Spain's Road to Empire
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Don Carlos, 180
Doria family, 40, 62, 66, 85, 169, 302, 381
Doria, Andrea, 62–63, 66, 72–73, 76, 156, 183
Doria, Filipino, 62
Doria, Gian Andrea, 155, 171, 183, 296
Doria, Paolo Mattia, 459
Dorset, earl of, 34, 35
Downs, battle of (1639), 398–400, 408, 411, 416, 418
Dragut, 155–156
Drake, Francis, 139, 229–231, 260, 262, 306–309, 432
Draper, General Sir William, 482–483
Dunes, battle of (1658), 411
Dunkirk naval activity, 312, 325–326, 329, 397–400, 409–411, 417, 490
Duquesne, Admiral Abraham, 415
Dutch, 164, 167, 306–307, 310–313, 315; see also United Provinces
in Asia, 205, 214, 223–224, 227, 236, 315, 318, 327,394–395, 402, 404, 421
in Baltic, 291
in Caribbean, 77, 189, 258, 261, 283, 315, 320, 322, 326, 328–329, 343–345, 393, 398–399, 402, 427, 429–431, 434, 462, 471–473, 509
in Pacific, 262
naval power of, 417
Dutch revolt see Netherlands
earthquakes, 364, 449, 479
East India Company, British, 421–422, 482, 501
Eboli, Ruy Gómez, prince of, 182, 301
ecological imperialism, 270, 272
ecology of New World, 282
Edo, 216, 219
Eggenberg, Johann Ulrich von, 500
Egmont, Lamoral, earl of, 152, 177–178, 180
Eguía, Miguel de, 5
Ehinger, Georg, 85
Ehinger, Heinrich, 136
El Dorado, 117–118
El Paso, 252–253, 424
Eleanor, Infanta, 38
élites in empire, 35, 39, 66, 106–162, 165,174, 287, 298, 347, 350, 354, 402, 446, 500, 506–507
Elizabeth I of England, 181, 230, 259, 339, 432, 494
Elizabeth Valois, queen of Spain, 153, 180
Emanuele Filiberto, duke of Savoy, 152
emigration, 22, 129, 131, 164, 274, 494, 508
to New World, 333, 346–347
empire
biological impact of, 125
as a business, 288; see also business of empire
centralized control of, 172
character of, 157, 161
collaboration of non-Spaniards in, 11–12, 125, 158; see also collaboration
cost of, 39, 154, 158, 176, 184, 188
creates identity of Spaniards, 371
and culture, 21, 340
dynastic origins of, 39, 66, 288
ecological impact of, 270
financing of, 30–31, 39–40, 52, 56, 69–70, 75, 89, 136, 155, 158, 175, 191, 201, 217, 259, 289, 294–295, 297, 312, 403, 417–418, 432, 449, 451, 461, 480
hostility to, 173, 366
idea of, 9, 53, 173
and information, 158–161
as international enterprise, 37
limits to expansion, 305
and messianism, 47
mythology of, 509
power of, 305
and private enterprise, 192
protected by its enemies, 388, 412–413, 415–416, 429, 431–434
and relation to barbarians, 375; see also barbarians
Spanish criticism of, 53, 371–373, 488
stimulates identity of enemies, 365
Empire, Holy Roman, 10, 24, 38, 50, 59, 63–64, 70–71, 79, 81, 92, 162, 165, 317, 383, 385, 387, 398, 448, 453
encomenderos, 139, 240, 351
encomiendas, 83, 96–97, 122–123, 126, 142, 202, 231, 354, 423, 492
Enghien, duke d’, 407; see also Condé
England (and Great Britain), 10, 16, 23, 34, 37, 50, 90–92, 134, 151, 159, 162, 168, 170–171, 180, 186, 209, 225, 226, 259–260, 265, 286, 292, 297, 302, 306–307, 309–310, 312–313, 320, 322–323, 365, 373, 393, 396, 410–413, 421, 428–429, 432, 436, 440, 444, 447, 458, 473–474, 480–481, 484, 489, 494
English (and British)
in Spanish empire, 16, 23, 34, 40, 90–91, 152, 171, 189, 212, 227, 250, 258, 260–262, 264, 281, 283, 309, 315, 318, 323, 325, 339, 345, 376, 390, 393, 404, 406, 413, 421, 425, 427–435, 442, 445, 462–463, 465–466, 469–470, 472–473, 480, 483, 494, 497, 509
naval power, 417
Enlightenment, European, 458, 477, 478
Enríquez, Diego, 184
epidemics in empire see disease
Erasmus, 63, 159, 338
Ercilla, Alonso de, 119, 304
Escobedo, Juan de, 298, 299
Espinosa, Castilian financiers, 106, 289
Espinosa, Cardinal, 182
Esquival, Jacinto, 395
Estrada, Maria, 243
‘ethnogenesis’, 361–362
ethnography of New World, 147
Eugene of Savoy, prince, 440, 442, 446
exploration as conquest, 121
Family Pact (1733), 457
Farnese family, 66
Farnese, Alessandro, duke of Parma, 162, 177, 190, 299–301, 307, 311, 365, 500
Farnese, Elizabeth, queen of Spain, 453,455
Federigo, king of Naples, 25, 26
Federmann, Nicolaus, 118
Feijoo, Benito Jerónimo, 335
Felipillo, interpreter for Pizarro, 107, 145, 497–498
Ferdinand I, Emperor, 58, 77, 80, 82, 155, 314
Ferdinand II, Emperor, 314, 316, 395
Ferdinand III, Emperor, 386
Ferdinand the Catholic, king of Aragon, 3, 6, 9–10, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 27, 29–30, 32–34, 36–39, 41–42, 45–46, 49–50, 52–54, 56, 58–59, 69, 75, 85, 95, 97, 124, 135, 173, 354, 366, 390, 448, 496
Feria, duke of, 385, 392
Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo, 19, 25–27, 33, 69, 72, 86, 163, 165, 391, 458
Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo (in 17th century), 319
Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo, 41, 85–86, 96–97, 109, 134, 137, 240, 505
Ferrante II of Naples, 24–25
Ferrante, duke of Calabria, 26
Ferro, 11
Feuillée, Father Louis, 476
Figueroa, Lope de, 184
Finale, 175, 382
financiers and Spanish empire, 16, 40–41, 55, 67, 84–85, 88–89, 136, 162, 173, 200, 288, 292–296, 302, 326, 343, 344, 396, 403–405, 430, 449, 509
firearms and European supremacy, 19, 26, 111, 201, 221–222
Fischart, Johann, 365
fisheries, 77, 82, 171, 232, 325, 418, 433
Flanders, 5, 16, 73, 92, 152–153, 163–168, 172, 176, 178, 181, 188–189, 209, 225, 251, 265, 286, 289, 292–293, 299, 302–303, 305, 307–308, 311–314, 318–319, 322–323, 328–329, 333, 347, 373–374, 383–385, 390–392, 396–397, 400–401, 405, 407–412, 418, 487, 511; see also Netherlands
Flemish in Spanish empire, 40, 52, 59, 77–78, 133, 158, 178, 186, 264–265, 292, 301, 312, 319–320, 344, 346, 439, 487,488, 510; see also Belgians
Fleurus, battle of (1690), 441
Florence, 64, 66, 66, 172, 294, 296, 332
Florentine financiers, 16, 40–41, 43, 67, 136, 294, 296, 317, 406
Florida, 85,141, 244, 246, 249–251, 254–255, 259–261, 267, 269, 271, 425–426, 465–466, 468, 484, 502
Foix family, 34
foreign clergy in Spanish empire, 219, 264, 265
foreigners
in Spanish empire, 5, 13, 16, 40, 50, 55, 85, 89, 132–133, 135, 143, 160, 169, 172, 216, 232, 257, 260, 264, 275, 288, 293, 295, 298, 343–346, 356, 371, 374–375, 377, 382, 392–393, 403, 418, 436, 444, 451, 459, 471–472, 488, 489–490, 496, 504
in wars of Granada, 16
Spanish hostility to, 374–375
Formento, Giuseppe, 429
fortifications, 16, 70, 169, 259
France, 5, 7, 16, 22, 24–25, 27, 29, 33–36,45,47, 50, 55–56, 59–62, 65, 67–68, 74–75, 79, 81, 88, 92, 127, 152–153, 155–157, 162–164, 166, 179–180, 186–187, 209, 249–250, 259, 294, 302–303, 307, 310–311, 313, 323, 334, 336, 343, 365, 367, 37
3–374, 382–387, 390, 393, 395–396, 398, 401–402, 406, 408, 409–416, 418, 425, 435–436, 439–444, 446, 448–449, 451–454, 457–458, 460, 462–463, 467, 470, 475, 480–481, 484, 485, 487, 489, 494, 497, 500
Franche-Comté, 77, 92, 416, 496
Francis I of France, 60, 61, 63, 69, 74
Franciscan friars, 30, 45, 126, 143–147, 149, 216, 217, 233, 235, 265–266, 268–269, 275, 279, 280, 369, 376, 422, 423, 425, 465–469, 498, 502–503, 511
Frederick Henry, prince of Orange, 397
Frederick the Great, 445
Frederick, Palatine elector, 317–318
French and Indian War, 481
French in Spanish empire, 4, 11, 23, 33, 38, 40, 49, 57–60, 70, 77, 133, 171, 186, 250, 257, 261, 263, 265, 281, 314–315, 325, 334, 338, 340–341, 345, 367, 383, 387, 393, 406–407, 409, 413, 417–418, 425–430, 434–436, 439–440, 448, 461–467, 470–471, 476–477, 481, 485, 487, 489–490, 495, 504, 509
Frézier, Amadée, 476
Froben, Hieronymus, 4
Frobisher, Martin, 307
Fronde, 410
frontier of Spanish empire, 23, 33–36, 57, 74, 79, 85, 105, 108, 112, 116, 139, 181, 183, 239, 245, 247–248, 251–267, 269, 270, 272, 280, 282–283, 303, 338, 347, 361, 363, 376, 396, 454, 456, 469, 485
and disease, 273
maintained by natives, 251, 257, 281,283
and missionaries, 255, 266
in North America, 422–424, 464–465, 467–468
and soldiers, 268
and trade, 359
Frundsberg, Georg von, 61
Fuenterrabía, 166, 397, 454–455
Fuentes, counts of, 71, 407–408
Fuentes, Pedro Henríquez de Azevedo count of 381–382
Fuerteventura, 11
Fuggers, financiers, 54, 84, 89, 153, 403, 491
Fukien, 207, 234, 503
gachupines, 350
Gaeta, 26
Gage, Thomas, 265, 358, 376
Galíndez de Carvajal, Lorenzo, 71
galleys and naval power, 15, 62–63, 67, 69–70, 72–73, 75–76, 156, 169, 172, 175–176, 183–184, 186, 191–192, 220, 249, 300, 302, 305, 399, 416–417, 440, 453, 455–456
Galve, count of, 353
Galway, earl of, 445
Gama, Vasco da, 49, 200
Gamarra, Esteban de, 496–497
Garay, Juan de, 304
García Jofre de Loaysa, Juan, 171, 199, 289
García de Paredes, Diego, 26
Garcia, Antonio, 430
Garcilaso de la Vega, 5
Garcilaso de la Vega, Inca, 5, 145, 194, 241, 351, 501
Garigliano, battle of (1503), 26
garrisons in Spanish empire, 32, 57, 167, 175, 223, 250, 255, 313, 322, 421, 451
Gasca, Pedro de la, 119
Gastañeta, Admiral Antonio de, 454
Gaston de Foix, 34
Gattinara, Mercurino, 53, 64, 495
Gdansk, 168, 417
Gembloux, 190
Gemelli, Francesco, 212
Genoa, 33, 38, 40–41, 54, 62–63, 66–67, 69–70, 73, 75, 88, 90, 135, 156, 163, 169, 172–173, 175–176, 293–294, 296–298, 311, 368, 399, 417, 434, 436, 446,455
Genoese in Spanish empire, 13–16, 19, 40, 41, 62–63, 67, 69–70, 73, 85, 88–89,105, 135, 136, 155, 170, 175, 183, 185, 198, 200, 289–290, 293–294, 297, 298, 300, 302, 326, 334, 345, 389,396, 404, 406, 430, 433, 436, 488–489, 507–508, 510
Genovesi, Antonio, 459
‘geographic relations’, 160
Germaine de Foix, wife of Ferdinand the Catholic, 33–34
Germans in Spanish empire, 4, 10, 60, 67–68, 72–73, 76, 78, 80, 82, 89, 119–120, 133, 135, 152, 165, 166, 186, 191–192, 198, 274–275, 297, 300, 307, 313–314, 316, 319, 334–335, 338, 345, 385, 389, 419, 487, 490, 508–509
Gesio, Giovanni Battista, 225
Ghent, 38, 49, 77–79, 146, 301
Ghent, Pacification of (1576), 190
Ghent, Peter of, 144
Giannone, Pietro, 459
Gibraltar, 5, 23, 52, 443, 447–448, 456, 465, 470
Giustiniano, Fabrizio, 62
globalization and the Spanish empire, 287, 289, 431, 436
Goa, 200, 206, 234, 297, 306, 327, 342, 402, 404
Godin, Louis, 477
Godolphin, Lord, 435
gold production, 286–287
gold, search for, 30, 42–44, 49, 73, 75, 83–86, 88–89, 96, 98–99, 105, 108–110, 117, 135, 139–140, 143, 155, 206, 214–215, 230, 232, 239, 246, 262, 277, 280, 285, 292, 328, 371, 372, 377, 403, 433, 436, 449, 471, 492–493, 501, 504, 511
Golden Fleece, Order of the, 50, 66, 78, 92, 190, 321
Goletta, 73, 74, 157, 186
Gómara, Francisco López de, 80, 82, 112, 120
Gomera, 11, 70
Gonzaga family, 174
Gonzaga, Ferrante, 66, 75–76, 166, 340
González de Cellorigo, Martin, 371
González de Mendoza, Juan, 234
Gorrevod, Laurent, 136
Gracián, Baltasar, 9, 499
Granada, 4, 7, 8, 14–23, 25, 28–29, 31, 38, 46–47, 112, 129, 132–133, 154, 163, 168, 181–183, 293, 307, 331–332, 335, 342, 346–347, 361, 376, 378, 508
Grand Canary, 11–13
Grand Canyon of Colorado, 246
Granvelle, Cardinal, 81, 153, 158, 162, 177, 179, 187, 299, 301, 303
Great Captain see Fernández de Córdoba, Gonzalo
Grijalva, Hernando de, 200
Grillo, Domenico, 430–431
Grimaldi, Italian financiers, 40, 85
Grimaldo, Niccoló di, 191
Grotius, Hugo, 366
Guadalupe, Virgin of, 352
Guadeloupe, 315, 481
Guadix, 18
Guajiro Indians, 361, 378
Guam, 198, 419, 420, 461
Guaman Poma, Felipe, 95, 117, 145–146, 194, 276, 329, 364, 379, 498, 501
Guanajuato mines, 88, 247
Guanche people, 12
Guaraní Indians, 279–281, 283
guardacostas in Caribbean, 473
Guardiola, Joan, 341
Guatemala, 98, 113, 114, 118, 126, 130, 139, 242, 265, 268, 285, 358, 376
Guetaria naval disaster (1638), 397
Guiana territory, 261, 315, 472, 493
Guicciardini, Francesco, 16, 504
Guinea Company, French, 441
Guipúzcoa, 34, 337, 454
Guise, dukes of, 60, 406
gunpowder, 67, 168, 191, 218, 307, 400, 442
Gustav Adolf, king of Sweden, 384
Guyon, Féry de, 60, 71, 73
Haarlem, 163, 187
Habsburg dynasty, 33, 37, 49, 50, 54, 56–58, 62, 63, 66, 77–78, 81, 92, 133, 153, 162, 165–167, 191, 299, 314, 316, 318, 337–338, 340, 382, 385–387, 395, 398, 401, 405–406, 419, 434, 436, 439–441, 443, 457–459, 489, 500
haciendas (ranches), 140, 273, 280, 282, 360
Hacienda (treasury), 154
Hague, The, 316, 320, 409, 413, 414, 417, 440, 496, 497
Hakluyt, Richard, 339, 340
Hamburg, 168, 297, 417, 436
Haro Luis de 497
Hasinai Indians, 462–463
Havana, 122, 139, 169–170, 259–261, 265, 290, 296, 328, 461, 471, 474–475, 484, 489
captured by Britain, 481
Hawaii, 211
Hawkins, John, 180, 230, 258–259, 262, 307
Heinsius, Anthonie, 433
Henry II of France, 153
Henry IV of France, 166, 494
Henry IV of Castile, 6, 38
Henry VII of England, 37
Henry VIII of England, 10, 34
heresy and Spanish empire, 21, 78, 144, 177–178, 274–275, 373, 388, 396
Hermandades, 7, 15
Hernández, Francisco, 147, 505
Herrera family, 11
Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio de, 11, 176, 334
Heyn, Admiral Piet, 320, 328
Hidalgo, Francisco, 463
Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 216–219
Hispaniola, 41–44, 82–85, 97, 114, 127–128, 134–135, 136–138, 145, 242, 259, 270–271, 356, 410, 416, 427–428, 507
Hoces, Admiral Lope de, 397
Hohermuth, Georg, 118
Holles, John, 505
Holy League (1571), 183
Honnecourt, battle of (1642), 407
honour, concepts of, 26, 56, 171, 200, 318, 323, 349, 353, 384, 400, 419, 493, 507
Hopi Indians, 246, 253, 361, 422–423
Horn, Gustav, 230, 232, 263, 386
Homes, Philippe de Montmorency, count of, 178, 180
horses
and conquest, 96, 102–103, 106, 111, 116–118, 205, 221, 244, 246, 251, 254, 269–271, 280–281, 422, 424, 426, 466–467
and native populations, 111, 116–117, 246, 270–272, 281, 422, 466–467
House of Trade (Casa de la Contratación), 130, 135, 248, 289,452
Howard of Effingham, Lord, 307
huacas, 276–277, 364, 376
Huamanga, 122, 194, 276, 287
Huancavelica, 286
Huascar, Inca, 107, 109–110, 113
Huayna Capac, Inca, 106, 128, 501
Huejotzingo, 101, 103, 114
Huguenots, 186–187, 249, 258, 445
humanism in Spanish empire, 79, 144, 338
Ibarra, Diego de, 415
Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, sieur d’, 462–463
identity, survival of indigenous, 360–361
identity of Spain and Spaniards, 16, 17, 351, 378
idolatry and missionaries, 276–277, 363, 376–377, 423
Idria, 286
Iemitsu, Shogun, 393
Ieyasu, Tokugawa, 216, 218–219, 394
Igorots, 204, 361
immigrants to New World, 13, 82, 84, 86, 96, 125, 130, 132–133, 137, 204, 207, 220, 248, 344
imperial idea, 9
Imperial idea of Charles V, 52
imperialism
nature and theory of, 79, 153–154, 159, 190, 192–193, 272, 492, 510
opposition to Spanish, 365, 366–367
Spanish criticism of, 372–373