18. Henry and Keith, Gallant Lady, 278.
19. Michael Sturma, Death at a Distance: The Loss of the Legendary USS Harder (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2006), 137–43.
20. Christie interview.
21. Schratz, Submarine Commander, 43.
22. Christie interview; Ralph Christie to Commander E. E. Yeomans, 5 October 1943, box 65, folder 6, CBC.
23. Andrews interview; John G. Mansfield Jr., Cruisers for Breakfast: War Patrols of the U.S.S. Darter and U.S.S. Dace (Tacoma, Wash.: Media Center Publishing, 1997), 228.
24. Ralph Christie to Charles Lockwood, 23 June 1943, box 65, folder 6, CBC.
25. Charles Lockwood to Ralph Christie, 3 July 1943, ibid.
26. Charles Lockwood to Ralph Christie, 20 August 1943, ibid.
27. Sunday Times, 9 July 1944, 13.
28. Alvin Jacobson interview, 19 May 2006.
29. Godfrey interview.
30. Jacobson interview.
31. Baumgart, Badger State Newsletter, January–February 1996.
9. Death in Thirty Seconds
1. Philip Nichols interview, box 99, folder 13, CBC.
2. R. W. Christie to C. A. Lockwood, 23 June 1943, box 65, folder 6, CBC; Frame, Pacific Partners, 75.
3. Alvin E. Jacobson, typescript (no date), 1, Flier Scrapbook, SFM.
4. Crowley narrative.
5. See Joseph F. Enright with James W. Ryan, Shinano! The Sinking of Japan's Secret Supership (London: Bodley Head, 1987), 73.
6. Parillo, Japanese Merchant Marine, 90; Buell, Master of Sea Power, 412.
7. Eugene D. McGee, “To Sink and Swim: The USS Flier,” Submarine Review, October 1996, 95; Blair, Silent Victory, 714; Christie interview; Jacobson typescript, 2.
8. Godfrey interview.
9. Chronological Narrative of Second War Patrol of USS Flier in Philippines Area, Survival Report, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Record Group 38, NARA (hereafter, Survival Report); Crowley narrative; New York Times, 3 December 1944, 31; John D. Crowley (as reported to Bill Wolfe), “Loss of USS Flier,” Polaris, June 1981, http://www.subvetpaul.com/SAGA_6_81.htm (accessed 1 July 2005).
10. Liddell narrative.
11. Baumgart, Badger State Newsletter, January–February 1996.
12. Jacobson typescript, 2–3; Jacobson interview with author, 19 May 2006; Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 11. Although some sources indicate that William Reynolds was later sighted in the water, this is contradicted by the records of the Casualty Assistance Branch, Bureau of Naval Personnel, Record Group 38, NARA.
13. Holmes, The Last Patrol, 49–50.
14. Edwin Gray, Few Survived: A Comprehensive Survey of Submarine Accidents and Disasters (London: Leo Cooper, 1986), 181–83, 18890; Holmes, The Last Patrol, 15, 139.
15. Quoted in New York Times, 3 December 1944, 31.
16. See Maas, Terrible Hours, 49.
17. Gray, Few Survived, 120–21; Hill, Under Pressure, 206–7; Parrish, The Submarine, 188; Maas, Terrible Hours, 71–72.
18. Buell, Master of Sea Power, 77.
19. A detailed account of the rescue is given by Maas, Terrible Hours. See also Weir and Boyne, Rising Tide, 218; Henry and Keith, Gallant Lady, 103, 154–57.
20. Van Der Vat, Stealth at Sea, 307; Maas, Terrible Hours, 292–93, 297, 299.
21. Godfrey interview.
22. Cutter, Reminiscences, 161.
23. Quoted in Kaplan, Run Silent, 46.
24. Moon interview.
25. DeRose, Unrestricted Warfare, 213, 219–20, 224; Cindy Adams, “USS Tang Survivors,” Polaris, February 1981, http://www.subvetpaul.com/SAGA_2_81.htm (accessed 1 July 2005).
26. Alden, Fleet Submarine, 18; Fleet Type Submarine Online, 82.
27. Parrish, The Submarine, 181; Gray, Few Survived, 191–92; Hill, Under Pressure, 92, 138.
10. Cause and Effect
1. Crowley, Survival Report.
2. Jacobson typescript, 2.
3. Baumgart, Badger State Newsletter, January–February 1996.
4. See, for example, Edwin Hoyt, Bowfin: The Story of One of America's Fabled Submarines in World War II (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983), 45; Mansfield, Cruisers for Breakfast, 152, 201.
5. Christie interview. See also Holmes, Undersea Victory, 322, 382; Jones and Nunan, U.S. Subs Down Under, 228; Spector, At War at Sea, 294; Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, vol. 12 (London: Oxford University Press, 1958), 169–74; Potter and Nimitz, Great Sea War, 374–75.
6. Crowley, Survival Report.
7. Holmes, Undersea Victory, 30–33; Hoyt, Bowfin, 8; Hill, Under Pressure, 104; Schratz, Submarine Commander, 24, 26; Gugliotta, Pigboat 39, 157; Godfrey interview; Maas, Terrible Hours, 13, 44.
8. Kimmett and Regis, U.S. Submarines in World War II, 85; Michael Gunton, Dive! Dive! Dive! Submarines at War (London: Constable, 2003), 240.
9. Sherry Sontag and Christopher Drew, Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage (New York: Public Affairs, 1998), 5, 7, 12, 23–24.
10. Weir and Boyne, Rising Tide, 79.
11. Sontag and Drew, Blind Man's Bluff, 15, 24.
12. Jacobson interview; Jacobson to author, 12 May 2006.
13. Lockwood to Christie, 25 July 1944, box 65, folder 6, CBC.
14. Norman Polmar and Dorr B. Carpenter, Submarines of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1904–1945 (London: Conway Maritime Press, 1986), 19, 24, 89; Carl Boyd and Akihiko Yoshida, The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II (Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1995), 72, 74; Arnold S. Lott, Most Dangerous Sea: A History of Mine Warfare and an Account of U.S. Navy Mine Warfare Operations in World War II and Korea (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1959), 32, 40; Bob Hackett and Sander Kingsepp, Sensuikan! HIJMS Submarine I-123 and I-124, http://www.combinedfleet.com/I-123.htm (accessed 30 August 2005); WW2 in the Pacific: Countdown to War, http://www.ww2pacific.com/countdown2.htm (accessed 21 September 2004). Sources are contradictory as to whether I-123 or I-124 planted mines in Balabac Strait.
15. McGee, “To Sink and Swim,” 97–98; Vernon J. Miller to Jack Crowley, 3 September 1985, Flier Scrapbook, SFM; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 408; Lott, Most Dangerous Sea, 58.
16. David Bushnell, http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/beatldb/maritimedb/display/persion (accessed 3 May 2006).
17. Lockwood to Christie, 3 July 1943, box 65, folder 6, CBC. See also Christie interview; Gunton, Dive, 151–52; Parrish, The Submarine, 382; Jones and Nunan, U.S. Subs Down Under, 102–3; Kimmett and Regis, U.S. Submarines in World War II, 54; Hoyt, Bowfin, 82; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 225; Van Der Vat, Stealth at Sea, 20; Alden, Fleet Submarine, 101; Schratz, Submarine Commander, 57; Friedman, Submarine Design, 32; Jim Christley, US Submarines, 1941–1945 (New York: Osprey, 2006), 5; Naval Mine History, http://members.aol.com/helmineron/minehist.htm (accessed 21 September 2004).
18. Kimmett and Regis, U.S. Submarines in World War II, 54; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 225; Lott, Most Dangerous Sea, 8, 80, 82; Parillo, Japanese Merchant Marine, 195, 201; Military Analysis Network, http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ships/weaps/mines.htm (accessed 21 September 2004).
19. Lott, Most Dangerous Sea, 67–69; Cutter, Reminiscences, 193; Kaplan, Run Silent, 121.
20. Schratz, Submarine Commander, 149–50, 165; Mansfield, Cruisers for Breakfast, 127, 228; Lott, Most Dangerous Sea, 264; Kaplan, Run Silent, 106.
21. The official U.S. Navy estimate is that three to eight submarines were sunk by enemy mines; the causes of five other submarine losses are designated “unknown.” McDaniel, U.S.S. Wahoo, viii.
22. Holmes, The Last Patrol, 146; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 408; Schratz, Submarine Commander, 86; Sontag and Drew, Blind Man's Bluff, 88.
23. Smith, The Rescue, 291; Christie interview; USS Crevalle (SS 291), http://www.cyburban.com/-protrn/crevalle.htm (accessed 1 October 2004).
24. Edward Dissette and H. C. Adamson, Guerrilla Submarines (New York: Ballantine, 1972), 157–58.
25. Holmes, The Last Patrol, 114–15.
26. USS Flier First War Patrol Report, 30 June 1944.
27. Statement of Charles B. McAfoos, Office of Naval Records and History, USS Robalo File, UBSM; Charles A. Willoughby, The Guerrilla Resistance Movement in the Philippines: 1941–1945 (New York: Vantage Press, 1972), 159; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 356.
28. Ralph Christie to T. C. Kinkaid, 29 August 1944, box 65, folder 6, CBC.
11. Black Water
1. See R. A. McCance et al., Hazards to Men in Ships Lost at Sea, 1940–1944 (London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1956), 32; Stanton, In Harm's Way, 110, 152.
2. Jacobson typescript, 3.
3. Liddell narrative; Crowley, Survival Report; Crowley, “Loss of USS Flier.”
4. Quoted in New York Times, 3 December 1944, 31.
5. Liddell narrative; also quoted in Blair, Silent Victory, 715.
6. Penny Lee Dean, Open Water Swimming (Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 1998), 14; McCance, Hazards to Men in Ships, 9.
7. Arthur Gibson Howell, statement in Survival Report; New York Times, 3 December 1944, 31; USS Flier First War Patrol Report, Radar.
8. Liddell narrative.
9. Baumgart, Badger State Newsletter, January–February 1996.
10. Mansfield, Cruisers for Breakfast, 92–93.
11. Jacobson typescript, 5.
12. Christie interview; Cutter, Reminiscences, 587; Ruiz, Luck of the Draw, 73.
13. Macdonald Critchley, Shipwreck-Survivors: A Medical Study (London: J. and A. Churchill, 1943), 68. See also Stanton, In Harm's Way, 167.
14. Jacobson typescript, 5–7.
15. Liddell narrative.
16. Howell statement, Survival Report.
17. Baumgart, Badger State Newsletter, January–February 1996.
18. Although contemporary reports agreed that the Flier survivors made landfall on Mantangule Island, some of the men later raised the possibility that they had in fact landed on Byan Island. McGee, “To Sink and Swim,” 96; Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 5, 14.
19. Dean, Open Water Swimming, 2, 18, 33, 108, 188–89.
20. Jacobson typescript, 7.
12. Castaways
1. Critchley, Shipwreck-Survivors, 71–72.
2. Jacobson typescript, 9.
3. Crowley, Survival Report.
4. Weir and Boyne, Rising Tide, 149.
5. McCance, Hazards to Men in Ships, 33; Critchely, Shipwreck-Survivors, 24–25, 48–49.
6. Gordon L. Rottman, World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002), 307; Robert Ross Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, in United States Army in World War II: The War in the Pacific, gen. ed. Stetson Conn (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1963), 583, 589; Walter Karig et al., Battle Report: Victory in the Pacific (New York: Rinehart, 1949), 246.
7. King and Whitehall, Fleet Admiral King, 97.
8. Dissette and Adamson, Guerrilla Submarines, 149–50; Willoughby, Guerrilla Resistance Movement, 160.
9. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 17.
10. Walter Karig et al., Battle Report: The End of an Empire (New York: Rinehart, 1948), 199. See also McCance, Hazards to Men in Ships, 32; Critchley, Shipwreck-Survivors, 51–52.
11. Crowley, “Loss of USS Flier.” See also New York Times, 3 December 1944, 31; USS Flier (SS-250), http://ussubvetsofworldwarii.org/ss_submarines/ss250.htm (accessed 19 August 2004).
12. Jacobson typescript, 16.
13. Guerrillas
1. Critchely, Shipwreck-Survivors, 62.
2. Crowley, Survival Report; Crowley, “Loss of USS Flier”; McGee, “To Sink and Swim,” 96–97; Jacobson typescript, 16–18.
3. Vldarico S. Baclagon, Philippine Campaigns (Philippine Military Academy, 1952), 262–63; Willoughby, Guerrilla Resistance Movement, 46; Dissette and Adamson, Guerrilla Submarines, 31; William B. Breuer, MacArthur's Undercover War: Spies, Saboteurs, Guerrillas, and Secret Missions (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995), 49, 180; Ostlund, Find’Em, 10.
4. Allison Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau: Our Secret Weapon in the War against Japan (New York: David McKay, 1958), 11–12; Allied Intelligence Bureau in Australia during WW2, http://ozatwar.com/sigint/aib.htm (accessed 9 February 2006).
5. Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau, 181–82; Alan Powell, War by Stealth: Australians and the Allied Intelligence Bureau, 1942–1945 (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1996), 155.
6. Powell, War by Stealth, 65, 83.
7. Charles A. Willoughby and John Chamberlain, MacArthur 1941–1951: Victory in the Pacific (Melbourne: William Heinemann, 1956), 201–2.
8. Eric Feldt, The Coast Watchers (Sydney: Pacific Books, 1946), 16; Dissette and Adamson, Guerrilla Submarines, 75–77; Bob Stahl, No Good to Me Dead: Behind Japanese Lines in the Philippines (Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1995), 27; Breuer, MacArthur's Undercover War, 116; Travis Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine: The Story of Charles Parsons and the Guerrilla-Soldiers in the Philippines (New York: Doubleday, Doran, 1945), 52–53.
9. Gunton, Dive, 157; Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine, 181–82; Jones and Nunan, U.S. Subs Down Under, 214, 218; Stahl, No Good to Me Dead, 191; Allied Warships, Crevalle (SS-291), http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/2996.html (accessed 10 November 2005).
10. Layton, “And I Was There,” 39, 73; Smith, Triumph in the Philippines, 586; Warner, Secret Forces, 208–9; Willoughby, Guerrilla Resistance Movement, 110, 158–59, 505; Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 45, 52.
11. Jacobson typescript, 27. See also Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 20.
12. Stahl, No Good to Me Dead, 30, 87.
13. Ibid., 79, 141.
14. Willoughby, Guerrilla Resistance Movement, 558.
15. Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine, 24–25; Murray, Reminiscences, 121; Philippine Scouts, http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Philippine-Scouts (accessed 19 October 2004); USAFFE, http://www.fact-index.com/u/us/usaffe.html (accessed 22 October 2004).
16. Jacobson typescript, 29.
14. Brooke's Point
1. Willoughby, Guerrilla Resistance Movement, 508, 572.
2. Jacobson typescript, 28.
3. Hampton Sides, Ghost Soldiers: The Forgotten Epic Story of World War II's Most Dramatic Mission (New York: Random House, 2001), 11, 14, 17; Petty, At War in the Pacific, 147–48; Morris D. Coppersmith, When Victory Is Ours: Letters Home from the South Pacific 1943–1945, http://www.topshot.com/dh/Victory.html (accessed 13 December 2005); Palawan Massacre, http://www.aiipowmia.com/inter23/in101003palawan.html (accessed 29 September 2004).
4. Rottman, World War II Pacific Island Guide, 307; Willoughby, Guerrilla Resistance Movement, 64, 505, 508, 558.
5. Jacobson typescript, 29.
6. Stahl, No Good to Me Dead, 26; 978th Signal Services Company based at Camp Tabragalba, http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/sigint/978thsig.htm (accessed 9 February 2006); Cacabelos Home Page, http://www.geocities.com/Colosseum/Track/3059/Rufinopart3.html (accessed 9 February 2006).
7. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 53–54.
8. Stahl, No Good to Me Dead, 76; Crowley, “Loss of the USS Flier”; Carol Stokes, Island-Hopping in the Rainforest: The Signal Corps and the Pacific Front, http://www.gordon.army.mil.ac/WWII/Pacific.htm (accessed 9 February 2006).
9. Quoted in Willoughby, Guerrilla Resistance Movement, 159.
10. R. C. Burns, “Palawan Rescue,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1950, 652–53, Flier Scrapbook, SFM.
11. Quoted in Willoughby, Guerrilla Resistance Movement, 160.
12. Ibid., 159–60; Earl Baumgart to USS Bowfin Submarine Museum, 26 January 1992, Flier File, UBSM; Looking Aft, vol. 8, no. 1 (March 2001): 3, Flier Scrapbook, SFM; History of USS Redfin (SS 272), USS Redfin Scrapbook, SFM.
13. Baumgart to Bowfin Submarine Museum, 26 January 1992.
14. Crowley, Survival Report; Burns, “Palwan Rescue,” 652–53; USS Flier (SS-250), http://ussubvetsofworldwarii.org/ss_submarines/ss250.htm (accessed 19 Au
gust 2004).
15. USS Redfin
1. Kaplan, Run Silent, 43; Godfrey interview.
2. M. H. Austin File, UBSM; Obituaries—WW2 Veterans, Wild Bill Guarnere Community, http://forums.wildbillguarnere.com/ (accessed 26 April 2006); Naval Submarine League, NSL Update 08–24–2005, http://www.navalsubleague.com/sub_news/08–24–05.htm (accessed 26 April 2006).
3. Allyn D. Nevitt, IJN Akigumo: Tabular Record of Movement, http://www.combinedfleet.com/akigum_t.htm (accessed 27 April 2006).
4. Fremantle, 1944–1945, box 82, folder 7, CBC; USS Redfin File, UBSM; Blair, Silent Victory, 619.
5. Dissette and Adamson, Guerrilla Submarines, 125–26; Blair, Silent Victory, 650; William J. Ruhe, War in the Boats: My World War II Submarine Battles (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 1994), 200; Milton, Subs against the Rising Sun, 172.
6. USS Redfin Fourth War Patrol Report, 13 August 1944, UBSM; Lott, Most Dangerous Sea, 212.
7. USS Redfin Fourth War Patrol Report, 22 August 1944.
8. Holmes, Undersea Victory, 381.
9. Jones and Nunan, U.S. Subs Down Under, 131–32.
10. G. B. Courtney, Silent Feet: The History of “Z” Special Operations, 1942–1945 (McCrae, Australia: R. J. and S. P. Austin, 1993), 28.
16. Evacuees
1. Parillo, Japanese Merchant Marine, 169, 174, 182.
2. Action Report of the USS Redfin Regarding Its Special Mission 23–31 August 1944, Record Group 38, NARA; Crowley, “Loss of USS Flier”; Peter Amunrud, “Men against the Sea: The Sinking of the USS Flier SS-250,” American Submariner 4 (October–November 1997): 14–15, 23.
3. Jacobson typescript, 31.
4. Ibid., 33; Action Report of the USS Redfin.
5. Jacobson typescript, 33–34; Amunrud, “Men against the Sea.”
6. Crowley, “Loss of USS Flier.”
7. Courtney, Silent Feet, 4, 139.
8. Ralph Christie to Thomas Kinkaid, 29 August 1944, box 65, folder 6, CBC; A. B. Feuer, Commando! The M/Z Unit's Secret War against Japan (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996), 41.
9. Dissette and Adamson, Guerrilla Submarines, 148; Courtney, Silent Feet, 140.
17. On Board
1. Christley, U.S. Submarines, 46–47.
2. Action Report of the USS Redfin Regarding Its Special Mission; USS Redfin Fourth War Patrol Report, 31 August 1944; Baumgart to Bowfin Submarine Museum, 26 January 1992.
The USS Flier Page 17