Spain's Road to Empire

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Spain's Road to Empire Page 76

by Henry Kamen


  Don Carlos, 180

  Doria family, 40, 62, 66, 85, 169, 302, 381

  Doria, Andrea, 62–63, 66, 72–73, 76, 156, 183

  Doria, Filipino, 62

  Doria, Gian Andrea, 155, 171, 183, 296

  Doria, Paolo Mattia, 459

  Dorset, earl of, 34, 35

  Downs, battle of (1639), 398–400, 408, 411, 416, 418

  Dragut, 155–156

  Drake, Francis, 139, 229–231, 260, 262, 306–309, 432

  Draper, General Sir William, 482–483

  Dunes, battle of (1658), 411

  Dunkirk naval activity, 312, 325–326, 329, 397–400, 409–411, 417, 490

  Duquesne, Admiral Abraham, 415

  Dutch, 164, 167, 306–307, 310–313, 315; see also United Provinces

  in Asia, 205, 214, 223–224, 227, 236, 315, 318, 327,394–395, 402, 404, 421

  in Baltic, 291

  in Caribbean, 77, 189, 258, 261, 283, 315, 320, 322, 326, 328–329, 343–345, 393, 398–399, 402, 427, 429–431, 434, 462, 471–473, 509

  in Pacific, 262

  naval power of, 417

  Dutch revolt see Netherlands

  earthquakes, 364, 449, 479

  East India Company, British, 421–422, 482, 501

  Eboli, Ruy Gómez, prince of, 182, 301

  ecological imperialism, 270, 272

  ecology of New World, 282

  Edo, 216, 219

  Eggenberg, Johann Ulrich von, 500

  Egmont, Lamoral, earl of, 152, 177–178, 180

  Eguía, Miguel de, 5

  Ehinger, Georg, 85

  Ehinger, Heinrich, 136

  El Dorado, 117–118

  El Paso, 252–253, 424

  Eleanor, Infanta, 38

  élites in empire, 35, 39, 66, 106–162, 165,174, 287, 298, 347, 350, 354, 402, 446, 500, 506–507

  Elizabeth I of England, 181, 230, 259, 339, 432, 494

  Elizabeth Valois, queen of Spain, 153, 180

  Emanuele Filiberto, duke of Savoy, 152

  emigration, 22, 129, 131, 164, 274, 494, 508

  to New World, 333, 346–347

  empire

  biological impact of, 125

  as a business, 288; see also business of empire

  centralized control of, 172

  character of, 157, 161

  collaboration of non-Spaniards in, 11–12, 125, 158; see also collaboration

  cost of, 39, 154, 158, 176, 184, 188

  creates identity of Spaniards, 371

  and culture, 21, 340

  dynastic origins of, 39, 66, 288

  ecological impact of, 270

  financing of, 30–31, 39–40, 52, 56, 69–70, 75, 89, 136, 155, 158, 175, 191, 201, 217, 259, 289, 294–295, 297, 312, 403, 417–418, 432, 449, 451, 461, 480

  hostility to, 173, 366

  idea of, 9, 53, 173

  and information, 158–161

  as international enterprise, 37

  limits to expansion, 305

  and messianism, 47

  mythology of, 509

  power of, 305

  and private enterprise, 192

  protected by its enemies, 388, 412–413, 415–416, 429, 431–434

  and relation to barbarians, 375; see also barbarians

  Spanish criticism of, 53, 371–373, 488

  stimulates identity of enemies, 365

  Empire, Holy Roman, 10, 24, 38, 50, 59, 63–64, 70–71, 79, 81, 92, 162, 165, 317, 383, 385, 387, 398, 448, 453

  encomenderos, 139, 240, 351

  encomiendas, 83, 96–97, 122–123, 126, 142, 202, 231, 354, 423, 492

  Enghien, duke d’, 407; see also Condé

  England (and Great Britain), 10, 16, 23, 34, 37, 50, 90–92, 134, 151, 159, 162, 168, 170–171, 180, 186, 209, 225, 226, 259–260, 265, 286, 292, 297, 302, 306–307, 309–310, 312–313, 320, 322–323, 365, 373, 393, 396, 410–413, 421, 428–429, 432, 436, 440, 444, 447, 458, 473–474, 480–481, 484, 489, 494

  English (and British)

  in Spanish empire, 16, 23, 34, 40, 90–91, 152, 171, 189, 212, 227, 250, 258, 260–262, 264, 281, 283, 309, 315, 318, 323, 325, 339, 345, 376, 390, 393, 404, 406, 413, 421, 425, 427–435, 442, 445, 462–463, 465–466, 469–470, 472–473, 480, 483, 494, 497, 509

  naval power, 417

  Enlightenment, European, 458, 477, 478

  Enríquez, Diego, 184

  epidemics in empire see disease

  Erasmus, 63, 159, 338

  Ercilla, Alonso de, 119, 304

  Escobedo, Juan de, 298, 299

  Espinosa, Castilian financiers, 106, 289

  Espinosa, Cardinal, 182

  Esquival, Jacinto, 395

  Estrada, Maria, 243

  ‘ethnogenesis’, 361–362

  ethnography of New World, 147

  Eugene of Savoy, prince, 440, 442, 446

  exploration as conquest, 121

  Family Pact (1733), 457

  Farnese family, 66

  Farnese, Alessandro, duke of Parma, 162, 177, 190, 299–301, 307, 311, 365, 500

  Farnese, Elizabeth, queen of Spain, 453,455

  Federigo, king of Naples, 25, 26

  Federmann, Nicolaus, 118

  Feijoo, Benito Jerónimo, 335

  Felipillo, interpreter for Pizarro, 107, 145, 497–498

  Ferdinand I, Emperor, 58, 77, 80, 82, 155, 314

  Ferdinand II, Emperor, 314, 316, 395

  Ferdinand III, Emperor, 386

  Ferdinand the Catholic, king of Aragon, 3, 6, 9–10, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29–30, 32–34, 36–39, 41–42, 45–46, 49–50, 52–54, 56, 58–59, 69, 75, 85, 95, 97, 124, 135, 173, 354, 366, 390, 448, 496

  Feria, duke of, 385, 392

  Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo, 19, 25–27, 33, 69, 72, 86, 163, 165, 391, 458

  Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo (in 17th century), 319

  Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo, 41, 85–86, 96–97, 109, 134, 137, 240, 505

  Ferrante II of Naples, 24–25

  Ferrante, duke of Calabria, 26

  Ferro, 11

  Feuillée, Father Louis, 476

  Figueroa, Lope de, 184

  Finale, 175, 382

  financiers and Spanish empire, 16, 40–41, 55, 67, 84–85, 88–89, 136, 162, 173, 200, 288, 292–296, 302, 326, 343, 344, 396, 403–405, 430, 449, 509

  firearms and European supremacy, 19, 26, 111, 201, 221–222

  Fischart, Johann, 365

  fisheries, 77, 82, 171, 232, 325, 418, 433

  Flanders, 5, 16, 73, 92, 152–153, 163–168, 172, 176, 178, 181, 188–189, 209, 225, 251, 265, 286, 289, 292–293, 299, 302–303, 305, 307–308, 311–314, 318–319, 322–323, 328–329, 333, 347, 373–374, 383–385, 390–392, 396–397, 400–401, 405, 407–412, 418, 487, 511; see also Netherlands

  Flemish in Spanish empire, 40, 52, 59, 77–78, 133, 158, 178, 186, 264–265, 292, 301, 312, 319–320, 344, 346, 439, 487,488, 510; see also Belgians

  Fleurus, battle of (1690), 441

  Florence, 64, 66, 66, 172, 294, 296, 332

  Florentine financiers, 16, 40–41, 43, 67, 136, 294, 296, 317, 406

  Florida, 85,141, 244, 246, 249–251, 254–255, 259–261, 267, 269, 271, 425–426, 465–466, 468, 484, 502

  Foix family, 34

  foreign clergy in Spanish empire, 219, 264, 265

  foreigners

  in Spanish empire, 5, 13, 16, 40, 50, 55, 85, 89, 132–133, 135, 143, 160, 169, 172, 216, 232, 257, 260, 264, 275, 288, 293, 295, 298, 343–346, 356, 371, 374–375, 377, 382, 392–393, 403, 418, 436, 444, 451, 459, 471–472, 488, 489–490, 496, 504

  in wars of Granada, 16

  Spanish hostility to, 374–375

  Formento, Giuseppe, 429

  fortifications, 16, 70, 169, 259

  France, 5, 7, 16, 22, 24–25, 27, 29, 33–36,45,47, 50, 55–56, 59–62, 65, 67–68, 74–75, 79, 81, 88, 92, 127, 152–153, 155–157, 162–164, 166, 179–180, 186–187, 209, 249–250, 259, 294, 302–303, 307, 310–311, 313, 323, 334, 336, 343, 365, 367, 37
3–374, 382–387, 390, 393, 395–396, 398, 401–402, 406, 408, 409–416, 418, 425, 435–436, 439–444, 446, 448–449, 451–454, 457–458, 460, 462–463, 467, 470, 475, 480–481, 484, 485, 487, 489, 494, 497, 500

  Franche-Comté, 77, 92, 416, 496

  Francis I of France, 60, 61, 63, 69, 74

  Franciscan friars, 30, 45, 126, 143–147, 149, 216, 217, 233, 235, 265–266, 268–269, 275, 279, 280, 369, 376, 422, 423, 425, 465–469, 498, 502–503, 511

  Frederick Henry, prince of Orange, 397

  Frederick the Great, 445

  Frederick, Palatine elector, 317–318

  French and Indian War, 481

  French in Spanish empire, 4, 11, 23, 33, 38, 40, 49, 57–60, 70, 77, 133, 171, 186, 250, 257, 261, 263, 265, 281, 314–315, 325, 334, 338, 340–341, 345, 367, 383, 387, 393, 406–407, 409, 413, 417–418, 425–430, 434–436, 439–440, 448, 461–467, 470–471, 476–477, 481, 485, 487, 489–490, 495, 504, 509

  Frézier, Amadée, 476

  Froben, Hieronymus, 4

  Frobisher, Martin, 307

  Fronde, 410

  frontier of Spanish empire, 23, 33–36, 57, 74, 79, 85, 105, 108, 112, 116, 139, 181, 183, 239, 245, 247–248, 251–267, 269, 270, 272, 280, 282–283, 303, 338, 347, 361, 363, 376, 396, 454, 456, 469, 485

  and disease, 273

  maintained by natives, 251, 257, 281,283

  and missionaries, 255, 266

  in North America, 422–424, 464–465, 467–468

  and soldiers, 268

  and trade, 359

  Frundsberg, Georg von, 61

  Fuenterrabía, 166, 397, 454–455

  Fuentes, counts of, 71, 407–408

  Fuentes, Pedro Henríquez de Azevedo count of 381–382

  Fuerteventura, 11

  Fuggers, financiers, 54, 84, 89, 153, 403, 491

  Fukien, 207, 234, 503

  gachupines, 350

  Gaeta, 26

  Gage, Thomas, 265, 358, 376

  Galíndez de Carvajal, Lorenzo, 71

  galleys and naval power, 15, 62–63, 67, 69–70, 72–73, 75–76, 156, 169, 172, 175–176, 183–184, 186, 191–192, 220, 249, 300, 302, 305, 399, 416–417, 440, 453, 455–456

  Galve, count of, 353

  Galway, earl of, 445

  Gama, Vasco da, 49, 200

  Gamarra, Esteban de, 496–497

  Garay, Juan de, 304

  García Jofre de Loaysa, Juan, 171, 199, 289

  García de Paredes, Diego, 26

  Garcia, Antonio, 430

  Garcilaso de la Vega, 5

  Garcilaso de la Vega, Inca, 5, 145, 194, 241, 351, 501

  Garigliano, battle of (1503), 26

  garrisons in Spanish empire, 32, 57, 167, 175, 223, 250, 255, 313, 322, 421, 451

  Gasca, Pedro de la, 119

  Gastañeta, Admiral Antonio de, 454

  Gaston de Foix, 34

  Gattinara, Mercurino, 53, 64, 495

  Gdansk, 168, 417

  Gembloux, 190

  Gemelli, Francesco, 212

  Genoa, 33, 38, 40–41, 54, 62–63, 66–67, 69–70, 73, 75, 88, 90, 135, 156, 163, 169, 172–173, 175–176, 293–294, 296–298, 311, 368, 399, 417, 434, 436, 446,455

  Genoese in Spanish empire, 13–16, 19, 40, 41, 62–63, 67, 69–70, 73, 85, 88–89,105, 135, 136, 155, 170, 175, 183, 185, 198, 200, 289–290, 293–294, 297, 298, 300, 302, 326, 334, 345, 389,396, 404, 406, 430, 433, 436, 488–489, 507–508, 510

  Genovesi, Antonio, 459

  ‘geographic relations’, 160

  Germaine de Foix, wife of Ferdinand the Catholic, 33–34

  Germans in Spanish empire, 4, 10, 60, 67–68, 72–73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 89, 119–120, 133, 135, 152, 165, 166, 186, 191–192, 198, 274–275, 297, 300, 307, 313–314, 316, 319, 334–335, 338, 345, 385, 389, 419, 487, 490, 508–509

  Gesio, Giovanni Battista, 225

  Ghent, 38, 49, 77–79, 146, 301

  Ghent, Pacification of (1576), 190

  Ghent, Peter of, 144

  Giannone, Pietro, 459

  Gibraltar, 5, 23, 52, 443, 447–448, 456, 465, 470

  Giustiniano, Fabrizio, 62

  globalization and the Spanish empire, 287, 289, 431, 436

  Goa, 200, 206, 234, 297, 306, 327, 342, 402, 404

  Godin, Louis, 477

  Godolphin, Lord, 435

  gold production, 286–287

  gold, search for, 30, 42–44, 49, 73, 75, 83–86, 88–89, 96, 98–99, 105, 108–110, 117, 135, 139–140, 143, 155, 206, 214–215, 230, 232, 239, 246, 262, 277, 280, 285, 292, 328, 371, 372, 377, 403, 433, 436, 449, 471, 492–493, 501, 504, 511

  Golden Fleece, Order of the, 50, 66, 78, 92, 190, 321

  Goletta, 73, 74, 157, 186

  Gómara, Francisco López de, 80, 82, 112, 120

  Gomera, 11, 70

  Gonzaga family, 174

  Gonzaga, Ferrante, 66, 75–76, 166, 340

  González de Cellorigo, Martin, 371

  González de Mendoza, Juan, 234

  Gorrevod, Laurent, 136

  Gracián, Baltasar, 9, 499

  Granada, 4, 7, 8, 14–23, 25, 28–29, 31, 38, 46–47, 112, 129, 132–133, 154, 163, 168, 181–183, 293, 307, 331–332, 335, 342, 346–347, 361, 376, 378, 508

  Grand Canary, 11–13

  Grand Canyon of Colorado, 246

  Granvelle, Cardinal, 81, 153, 158, 162, 177, 179, 187, 299, 301, 303

  Great Captain see Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo

  Grijalva, Hernando de, 200

  Grillo, Domenico, 430–431

  Grimaldi, Italian financiers, 40, 85

  Grimaldo, Niccoló di, 191

  Grotius, Hugo, 366

  Guadalupe, Virgin of, 352

  Guadeloupe, 315, 481

  Guadix, 18

  Guajiro Indians, 361, 378

  Guam, 198, 419, 420, 461

  Guaman Poma, Felipe, 95, 117, 145–146, 194, 276, 329, 364, 379, 498, 501

  Guanajuato mines, 88, 247

  Guanche people, 12

  Guaraní Indians, 279–281, 283

  guardacostas in Caribbean, 473

  Guardiola, Joan, 341

  Guatemala, 98, 113, 114, 118, 126, 130, 139, 242, 265, 268, 285, 358, 376

  Guetaria naval disaster (1638), 397

  Guiana territory, 261, 315, 472, 493

  Guicciardini, Francesco, 16, 504

  Guinea Company, French, 441

  Guipúzcoa, 34, 337, 454

  Guise, dukes of, 60, 406

  gunpowder, 67, 168, 191, 218, 307, 400, 442

  Gustav Adolf, king of Sweden, 384

  Guyon, Féry de, 60, 71, 73

  Haarlem, 163, 187

  Habsburg dynasty, 33, 37, 49, 50, 54, 56–58, 62, 63, 66, 77–78, 81, 92, 133, 153, 162, 165–167, 191, 299, 314, 316, 318, 337–338, 340, 382, 385–387, 395, 398, 401, 405–406, 419, 434, 436, 439–441, 443, 457–459, 489, 500

  haciendas (ranches), 140, 273, 280, 282, 360

  Hacienda (treasury), 154

  Hague, The, 316, 320, 409, 413, 414, 417, 440, 496, 497

  Hakluyt, Richard, 339, 340

  Hamburg, 168, 297, 417, 436

  Haro Luis de 497

  Hasinai Indians, 462–463

  Havana, 122, 139, 169–170, 259–261, 265, 290, 296, 328, 461, 471, 474–475, 484, 489

  captured by Britain, 481

  Hawaii, 211

  Hawkins, John, 180, 230, 258–259, 262, 307

  Heinsius, Anthonie, 433

  Henry II of France, 153

  Henry IV of France, 166, 494

  Henry IV of Castile, 6, 38

  Henry VII of England, 37

  Henry VIII of England, 10, 34

  heresy and Spanish empire, 21, 78, 144, 177–178, 274–275, 373, 388, 396

  Hermandades, 7, 15

  Hernández, Francisco, 147, 505

  Herrera family, 11

  Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de, 11, 176, 334

  Heyn, Admiral Piet, 320, 328

  Hidalgo, Francisco, 463

 
Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 216–219

  Hispaniola, 41–44, 82–85, 97, 114, 127–128, 134–135, 136–138, 145, 242, 259, 270–271, 356, 410, 416, 427–428, 507

  Hoces, Admiral Lope de, 397

  Hohermuth, Georg, 118

  Holles, John, 505

  Holy League (1571), 183

  Honnecourt, battle of (1642), 407

  honour, concepts of, 26, 56, 171, 200, 318, 323, 349, 353, 384, 400, 419, 493, 507

  Hopi Indians, 246, 253, 361, 422–423

  Horn, Gustav, 230, 232, 263, 386

  Homes, Philippe de Montmorency, count of, 178, 180

  horses

  and conquest, 96, 102–103, 106, 111, 116–118, 205, 221, 244, 246, 251, 254, 269–271, 280–281, 422, 424, 426, 466–467

  and native populations, 111, 116–117, 246, 270–272, 281, 422, 466–467

  House of Trade (Casa de la Contratación), 130, 135, 248, 289,452

  Howard of Effingham, Lord, 307

  huacas, 276–277, 364, 376

  Huamanga, 122, 194, 276, 287

  Huancavelica, 286

  Huascar, Inca, 107, 109–110, 113

  Huayna Capac, Inca, 106, 128, 501

  Huejotzingo, 101, 103, 114

  Huguenots, 186–187, 249, 258, 445

  humanism in Spanish empire, 79, 144, 338

  Ibarra, Diego de, 415

  Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, sieur d’, 462–463

  identity, survival of indigenous, 360–361

  identity of Spain and Spaniards, 16, 17, 351, 378

  idolatry and missionaries, 276–277, 363, 376–377, 423

  Idria, 286

  Iemitsu, Shogun, 393

  Ieyasu, Tokugawa, 216, 218–219, 394

  Igorots, 204, 361

  immigrants to New World, 13, 82, 84, 86, 96, 125, 130, 132–133, 137, 204, 207, 220, 248, 344

  imperial idea, 9

  Imperial idea of Charles V, 52

  imperialism

  nature and theory of, 79, 153–154, 159, 190, 192–193, 272, 492, 510

  opposition to Spanish, 365, 366–367

  Spanish criticism of, 372–373

 

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