14. Bobette Gugliotta, Pigboat 39: An American Sub Goes to War (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1984), 139–40, 196–212; Murray, Reminiscences, 149.
15. Walter Karig and Eric Purdon, Battle Report: Pacific War, Middle Phase (New York: Rinehart, 1947), 263; USS S-28 First War Patrol Report, Remarks.
16. Holmes, The Last Patrol, 23; Paine, Transpacific Voyage, 19.
17. Crowley narrative; Jones and Nunan, Subs Down Under, 74, 125.
18. Ralph Waldo Christie, taped interview, box 97, folders 2–5, CBC; John D. Alden, The Fleet Submarine in the U.S. Navy: A Design and Construction History (London: Arms and Armour Press, 1979), 83.
19. USS S-28 Fourth War Patrol Report, endorsement, UBSM.
20. USS S-28 Fifth War Patrol Report, endorsement; Health and Habitability, UBSM; Karig and Purdon, Battle Report: Pacific War, 264.
21. John D. Crowley to Aldona Sendzikas, 30 March 1992, J. D. Crowley File, UBSM.
22. Quoted in Karig and Purdon, Battle Report: Pacific War, 264.
23. James F. DeRose, Unrestricted Warfare: How a New Breed of Officers Led the Submarine Force to Victory in World War II (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2000), 112; Hailey, Pacific Battle Line, 368; Karig and Purdon, Battle Report: Pacific War, 334.
24. Quoted in Karig and Purdon, Battle Report: Pacific War, 343. See also Thomas B. Buell, Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 355–56, 398; Galen Roger Perras, Stepping Stones to Nowhere: The Aleutian Islands, Alaska, and American Military Strategy, 1867–1945 (Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press, 2003), 127, 133, 150, 155; James W. Hamilton and William J. Bolce Jr., Gateway to Victory: The Wartime Story of the San Francisco Army Port of Embarkation (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1946), 101–2.
25. Holmes, The Last Patrol, 113; A. J. Hill, Under Pressure: The Final Voyage of Submarine S-Five (New York: New American Library, 2002), 206; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 356; Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet, http://www.csp.navy.mil/ww2boats/ (accessed 23 August 2004).
2. A New Boat
1. Crowley narrative; biographical file on Captain John D. Crowley, Naval Historical Center; Paul R. Schratz, Submarine Commander: A Story of World War II and Korea (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988), 29–30, 39, 41, 83.
2. Press release, “Launching of Submarine ‘Flier,’” 8 July 1943, USS Flier Scrapbook, SFM; Van Der Vat, Stealth at Sea, 35; Buell, Master of Sea Power, 58; Ken Henry and Don Keith, Gallant Lady: A Biography of the USS Archerfish (New York: Tom Doherty Associates, 2004), 57; Alden, Fleet Submarine, 78; Philip Kaplan, Run Silent (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2002), 42–43.
3. Slade D. Cutter, The Reminiscences of Captain Slade D. Cutter (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 1985), 257, 303.
4. I. I. Yates, Supervisor of Shipbuilding, to Electric Boat Company, 22 June 1943; Alfred Lawton, Secretary to Senator Smith, to L. Y. Spear, President of Electric Boat Company, 29 June 1943, Flier Scrapbook, SFM; Marine Engineering and Shipping Review (no date); press release, “Winners for Cutting Lost Time,” 12 July 1943, Flier Scrapbook, SFM; Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/Track/3059/Rufinopart3.html?20069 (accessed 2 November 2005).
5. Schratz, Submarine Commander, 88–89. See also Cutter, Reminiscences, 350; memorandum for Mr. Robinson, 30 June 1943, Flier Scrapbook, SFM.
6. A. D. Barnes to G. R. Donaho, 12 July 1943, Flier Scrapbook, SFM.
7. USS Flier—SS 250 Launch Program, Flier Scrapbook, SFM.
8. U.S. Navy Bureau of Ships, Submarine Material Guide (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Navy, 1944), 1–2, 14.
9. See C. Kenneth Ruiz with John Bruning, The Luck of the Draw: The Memoir of a World War II Submariner (St. Paul, Minn.: Zenith Press, 2005), 96; Mark P. Parillo, The Japanese Merchant Marine in World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1993), 159.
10. Charles Andrews, taped interview, box 96, folder 15, CBC; Van Der Vat, Stealth at Sea, 170; Crowley narrative; Hill, Under Pressure, 52; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 40; Gary E. Weir and Walter J. Boyne, Rising Tide: The Untold Story of the Russian Submarines that Fought the Cold War (New York: Basic Books, 2003), 21.
11. Calvin Moon and William Godfrey Jr. interviews, Rutgers Oral History Archives of World War II, http://fashistory.rutgers.edu/oralhistory/orlhom.htm (accessed 2 September 2005); Alden, Fleet Submarine, 85; Schratz, Submarine Commander, 24–25; Ruiz, Luck of the Draw, 105.
12. James Liddell narrative, 2 October 1944, box 67, folder 2, CBC (hereafter, Liddell narrative); Bart Bartholomew, “Submarine School,” Polaris, April 1994, http://www.subvetpaul.com/SAGA_4_94.htm (accessed 1 July 2005); George Wells and William Godfrey Jr. interviews, Rutgers Oral History Archives.
13. Liddell narrative; Clay Blair Jr., Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War against Japan (1975; reprint, Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001), 592.
14. Earl Baumgart, Badger State Newsletter, January–February 1996, Flier File, UBSM.
3. Midway
1. Robert J. Cressman et al., “A Glorious Page in Our History”: The Battle of Midway, 4–6 June 1942 (Missoula, Mont.: Pictorial Histories, 1990), 1–2, 4, 7, 11; Gregory F. Michno, USS Pampanito: Killer-Angel (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000), 161; Midway Islands, The World Factbook, http://www.cia.gov/ciia/publications/factbook/geos/mq.html (accessed 17 September 2004); Midway Islands History, http://www.janeresture.com.midway/ (accessed 17 September 2004).
2. Budiansky, Battle of Wits, 15; Mark Healy, Midway 1942: Turning Point in the Pacific (1993; reprint, Oxford: Osprey, 2004), 13; Layton, “And I Was There,” 407; Stephen Howarth, To Shining Sea: A History of the United States Navy, 1774–1991 (New York: Random House, 1991), 404–5.
3. Philip Warner, Secret Forces of World War II (1985; reprint, Barnsley, U.K.: Pen and Sword, 2004), 140; Jeffrey M. Moore, Spies for Nimitz: Joint Military Intelligence in the Pacific War (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2004), 7; Karig and Purdon, Battle Report: Pacific War, 33.
4. E. B. Potter and Chester W. Nimitz, eds., The Great Sea War: The Story of Naval Action in World War II (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960), 224–25, 234, 241; Larry Kimmett and Margaret Regis, U.S. Submarines in World War II: An Illustrated History (Seattle: Navigator Publishing, 1996), 44–45; Hugh Bicheno, Midway (London: Cassell, 2001), 64; Steven Trent Smith, The Rescue: A True Story of Courage and Survival in World War II (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2001), 71, 259; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 134; Cressman, “A Glorious Page,” 19; Healy, Midway 1942, 88; Layton, “And I Was There,” 447; Craig Burke, “The Principle of the Objective: Nagumo vs Spruance at Midway,” http://www.centruyinter.net/midway/objective.html (accessed 27 July 2005).
5. Quoted in King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, 171. See also Reminiscences of Admiral James Fife, Oral History Memoir transcript, 1962, 296–97, Columbia University, New York; Ronald H. Spector, At War at Sea: Sailors and Naval Combat in the Twentieth Century (New York: Viking, 2001), 202; Joan Beaumont, ed., Australia's War: 1939–45 (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1996), 36; Healy, Midway 1942, 89; Warner, Secret Forces, 140–41.
6. Murray, Reminiscences, 215–16; Van Der Vat, Stealth at Sea, 296.
7. Bill Gleason, “Diary of a War Patrol—USS Gurnard (SS 254),” Polaris, June 1985, http://www.subvetpaul.com/SAGA_6_85.htm (accessed 1 July 2005).
8. Ruiz, Luck of the Draw, 181.
9. Godfrey interview; Cutter, Reminiscences, 252; Schratz, Submarine Commander, 75–76; Fife reminiscences, 188; Forest J. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo (Philadelphia: Chilton, 1960), 156–57.
10. Cressman, “A Glorious Page,” 2, 9; Final Investigative Report into the Grounding of the USS Flier (SS-250) on January 16, 1944, JAG, Record of Proceedings, 1 February 1944, 2; I. J. Galantin, Take Her Deep! A Submarine against Japan in World War II (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Algonquin Books, 1987), 156–57; Midway Islands History; Midway Islands, The World Factbook.
11. Final I
nvestigative Report into the Grounding of the USS Flier, Finding of Facts, Record of Proceedings, 1 February 1944, 3.
12. Earl Baumgart, 21 December 1991, Flier File, UBSM.
4. Grounded
1. Examination of John Crowley, 1 February 1944, Final Investigative Report into the Grounding of the USS Flier, Record of Proceedings, 3.
2. Earl Baumgart to Admiral I. J. Galantin, 10 November 1992, Flier File, UBSM.
3. Examination of James Liddell, 3 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 36.
4. Examination of Herbert A. Baehr, 3 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 38.
5. Examination of Waite H. Daggy, 3 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 43; Baumgart to Galantin, 10 November 1992; Earl Baumgart, 21 December 1991, Flier File, UBSM.
6. Examination of Kenneth Leroy Gwinn, 3 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 39–40.
7. Examination of Joseph A. Lia, 3 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 42.
5. USS Macaw
1. Extracts from Flier’s Signal Book, Exhibits, Final Investigative Report into the Grounding of the USS Flier, JAG.
2. USS Macaw, http://www.hawaiireef.noaa.gov/research/MA/macaw.html (accessed 14 September 2004); NavSource Online, http://www.navsource.org/ (accessed 14 September 2004); Peter Maas, The Terrible Hours: The Man behind the Greatest Submarine Rescue in History (New York: Harper Torch, 1999), 163–64, 187.
3. Maas, Terrible Hours, 32, 61–62, 119, 143, 152.
4. Galantin, Take Her Deep, 157; Bartholomew, “Submarine School”; Parrish, The Submarine, 405.
5. Examination of John Crowley, 1 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 7–10.
6. Earl Baumgart, 21 December 1991, Flier File, UBSM.
7. William P. Mack and Royal W. Connell, Naval Ceremonies, Customs and Traditions (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1980), 177, 180; Burial at Sea, http://www.hsitory.navy.mil/faqs/faq85–1.htm (accessed 20 October 2004).
8. Baumgart, 21 December 1991, Flier File, UBSM.
9. Ruiz, Luck of the Draw, 271. See also Christopher McKee, Sober Men and True: Sailor Lives in the Royal Navy, 1900–1945 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002), 125; Joy Damousi, The Labour of Loss: Mourning, Memory and Wartime Bereavement in Australia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 119.
10. Henry and Keith, Gallant Lady, 45–46.
11. Examination of Crowley, 1 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 8.
12. Galantin, Take Her Deep, 156–57.
13. William Tuohy, The Bravest Man: The Story of Richard O’Kane and U.S. Submariners in the Pacific War (Thrupp Stroud, U.K.: Sutton, 2002), 212; DeRose, Unrestricted Warfare, 202; Wreck Sites Midway Atoll, http://www.hawaiianatolls.org/research/NOWRAMP2002/journals/midwaywrecks.php (accessed 17 March 2006).
6. Board of Investigation
1. Examination of John Crowley, 1 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 9.
2. Blair, Silent Victory, 432, 592–93.
3. C. A. Lockwood to John B. Longstaff, 25 January 1944, JAG; Blair, Silent Victory, 431–32.
4. USS Bushnell AS-15 (submarine tender), http://www.atule.com/uss_bushnell.htm (accessed 15 March 2006); Tender Tale, United States Navy, Submarine Tenders, USS Bushnell AS 15, http://www.mississippi.net/~comcents/tendertale.com/tenders/115/115.html (accessed 15 March 2006).
5. See Holmes, Undersea Victory, 34; Hill, Under Pressure, 114, 199; Fife reminiscences, 427; Moon interview, 13.
6. Schratz, Submarine Commander, 78–79; Tuohy, The Bravest Man, 212; Blair, Silent Victory, 460.
7. Final Investigative Report into the Grounding of the USS Flier, Finding of Facts, 71.
8. Examination of John Crowley, 1 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 11.
9. Examination of Benjamin E. Adams Jr., 2 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 24.
10. Examination of Crowley, 5 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 64–65.
11. Final Investigative Report, Opinion, 72–73.
12. Endorsement of C. A. Lockwood to Final Investigative Report, JAG.
13. Baumgart, Badger State Newsletter, January–February 1996.
14. Examination of James Liddell, 3 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 34.
15. Examination of Kenneth Leroy Gwinn, 3 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 40. See also examination of Herbert A. Baehr and George J. Banchero, ibid., 38, 45.
16. Examination of Joseph A. Lia and Waite H. Daggy, 3 February 1944, Record of Proceedings, 42–44.
17. See, for example, Mike Ostlund, Find’Em, Chase’Em, Sink’Em: The Mysterious Loss of the WWII Submarine USS Gudgeon (Guilford, Conn.: Lyons Press, 2006), 144, 151; Ruiz, Luck of the Draw, 91; James H. Patric, To War in a Tin Can: A Memoir of World War II aboard a Destroyer (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2004), 26.
18. Navy Department, Office of the Judge Advocate General, 1 September 1944, JAG.
7. Resumed Patrol
1. Crowley narrative, 22; Final Investigative Report into the Grounding of the USS Flier, JAG.
2. See Doug Stanton, In Harm's Way (New York: St. Martin's Paperbacks, 2002), 16–19; Bruce M. Petty, At War in the Pacific: Personal Accounts of World War II Navy and Marine Corps Officers (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2006), 187–89.
3. Wells interview.
4. Moon interview. See also Hamilton and Bolce, Gateway to Victory, 152.
5. Galantin, Take Her Deep, 193, 195.
6. Blair, Silent Victory, 592.
7. Benjamin Ernest Adams Jr. File, UBSM; Baumgart, Badger State Newsletter, January–February 1996.
8. Alvin E. Jacobson to author, 12 May 2006.
9. Liddell narrative, 10, 12.
10. USS Flier First War Patrol Report, 4 June 1944, UBSM. See also Norman Friedman, Submarine Design and Development (London: Conway Maritime, 1984), 52.
11. Alvin Jacobson, Survivor's Story: Submarine USS Flier (self-published, 1997; revised, 2002), 61.
12. Howarth, To Shining Sea, 435–36; Ostlund, Find’Em, 168; Henry and Keith, Gallant Lady, 38.
13. Quoted in Spector, At War at Sea, 243.
14. Crowley narrative, 23; USS Flier First War Patrol Report, 5 June 1944; John D. Alden, U.S. Submarine Attacks during World War II (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1989), 104; Healey, Midway 1942, 24; United States Strategic Bombing Survey (Pacific), Interrogation of Japanese Officials, Aleutian Campaign, http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/IJO/IJO-24.html (accessed 10 November 2005).
15. Crowley narrative, 24.
16. Alden, U.S. Submarine Attacks, 106; CV-14 Ticonderoga, http://pacific.valka.cz/ships/usn/cv/cv-14.htm (accessed 10 November 2005).
17. USS Flier First War Patrol Report, 13 June 1944.
18. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 63. See also Schratz, Submarine Commander, 71–72.
19. Liddell narrative, 14.
20. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 63–64; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 299, 334.
21. Moore, Spies for Nimitz, 99; Frank Gibney, ed., Senso: The Japanese Remember the Pacific War, trans. Beth Cary (London: M.E. Sharpe, 1995), 127; King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, 350; John W. Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon Books, 1986), 246.
22. Crowley narrative, 25.
23. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 65.
24. Liddell narrative, 13; USS Flier First War Patrol Report, 22, 23 June 1944.
25. Alden, U.S. Submarine Attacks, 108.
26. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 67.
27. Liddell narrative, 9;USS Flier (SS-250), http://ussubvetsofworldwarii.org/ss_submarines/ss250.htm (accessed 19 August 2004); Flier (SS-250), http://www.subvetpaul.com/LostBoats/Flier.htm (accessed 9 August 2004).
28. USS Flier First War Patrol Report, endorsement by R. W. Christie, 18 July 1944; endorsement by H. H. McLean, 10 July 1944.
29. Quoted in Buell, Master of Sea Power, 381. See also Department of the Navy—Naval Historical Center, http://www.history.navy.mil (accessed 23 August 2004).
30. Blair, Silent Victory,
640–41; Keith M. Milton, Subs against the Rising Sun (Las Cruces, N.M.: Yucca Tree Press, 2000), 127.
31. See Holmes, Undersea Victory, 260; Alden, U.S. Submarine Attacks, ix; Potter and Nimitz, Great Sea War, 408–9.
8. Fremantle
1. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 68.
2. Lewis Sebring quoted in West Australian, 1 August 1944, 4.
3. West Australian, 5 July 1944, 2.
4. Quoted in John Edwards, Curtin's Gift: Reinterpreting Australia's Greatest Prime Minister (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 2005), 2.
5. Quoted in David Walker, “Shooting Mabel: Warrior Masculinity and Asian Invasion,” History Australia 2, no. 3 (December 2005): 89.
6. Norma Black Royle interview, 29 November 2005.
7. Jacqui Sherriff, “Fremantle South Slipway: A Vital World War II Defence Facility,” Fremantle Studies 2, no. 2 (2002): 106, 109–10; John Dowson, Old Fremantle: Photographs, 1850–1950 (Perth: University of Western Australia Press, 2003), 214; Tom Frame, Pacific Partners: A History of Australian-American Naval Relations (Sydney: Hodder and Stroughton, 1992), 75.
8. Gleason, “Diary of a War Patrol—USS Gurnard (SS 245).”
9. Godfrey interview.
10. Quoted in Bart Bartholomew, The Fremantle Submarine Base, http://www.subvetpaul.com/TheFremantle.htm (accessed 30 July 2004).
11. Quoted in A Small War: Corvettes—The 39 through Fremantle (Perth: West Australian Newspapers, 1991), 7.
12. Fremantle Gazette, 3 October 1984, 6.
13. Sterling, Wake of the Wahoo, 123, 200. See also Gugilotta, Pigboat 39, 179; David E. Stannard, Honor Killing: How the Infamous “Massie Affair” Transformed Hawai'i (New York: Viking, 2005), 416; Don Keith, In the Course of Duty: The Heroic Mission of the USS Batfish (New York: NAL Caliber, 2005), 137–38.
14. Elizabeth Thomson interview, 30 September 2006.
15. Adrian Wood, ed., If This Should Be Farewell: A Family Separated by War (Fremantle, Australia: Fremantle Arts Centre Press, 2003), 41.
16. Sunday Times, 23 July 1944, 2; Kate Darian-Smith, “War and Australian Society,” in Beaumont, Australia's War, 70.
17. Mirror, 8 July 1944, 5; ibid., 15 July 1944.
The USS Flier Page 16