3. Stahl, No Good to Me Dead, 29.
4. See, for example, Henry and Keith, Gallant Lady, 218; Ruiz, Luck of the Draw, 189.
5. Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine, 187–88, 194–95.
6. Critchley, Shipwreck-Survivors, 63, 72.
7. Jacobson typescript, 36.
8. Dissette and Adamson, Guerrilla Submarines, 236; Ind, Allied Intelligence Bureau, 198.
9. Willoughby, Guerrilla Resistance Movement, 209–10; Ingham, Rendezvous by Submarine, 195.
10. Gleason, “Diary of a War Patrol—USS Gurnard”; Bartholomew, Fremantle Submarine Base; Frame, Pacific Partners, 74.
11. USS Redfin Fourth War Patrol Report, 5–6 September 1944; Division of Naval History, Redfin File, UBSM.
12. Feuer, Commando, 41.
13. USS Redfin Fourth War Patrol Report, Health, Food and Habitability.
14. Milton, Subs against the Rising Sun, 172.
15. Jacobson typescript, 36.
16. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 32.
17. Crowley narrative; Schratz, Submarine Commander, 180, 182; Paine, Transpacific Voyage, 14; Mansfield, Cruisers for Breakfast, 62; Jones and Nunan, U.S. Subs Down Under, 211.
18. Jacobson typescript, 36.
18. Fallout
1. Ruhe, War in the Boats, 266–68; Parillo, Japanese Merchant Marine, 131.
2. William R. McCants, War Patrols of the USS Flasher (Chapel Hill, N.C.: Professional Press, 1994), 180–81.
3. Fife reminiscences, 4, 15, 46–47, 53, 84, 135, 238–40; Morison, History of U.S. Naval Operations, 281.
4. Holmes, The Last Patrol, 32, 34, 37; Powell, War by Stealth, 65; Fife reminiscences, 332–33; Ostlund, Find’Em, 195; DeRose, Unrestricted Warfare, 72.
5. Jones and Nunan, U.S. Subs Down Under, 180.
6. Ibid., 109.
7. Fife reminiscences, 334.
8. Christie interview.
9. Blair, Silent Victory, 327.
10. Christie interview.
11. Fife reminiscences, 350.
12. Bartholomew, Fremantle Submarine Base.
13. Andrews interview; Nichols interview; Robert Dornin interview, box 97, folder 11, CBC; Frederick Warder interview, box 99, folders 21–22, CBC.
14. Quoted in Blair, Silent Victory, 376.
15. Ralph Christie to T. C. Kinkaid, 29 August 1944, box 65, folder 6, CBC.
16. Ralph Christie to Clay Blair, 19 June 1972, box 65, folder 7, CBC.
19. Bend of the Road
1. Biographical Files on Rear Admiral Freeland Allan Daubin, Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
2. Alden, Fleet Submarine, 83, 86; Weir and Boyne, Rising Tide, 188.
3. C. A. Lockwood to F. A. Daubin, 8 September 1944, box 57, folder 3, CBC.
4. Peter Marks interview, 7 August 2006 (Perth); T. S. Louch, The History of the Weld Club (1871–1950) (Perth: Weld Club, 1980); Paul De Serville, 3 Barrack Street: The Weld Club, 1871–2001 (Wahroonga, Australia: Helicon Press, 2003).
5. Gugliotta, Pigboat 39, 178.
6. Louch, History of the Weld Club, 150–51.
7. Christie interview.
8. Nichols interview.
9. West Australian, 28 June 1943, 2; Perth Daily News, 28 June 1943, 4; H. J. Gibney and Ann G. Smith, eds., A Biographical Register 1788–1939, vol. 1 (Canberra: Australian Dictionary of Biography, 1987).
10. Christie interview.
11. Dornin interview; Andrews interview; Rear Admiral Ralph Waldo Christie, box 59, folder 8, CBC.
12. Christie interview.
20. Inquiry
1. Nichols interview; Christie interview; Andrews interview.
2. Donald I. Thomas, “Rocks and Shoals,” Shipmate 54, no. 7 (September 1991); Department of the Navy, Articles for the Government of the United States Navy (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1932), article 57, http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq59–7.htm (accessed 8 December 2005); Buell, Master of Sea Power, 346–47.
3. Gleason, “Diary of a War Patrol—USS Gurnard.”
4. Andrews interview.
5. Ralph Christie to T. C. Kinkaid, 29 August 1944, box 65, folder 6, CBC.
6. Andrews interview.
7. Ralph Christie to Clay Blair, 19 June 1972, box 65, folder 7, CBC.
8. Blair, Silent Victory, 715.
9. Christie to Kinkaid, 29 August 1944.
10. Statement of Rear Admiral R. W. Christie before Rear Admiral F. A. Daubin, Investigating Officer, box 65, folder 6, CBC.
11. Blair, Silent Victory, 286, 716.
12. L. E. Denfeld to R. W. Christie, 3 August 1943, box 65, folder 6, CBC; Blair, Silent Victory, 341, 368.
13. Lockwood to Christie, 20 August 1943, box 65, folder 6, CBC; interview notes, box 59, folder 8, CBC.
14. Nichols interview.
15. Christie to Kinkaid, 29 August 1944.
16. Crowley, “Loss of the USS Flier.”
17. Statement of Christie before Daubin.
18. Christie to Kinkaid, 29 August 1944.
19. Christie to Blair, 19 June 1972.
20. Cutter, Reminiscences, 271.
21. C. A. Lockwood to T. C. Kinkaid, 12 September 1944, box 57, folder 3, CBC.
22. Christie to Kinkaid, 29 August 1944.
23. Mansfield, Cruisers for Breakfast, 179; Morison, History of U.S. Naval Operations, 173.
24. Christie interview.
25. Fife reminiscences, 426–27.
26. Stanton, In Harm's Way, 8, 247–48, 253; Buell, Master of Sea Power, 348–49.
27. Maas, Terrible Hours, 281–83.
28. Van Der Vat, Stealth at Sea, 299.
21. Report Incognito
1. Christie interview; Nichols interview.
2. Ralph Christie to Clay Blair, 19 June 1972, box 65, folder 7, CBC.
3. Statement of Christie before Daubin.
4. Andrews interview.
5. Cutter, Reminiscences, 514; Ostlund, Find’Em, 18.
6. Robert E. Dornin, Reminiscences of Captain Robert E. Dornin (Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 1987), 1, 3, 15; Dornin interview; Parrish, The Submarine, 317; Holmes, Undersea Victory, 1–2, 17–18; Van Der Vat, Stealth at Sea, 277, 279.
7. C. A. Lockwood to R. W. Christie, 25 July 1944, box 65, folder 6, CBC.
8. Kaplan, Run Silent, 80; King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, 8, 282, 322, 393–94; Buell, Master of Sea Power, xxiii, 62, 64.
9. Buell, Master of Sea Power, 89, 452.
10. Dornin interview.
11. Quoted in Van Der Vat, Stealth at Sea, 313.
12. Quoted in Perras, Stepping Stones to Nowhere, 66.
13. Andrews interview; also quoted in Blair, Silent Victory, 716.
14. Buell, Master of Sea Power, 347–48, 350; Stanton, In Harm's Way, 249; King and Whitehill, Fleet Admiral King, 146–47; Layton, “And I Was There,” 337–39.
15. L. E. Denfeld to C. A. Lockwood, 15 November 1944, box 57, folder 3, CBC.
16. Biographical files on Rear Admiral Freeland A. Daubin.
17. Christie interview; Clark G. Reynolds, Famous American Admirals (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978), 69.
18. See Blair, Silent Victory, 812–14.
19. Christie to Blair, 20 June 1972.
20. Fife reminiscences, 405–6.
21. McCants, War Patrols of the USS Flasher, 180; C. A. Lockwood to T. C. Kinkaid, 12 September 1944, box 57, folder 3, CBC.
22. Back in the USA
1. R. C. Burns, “Palawan Rescue,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1950, 652–53.
2. Cutter, Reminiscences, 141–42, 283, 286.
3. Perras, Stepping Stones to Nowhere, 159.
4. See, for example, Ruiz, Luck of the Draw, 264–65.
5. Eli Ginzberg et al., The Lost Divisions (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 128; Jenny Edkins, Trauma and the Politics of Memory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 2–3, 46.
6. See Edgar Jones and Simon Wessely, Shell Shock to PTSD
: Military Psychiatry from 1900 to the Gulf War (New York: Psychology Press, 2005), 87, 98–99, 173–74, 212.
7. See P. Post et al., Disaster Ritual: Explorations of an Emerging Ritual Repertoire (Leuven, Belgium: Peeters, 2003), 227, 264, 269; Eli Ginzberg, John L. Herma, and Sol W. Ginzberg, Psychiatry and Military Manpower Policy: A Reappraisal of the Experience in World War II (New York: King's Crown Press and Columbia University, 1953), 30; Ginzberg et al., Lost Divisions, 62.
8. Jacobson to author, 12 May 2006; Jacobson interview, 19 May 2006.
9. C. A. Lockwood to T. C. Kinkaid, 12 September 1944, box 57, folder 3, CBC.
10. Quoted in Maas, Terrible Hours, 307. See also Damousi, The Labour of Loss, 9.
11. L. E. Denfeld to Mr. and Mrs. A. E. Jacobson Sr., 14 September 1944, in Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 58.
12. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 32.
13. Biographical files on Captain John D. Crowley, Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
23. Next of Kin
1. A. C. Jacobs to Lt. Gordon, 13 September 1944, Casualty Reports of USS Flier from the Casualty Assistance Branch, Bureau of Naval Personnel, Record Group 38, NARA.
2. C. C. Burlingame to Chief of Naval Personnel (Casualty and Allotment Section), 10 October 1944, NARA.
3. Cutter, Reminiscences, 126.
4. Mansfield, Cruisers for Breakfast, 205, 207–8, 226–27.
5. Schratz, Submarine Commander, 65–66.
6. See Paul Fussell, Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 145.
7. See Kaplan, Run Silent, 87–88; Spector, At War at Sea, 341.
8. Godfrey interview.
9. Thomson interview.
10. Mansfield, Cruisers for Breakfast, 207–9.
11. Royle interview.
12. Cutter, Reminiscences, 98–99.
13. C. A. Lockwood to Virgie Dealey, 17 October 1944, box 57, folder 3, CBC.
14. C. W. Nimitz to G. B. Dealey, undated, ibid.
15. Nichols interview; Buell, Master of Sea Power, 414; Ralph Christie to Clay Blair, 20 June 1972, box 65, folder 7, CBC.
16. John D. Crowley to Albert C. Jacobs, 14 December 1944, NARA.
17. Superseding Statement Concerning Finding of Death, Walter W. Finke to Chief of Naval Personnel, 11 January 1946, NARA. See also Fife reminiscences, 438.
18. Edkins, Trauma and the Politics of Memory, 98; Neil Hanson, The Unknown Soldier: The Story of the Missing of the Great War (London: Doubleday, 2005), 398, 417.
19. See Joy Damousi, Living with the Aftermath: Trauma, Nostalgia and Grief in Post-war Australia (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 67.
20. Schratz, Submarine Commander, 156.
21. Adams, “USS Tang Survivors.”
22. J. D. Crowley to Chief of Naval Personnel, 5 November 1947; J. R. Carnes to Mrs. Paul Knapp, 19 November 1947, NARA.
23. New London Day, 16 April 1946, Flier Scrapbook, SFM.
Epilogue
1. History of the U.S.S. Irex SS-482 (1945–1946), http://www.hartford-hwp.com/Irex/docs/history (accessed 19 August 2004); Tench Class Submarines, http://www.usstorsk.org/tench/423class.htm (accessed 13 April 2006).
2. New London Day, 4 January 1946, Flier Scrapbook, SFM.
3. Biographical files on Captain John D. Crowley; John D. Crowley Military Personnel Records.
4. See Jones and Wessely, Shell Shock, 210.
5. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 56; Looking Aft, vol. 8, no. 1 (March 2001), Redfin Scrapbook, SFM.
6. Naval Submarine League, http://www.navalsubleague.com/sub_news/08–24–05.htm (accessed 26 April 2006); Obituaries—WW2 Veterans, http://forums.wildbillguarnere.com/ (accessed 26 April 2006).
7. Jacobson interview, 19 May 2006; Jacobson to author, 12 May 2006.
8. Earl Baumgart to I. J. Galantin, 10 November 1992, Flier File, UBSM; Aldona Sendzikas to John D. Crowley, 17 January 1992, ibid.
9. Jacobson, Survivor's Story, 5, 32, 41, 71–72; Jacobson to author, 22 February, 12 May 2006; Jacobson interview.
Bibliography
Archives
Clay Blair Collection, American Heritage Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie
Charles Andrews, taped interview, box 96, folders 15–17
Ralph Waldo Christie, taped interview, box 97, folders 2–5
Rear Admiral Ralph Waldo Christie, box 59, folder 8; box 65, folder 6
Robert Dornin, taped interview, box 97, folder 11
Fremantle, 1944–1945, box 82, folder 7
Frank Lynch, taped interview, box 98, folder 9
Philip Nichols, taped interview, box 99, folder 13
Skippers of U.S. World War II Pacific Ocean Submarine Patrols—John Daniel Crowley and James Liddell, box 67, folder 2
Frederick Warder, taped interview, box 99, folders 21–22
Columbia University, Oral History Research Office, New York
Reminiscences of Admiral James Fife, Oral History Memoir transcript, 1962
National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland
Action Report of the USS Redfin Regarding Its Special Mission 23–31 August 1944; Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Record Group 38
Casualty reports of USS Flier from the Casualty Assistance Branch, Bureau of Naval Personnel; Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Record Group 38
Chronological Narrative of Second War Patrol of USS Flier in Philippines Area [submarine proceeding on surface off Comiran Island when it exploded probably as a result of striking a mine, on 13 August 1944], Survival Report; Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, Record Group 38
National Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, Missouri
John D. Crowley Military Personnel Records
Naval Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, D.C.
Biographical files on Captain John D. Crowley
Biographical files on Rear Admiral Freeland Allan Daubin
Office of the Judge Advocate General, Department of the Navy, Washington, D.C.
Final Investigative Report into the Grounding of the USS Flier (SS-250) on January 16, 1944
Submarine Force Museum, Groton, Connecticut
USS Flier Scrapbook
USS Redfin Scrapbook
USS Bowfin Submarine Museum, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Benjamin E. Adams Jr. File
Marshall H. Austin File
John D. Crowley File
Manning M. Kimmel File
USS Flier File
USS Flier First War Patrol Report
USS Rasher File
USS Redfin File
USS Redfin Fourth War Patrol Report
USS Robalo File
USS S-28 First to Fifth War Patrol Reports
Personal Interviews
Alvin E. Jacobson, interview with author, 19 May 2006 (and additional correspondence with author)
Peter Marks, interview with author, 7 August 2006, Perth
Norma Black Royle, interview with Alan Royle, 29 November 2005
Elizabeth Thomson, interview with author, 30 September 2006, Perth
Books and Articles
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———. U.S. Submarine Attacks during World War II. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1989.
Amunrud, Peter. “Men against the Sea: The Sinking of the USS Flier SS-250.” American Submariner 4 (October–November 1997): 14–15, 23.
Baclagon, Vldarico S. Philippine Campaigns. Philippine Military Academy, 1952.
Bartholomew, Bart. “Submarine School.” Polaris, April 1994. http://www.subvetpaul.com/SAGA_4_94.htm (accessed 1 July 2005).
Beaumont, Joan, ed. Australia's War: 1939–45.
Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1996.
Bernstein, Jeremy. “The Secrets of the Bomb.” New York Review of Books, 25 May 2006, 41–44.
Bicheno, Hugh. Midway. London: Cassell, 2001.
Blair, Clay Jr. Silent Victory: The U.S. Submarine War against Japan. 1975. Reprint, Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001.
Boyd, Carl, and Akihiko Yoshida. The Japanese Submarine Force and World War II. Shrewsbury, U.K.: Airlife, 1995.
Breuer, William B. MacArthur's Undercover War: Spies, Saboteurs, Guerrillas, and Secret Missions. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1995.
Budiansky, Stephen. Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War II. London: Viking, 2000.
Buell, Thomas B. Master of Sea Power: A Biography of Fleet Admiral Ernest J. King. Boston: Little, Brown, 1980.
Burns, R. C. “Palwan Rescue.” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, June 1950.
Christley, Jim. U.S. Submarines 1941–1945. New York: Osprey, 2006.
Clary, Jack. “Ballfield to Battlefield.” Navy History, October 2004.
Courtney, G. B. Silent Feet: The History of “Z” Special Operations, 1942–1945. McCrae, Australia: R. J. and S. P. Austin, 1993.
Cressman, Robert J., et al. “A Glorious Page in Our History”: The Battle of Midway, 4–6 June 1942. Missoula, Mont.: Pictorial Histories, 1990.
Critchley, Macdonald. Shipwreck-Survivors: A Medical Study. London: J. and A. Churchill, 1943.
Crowley, John D. (as reported to Bill Wolfe). “Loss of USS Flier.” Polaris, June 1981. http://www.subvetpaul.com/SAGA_6_81.htm (accessed 1 July 2005).
Cutter, Slade D. The Reminiscences of Captain Slade D. Cutter. Interviewed by Paul Stillwell. Annapolis, Md.: U.S. Naval Institute, 1985.
Damousi, Joy. The Labour of Loss: Mourning, Memory and Wartime Bereavement in Australia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
———. Living with the Aftermath: Trauma, Nostalgia and Grief in Postwar Australia. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Dean, Penny Lee. Open Water Swimming. Champaign, Ill.: Human Kinetics, 1998.
DeRose, James F. Unrestricted Warfare: How a New Breed of Officers Led the Submarine Force to Victory in World War II. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 2000.
De Serville, Paul. 3 Barrack Street: The Weld Club 1871–2001. Wahroonga, Australia: Helicon Press, 2003.
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