by Henry Kamen
Incas, 95, 99, 106–113, 115, 119–120, 122–123, 127–128, 135, 145–146, 192–195, 239, 241, 246, 262, 276, 277, 285, 304, 351, 364, 370, 375, 478, 492, 497, 498, 501, 506
India, 200, 206, 213–214, 220–222, 224, 304, 315, 320, 328, 345, 403, 421, 481
Indian civilizations of America, 5, 82–83, 86, 103–104, 107, 110, 113–114,116–117, 120, 122–124,135, 140, 145, 147–148, 244–245, 247, 251, 255–257, 266–268, 270–271, 273, 275, 281, 351–353, 358–360, 362–364, 371, 422–424, 467, 477, 492–493, 498–499, 501
infantry of Spain, 28, 34–35 41, 57, 60, 63, 75–76, 80, 117, 152, 163, 165–167, 176, 184, 190, 305, 316, 317, 319, 323–334, 385, 391, 400, 408, 435, 440, 451, 453, 482
inflation of prices, 155
Innsbruck, 64, 71, 89
Inquisition
and Africans in America, 357
of Netherlands, 177
Spanish, 21, 78, 164, 181, 193, 274, 275, 278, 310, 340, 342–343, 368–369, 375, 389–390, 405, 431, 494
Inter caetera, papal bull (1493), 42
Ireland, 92, 308, 494
Irish soldiers serving Spain, 165–166, 316, 418, 445, 451, 490
iron, 64, 89, 114, 169, 207, 218, 220, 270
Isaba, Marcos de, 334, 509
Isabel de Guevara, 241
Isabel, Infanta, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 37
Isabella Clara Eugenia, Archduchess, 311, 313, 320, 324–326, 385
Isabella of Portugal, empress and wife of Charles V, 51, 57, 67, 72–75, 301
Isabella the Catholic, queen of Spain, 3–4, 6–11, 14, 20, 22, 29, 33, 38–39, 42, 46, 50, 73, 83, 88, 90, 124, 301, 390, 456, 494, 508
Islam, 8, 22, 47, 76, 144, 181, 185, 232, 264, 342
Istanbul, 70, 72, 156
Italian humanism, 5
Italians in Spanish empire, 4, 5, 11, 13, 16, 24, 29,31,38, 40–41,45,49, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 64–66, 68–70, 71–73, 76, 80, 92, 118, 119, 133–135, 143,152, 155–156, 160–161, 163, 165–167, 169, 170–176, 183–186, 199, 205, 212, 222, 228, 232, 265, 279, 295–296, 299–303, 305, 311,314,316, 321, 323, 326, 332, 339–340, 345, 346, 347–348, 355, 366–368,382–383, 385, 389–392, 398, 403, 406–408, 410, 429, 443, 446, 449–450, 454, 455, 458–459,481,487, 489–490, 496, 504–505, 509–510
Italy aspiration to freedom from Spain, 367–368, 382, 406
basis of Spain's war capacity, 67, 173
cultural links with Spain, 339–340
Spanish power in, 64, 65
troop recruitment in, 68
wars in, 23, 27–28, 40, 69, 129
Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, 104, 351
Ixtlilxochitl, ruler of Texcoco, 103
Jamaica, 83, 103, 343, 410, 427, 429, 431–432, 474
Japan, 200, 201, 205–210, 213–214, 216–221, 224–227, 230, 232, 234, 236, 327, 375, 393–394, 488
missionaries in, 216–217, 224, 234
trade to Manila, 218, 222
Japanese Christians, 219, 225–226, 234, 394
Java, 214, 224, 240
Jenkins, Captain Robert, 473
Jenkins' Ear, War of, 474, 478
Jeronimite friars, 143
Jerusalem, liberation of, 9, 22, 47, 52, 53
Jesuits, 37, 136, 144, 146, 170, 185, 208, 213, 217, 225–226, 232–234, 251, 256, 265, 267–268, 277–282, 337, 355, 358, 361, 368–369, 373, 375–377, 394, 419–420, 460, 469, 497, 501, 504
in business, 282
expelled from Japan, 219
as slaveholders, 282
Jews, 8, 46, 374
expulsion from Spain of, 14, 21–22, 342–343, 378, 379
Jews in empire, 473, 496; see also New Christians
João IV, formerly duke of Bragança, 402
Johann Friedrich, elector of Saxony, 80
Juan Fernández Islands, 460, 475
Juan II of Aragon, 6, 24
Juan José of Austria, Don, 401, 410, 413, 491
Juan of Austria, Don, 162, 181–182, 184–186, 189–190, 299
Juan, Infante, son of Ferdinand and Isabella, 37
Juan, Jorge, 358–359, 378, 439, 477, 478–481, 504
Juana the Mad, queen of Castile, 11, 33, 37, 49, 77
Juana, regent, sister of Philip II, 192, 301
Jumano Indians, 361
junks, Chinese, 207, 214
juros, 154
Justin of Nassau, 321
Keene, Benjamin, 451–452, 456, 473
Kino, Eusebio, 265, 282, 377, 468–469
Kiowa Indians, 362
Köhler, Hieronymus, 134
Korea, 216–217
l'Hermite, Admiral Jacques, 262
La Condamine, Charles-Marie de, 476–480
La Ensenada, marquis de, 481
La Pérouse, Jean-François de Galaup, marquis de, 215
La Salle, René Robert Cavelier, sieur de, 425–426, 462
La Trémoille, Louis, duc de, 26
La Valette, Jean de, 155, 157
labour systems in Spanish colonies, 12–13, 82–85, 96, 122–126, 130, 135, 138–139, 142–143, 146, 193, 203, 205, 209,214–215, 219, 248, 253, 266, 269, 273, 278, 281–282, 285–286, 362–363, 423, 425, 429–431, 435
and Africans, 358
Ladrones Islands, 198, 419
Landa, Fray Diego de, 148, 275, 363
landsknechten, 60
language and empire, 3, 4, 17, 20, 24, 49–50, 55, 74, 97, 99, 134, 146, 159, 62, 179, 231, 235, 240, 267–268, 277, 279, 301, 333, 335–338, 341–342, 348, 355, 357, 359–361, 374, 376, 378, 395, 412, 419, 485, 494–503, 506–507
Lannoy, Charles de, prince of Sulmone, 56, 59–60
Lanzarote, 11
Larios, Fray Juan, 422
Lavezaris, Guido de, 197
Le Clerc, François, 258
Leake, Admiral Sir John, 447
Lède, marquis of, 453, 455
Legazpi, Miguel López de, 160, 171, 201–202, 205–206, 210, 213, 215, 233, 248, 372, 419
León, Alonso de, 426
Lepanto, battle of (1571), 166, 184, 185, 255, 300–301, 489
Leyva, Antonio de, prince of Ascoli, 57, 59–60, 64, 68, 79
Lezcano, Francisco de, 420
Lima, 110, 131, 138, 243, 263, 276, 278, 287, 291, 297, 310, 315, 345, 349, 354, 368–369, 379, 405, 429, 449, 470, 476, 478–479
Limahong, Admiral, 202
Lipsius, Justus, 510
Lira, Manuel de, 414
Lisbon, 41, 135, 289, 292, 298, 302–304, 306, 309, 336, 398, 402, 449, 456
Lodi, 60
Lomellino, Ambrogio, 430
London, 38, 90–91, 154, 191, 297, 308–309, 325, 395, 425, 431–432, 436, 461, 469, 474, 479–480, 482, 496, 500, 506
Lope de Vega Carpio, Félix, 500
López de Velasco, Juan, 122, 160
López de Villalobos, Ruy, 200–201, 210
López Madera, Gregorio, 288
López Medel, Tomás, 126
Lorraine, 178, 301
Los Adaes, 464
Los Palacios, curate of, 15
Los Vélez, marquis of, 181
Louis XII of France, 25, 33, 34
Louis XIII of France, 387, 390, 401, 407, 500
Louis XIV of France, 411, 414, 418, 425, 439, 441–442, 444, 447
Louisiana, 463–465, 484–485
Louvain, university of, 160, 336, 366
Loyola, Ignatius, 36, 45
Lübebeck, 168, 417
Lugo, Alonso de, 12–13, 30
Luque, Hernando de, 106
Luther, Martin, 275, 375
Lutheranism, 177, 274, 275, 313
Lützen, battle of (1632), 384
Luzon, 202, 204–206, 208–209, 215, 219, 225, 233, 235–236, 327, 361, 394, 420–421, 483
Lyon, 289, 294, 341
Maastricht, 300, 396
Macao, 200, 206, 213, 214, 219–220, 225–226, 234, 291, 296, 327, 394, 475
Maceta, Father, 279
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 27, 174
Macon, b
ishop of, 74
Mactan, 198
Madeira, 11, 49
Madrid, treaty of (1670), 432
Magellan, Ferdinand, 87, 119, 133, 197–200, 229, 315, 334, 419
Maino, Juan Bautista, 322
maize cultivation, 205, 213, 254, 257, 273, 505
Málaga, 15, 18, 30, 40, 67, 73, 156, 163, 168
Malaspina, Alessandro, 237
Mallorca, 22, 32, 76
Malta, siege of, 157
Malta, Knights of, 73, 155, 157, 172, 183
Maluku archipelago, 86, 171, 198–200, 205, 209, 211, 214, 223–224, 233, 236, 289, 292, 320, 402, 421, 489
Manchu dynasty, 216
Manco, Inca, 110–111, 113, 126, 193
Manila, 142, 171, 197, 202–220, 222–223, 225–227, 230, 234–236, 241, 263, 291–292, 296, 315, 327, 342, 345, 376, 394, 404, 410, 420–421, 483, 489, 502–503
capture by Britain, 481–482
Chinese dominance of, 220
commerce of, 213–214
Japanese trade to, 213, 218
Manila galleon, 211–212, 215, 227, 230–232, 290–292, 327, 419, 421, 461, 475, 483
attacks on, 212, 230
Manrique, Gómez, 38
Mantuan war, 382–384, 387
maps and empire, 96, 159–160, 204, 478
Marchi, Francesco di, 169
Marchione, Bartolomeo, 136
Margaret of Austria, governor of Netherland, 300
Margaret, Archduchess, sister of Philip the Fair, 37
Mari, marquis of, 455
Maria Teresa, queen of France, wife of Louis XIV, 411
Mariana, Juan de, 9, 37
Mariana, Queen, regent of Spain, 419
Marianas Islands, 201, 212, 419–420
Marina, companion of Cortés, 99, 103, 114, 240, 354
Marineo Siculo, Lucio, 5
Marlborough, duke of, 433, 444
Marquesas Islands, 211
Marradas, Baltasar de, 316
marriage alliances and rise of empire, 37
Marshall Islands, 201
Martinique, 315, 343, 427, 458, 481, 482
Mary Tudor, queen of England, 90, 151
Masaniello, 406
Masibradi family, 393
Matthias I, Emperor, 314
Maurice of Nassau, prince of Orange, 164, 320–321
Maurice of Saxony, Elector, 80, 89, 321
Maximilian I, Emperor, 37
Maximilian II, Emperor, 82, 165, 178
Maya peoples, 99, 115–116, 126–127, 148, 363
Mayans, Gregorio, 500
Mazarin, Cardinal, 384, 408, 410
Mechelen, 187, 512
Medici family, 64, 66, 172, 174
Medici, Catherine de’, 187
Medici, Francesco de’, 294, 302
Medina, Bartolomé de, 285
Medina, Pedro de, 23, 30, 37, 71, 123, 171, 293
Medina del Campo, 37, 123, 293, 341
Medina del Campo, treaty of (1489), 23
Medinaceli, duke of, 155
Medina-Sidonia, duke of, 30, 303, 307, 308
Medoro, Angelino, 346
Melaka, 200, 213, 221–222, 225, 234, 327, 394, 402
Melilla, 30
Melo, Francisco de, 407–408
Mendaña, Alvaro de, 211, 223
Mendieta, Gerónimo de, 145–149, 265–266, 268, 371–372, 498
Mendoza Iñigo de 14
Mendoza, Pedro de, 120, 135, 241
Mendoza, Antonio de, viceroy of Mexico, 142, 228, 247
Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, 141, 189, 248–250, 254
Meneses, Manoel de, 401
Mercado, Tomás de, 136, 155, 289, 293–294
mercenaries in the army, 11, 164, 166, 313
mercury mines, 88–89, 285, 287, 448
Mers-el-Kebir, 30–31, 456
messianic prophecy and empire, 14, 47, 185, 225, 424
Messina, 25, 72, 172, 183–184, 186, 415, 417
mestizos in colonial society, 12, 138, 207, 266, 351, 353–354, 358, 359
Metz, siege of, 57, 79, 80, 190
Mexicas of Anahuac, 99–100, 103, 105, 113–114, 123, 239, 251, 375, 488
Mexico City, 142, 204, 206, 243, 246, 253, 276, 350, 463–464, 485, 499
Mezquital, Valle del, 273
Michelangelo, 64
migration to New World, 13, 21, 129
Milan, 24–26, 38, 57, 59–60, 62, 65–66, 68, 71, 75, 79, 81, 92, 151–152, 156, 163, 165, 168, 173–175, 178, 182, 188, 191, 301–302, 307, 312, 319, 321, 323, 340, 343, 347, 366–368, 381–382, 385, 387, 392, 398, 406, 410, 440, 442, 446, 448, 450, 457, 459, 487, 510
Spanish impact on, 176
‘military revolution’, absence of in Spain, 28
millenarian ideas and empire, 24, 45, 144, 234, 247, 277, 363, 370, 389
Minas, Marquis Das, 445
Mindanao, 204, 206, 208, 233, 421
Ming dynasty, 207, 216
mining in New World, 44, 123, 139, 193, 205, 215, 217, 248, 256, 268, 278, 329, 345, 449
Minorca, 447–448
mission, role and achievement of, 25, 34, 47, 216–217, 219, 232, 234, 264, 266–269, 282, 377–378, 395, 419, 423, 425, 463, 466–468
missionaries, 46, 139, 144, 146–148, 194, 204, 208, 253, 265, 269–270, 274, 278, 337, 361, 376, 465, 473, 492, 494, 501
in Asia, 224, 227, 232–235, 395
in business, 278
and the frontier, 255
and languages, 502–503
strategies of, 270, 467
use of violence, 268, 278, 423
Mississippi river, 246–247, 425–426, 462–464, 484
mita, 286
Mixton wars, 116, 247
Monardes, Dr Nicolás, 505
Moncada, Hugo de, 41, 62
Moncada, Miguel de, 184
Moncada, Sancho de, 371
Mondéjar, family of, 20, 71, 181
Montaigne, Michel de, 127
Monteiro, Jerónimo, 475
Montemar, count of, 456, 457
Monterrey, count of, 414
Montesinos, Antonio de, 97, 145
Montezuma, emperor of the Mexica, 99–100, 102–104, 240, 254, 488
Montferrat, 382
Montúfar, Alonso de, 358
Morga, Antonio de, 204, 208, 214, 217, 220, 227, 315
Morgan, Henry, 428, 432
Moriscos, 13, 21, 132, 168, 181–182, 232, 274–275, 347, 348, 490, 495
Moros people of Philippines, 204, 421
Motolinía, Fray Toribio de, 126, 149, 245, 265
Moura, Cristóbal de, 302
Mudéjars, 20
Mühlberg, battle of (1547), 80–81, 190, 332
Muley, Ismael, 455
Münster, treaty of (1648), 409–410, 412
Muslims in Spanish empire, 6, 15–23, 29, 31, 40, 45–47, 77, 132, 135, 172, 181–182, 206, 233, 310, 342–343, 346–347, 455, 495
Nagasaki, 200, 207, 217–218, 225, 232, 234, 296, 394
Nahua peoples, 99–101, 104, 112, 114–115, 126, 128, 148, 247–248, 271, 360
Nahuatl language, 99–100, 146, 148, 254, 498–499
Nantes, Edict of (1598), 289, 297, 311
Naples, city and kingdom of 10, 24–30, 33, 36, 39–41, 50, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 65–67, 69, 73–76, 79, 90, 92, 95, 151, 156, 158–159, 161, 163, 166, 169, 172–174, 175–176, 178, 183, 187, 190–192, 297, 299, 305–306, 316, 332–333, 374, 381–382, 388–390, 398–399, 402, 406, 417, 441, 446, 448, 453–454, 457–459, 487–488
impact of Spanish rule on, 176, 367, 459, 510
rebellions of, 406, 491
Narváez, Pá de, 102, 104, 243–244, 246
Nasrid dynasty, 18
Natchitoches, 463, 464
nation states and empire, 36
Navajo Indians, 272, 466, 468
naval power, 170, 452
weakness of Spanish, 15, 23, 70, 76, 156–157, 169, 172–173, 189, 306, 326, 399–400, 417–418, 430, 452–453, 481, 487
Na
varre, 34–36, 95, 164, 232, 304, 337,352
Navarrete, Pedro Fernández de, 9
Navarrete, Domingo de, 236, 503
Navarro, Pedro, 27, 31–32, 68
Nebrija, Antonio de, 3–5, 9–10, 34, 53, 145, 333, 335, 337–338, 489, 499, 507
Necolalde, Ambassador, 395
negritos, 204
Negrolo family, financiers, 381
Netherlands, 33, 37, 49–52, 54–55, 63, 77–81, 90, 92, 133–134, 143, 151–153, 159–162, 164–166, 177, 179–180, 183, 186–190, 280, 294, 296–300, 304, 306–307, 310–312, 314, 315–316, 319–321, 325–326, 328, 336, 339, 346, 347, 364–366, 373, 387, 396, 398, 407, 409–410, 416, 418, 434, 480, 490, 494–496, 500, 506, 510–511
Spanish opposition to wars in, 373
Netherlands, Southern, 324, 396–397, 411–414, 418, 440–441, 447–448; see also Belgium
network of clients in empire, 11, 38, 66, 90, 158, 174, 288, 294, 331, 383, 470, 491
networks of origin among settlers, 141, 162
Neumann, Josef, 265, 377
New Christians, 297, 343, 404
New Hebrides, 223
New Laws (1542), 124, 126, 142
New Orleans, 462, 464, 484, 490
New World, 5, 9, 13, 43–44, 51–53, 69, 75, 79, 82, 84–85, 87–89, 92, 95–96, 98, 105, 112, 121–28, 130, 132–133, 135, 137, 139–140, 143–144, 147–149, 151, 164, 167, 170, 181, 187, 192–193, 198, 201–203, 209, 214, 221, 225, 239–241, 244, 248–249, 255–257, 260, 264–267, 270–275, 283, 285–287, 290–291, 294, 297, 305–306, 333–334, 337, 340, 344–345, 346, 347, 349–351, 354–357, 360–361, 362–363, 369–372, 375, 392, 423, 435, 458, 460, 470, 472, 481, 487, 494, 504–508, 509–511
Newfoundland, 171
Newton, Isaac, 476–478
Nieva, Domingo de, 502
Nijmegen, peace of (1678), 416
Nine Years' War, 416
nobles, role of in Spanish empire, 6–9, 11, 15, 21, 34–35, 38, 46, 52, 56–57, 62–63, 66, 73, 80, 107, 114, 164–166, 169, 174, 177, 179, 181, 187,191, 240, 297, 301–303, 312, 322, 338, 351, 354, 374, 386, 390–392,402, 459, 499, 500, 508
Nombre de Dios, 229
Nootka Sound, 485
Nördlingen, battle of (1634), 335, 386, 396
Nördlingen, second battle of (1645), 408