “Court to Hear Unlikely Advocate: Lawyer Challenges Jefferson Desegregation Policy,” Louisville Courier-Journal, December 4, 2006.
12. Toobin, The Nine, 2–9, 293–95, 323–74.
13. Douglas Judge, “Housing, Race and Sc
hooling in Seattle: Context for the Supreme Court Decision,” Journal of Educational Controversy (Western Washington University) 2, no. 1 (Winter 2007), http://www.wce.wwu.edu/.
14. Parents Involved in Community Schools, www.piics.org.
15. Davis Wright Tremaine LLP, www.dwt.com.
16. Linda Shaw, “Integration No Longer a Top Priority for District,” Seattle Times, June 3, 2008.
17. Brief of 553 Social Scientists as Amici Curiae in Support of Respondents, Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1, 551 U.S. 701 (2007), and Meredith v. Jefferson County.
18. Eric A. Hanushek, John F. Kain, and Steven G. Rivkin, “How Much Does School Integration Affect Student Achievement?” paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, New Orleans, January 2001.
19. Robert Rodosky, unpublished survey cited in transcripts, Hampton v. Jefferson County, 72 F. Supp. 2d 753 (1999), US District Court-Western District of Kentucky.
20. Brief Amicus Curiae of Pacific Legal Foundation, American Civil Rights Institute, and Center for Equal Opportunity in Support of the Petitioner, Meredith v. Jefferson County.
21. Robert Barnes, “Court Hears Cases on Schools and Race,” Washington Post, December 5, 2006.
22. Notes included in in Teddy Gordon, “Federal Appellate Practice, a/k/a Ted Gordon’s Incredible Adventure,” unpublished manuscript provided by Gordon to the author.
23. Details of oral arguments from Meredith.
24. Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle, transcript of oral arguments, December 4, 2006.
Chapter 25
1. Nancy C. Rodriguez, “Court Rejects Louisville Student Assignment Plan,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 29, 2007.
2. Meredith v. Jefferson County, Opinion, June 28, 2007.
3. “High Court Rejects School Integration Plans,” Seattle Times, June 28, 2007.
4. Chris Kenning, “Woman Kept ‘My Promise’ to Son,” Louisville Courier-Journal, June 29, 2007.
5. Chris Kenning, “Three Magnet Schools See Declining Diversity,” Louisville Courier-Journal, November 5, 2006.