A Savage War of Peace

by Alistair Horne

  Messmer, Pierre, 419, 449

  Metz, 318, 358, 365, 438

  Mexico, 169

  Meyer, Albert, 167

  M’hamed, Si, 251–2, 257, 323–5, 388n

  Michelet, Edmond, 140, 281

  Mihailovič, 135

  Miliana, 137

  Minne, Danièle, 192

  Minvielle, Gérard, 17

  Miguel, General, 294

  Mitidja, 32, 45–6, 93, 191, 251, 277, 284, 360, 403, 474, 480, 561

  Mitterrand, François, 17, 68–9, 86, 98–100, 106, 108–9, 113–14, 123, 126, 175, 181, 196, 233, 297, 441, 542, 545

  M.N.A. (Mouvement Nationaliste Algérien), 128, 133, 135–6, 138, 221–2, 236, 257–8, 318, 404, 406, 409, 467, 527, 537, 548, 555

  Moch, Jules, 292, 295–6

  Mohamed, Hani, 259–60

  Mohamed, Si, 388, 391–3

  Mohammed V, King of Morocco, 159–61, 228, 248–9

  Mollet, Guy: thanked, 16; supports Mendès-France, 99; becomes premier, 126; Communist support for, 137; visits Algiers, 147–52, 277; appoints Lacoste, 151; recalls reservists, 151, 170, 231, 268; Lorillot and, 152; and Socialists, 154; Alberian policies, 155; promises elections, 156; and negotiations with F.L.N., 157, 159, 161; and hijacking of Ben Bella, 159–61, 469; and Suez, 161–4; and Faure conspiracy, 181; and Tillion, 213; government falls, 214, 238–41; army view of, 219; Meany and, 244; Biaggi and, 275; fails for form government, 283; as Pflimlin’s deputy, 290; backs de Gaulle, 292, 297, 341; as intermediary, 295; Lagaillarde and, 209; as de Gaulle’s deputy, 300; Challe and, 311, 442; Salan and, 489; and Algérie français, 545; later career, 554

  Monde, Le, 72, 98, 123, 148, 165, 233–4, 291, 297, 306, 333, 346, 500n, 505, 536, 549

  Monnerot, Guy, 88, 91–2, 103

  Monnerot, Madame, 91–2

  Monnerville, Gaston, 298

  Monnet Plan, 67

  Monteil, Vincent, 110–1, 109, 115, 117–118, 142n

  Montgomery, Bernard, 553

  Montreux, 319

  Moore, Barbara, 365

  Morice, André, 230, 240, 498

  Morice, Line, 230, 249, 261, 263–7, 314, 321, 323, 326, 328, 334, 342, 347, 399–400, 408, 412–13, 426, 537

  Morin, Jean, 423–6, 428–9, 431, 433, 447–450, 452–3, 455, 486–7, 490, 492–4, 529

  Moris, Roger, 394

  Morocco: and independence, 67–8, 99, 106, 148, 176, 378, 529, 535; weapons promised from 94; Monteil and, 110; aid to F.L.N., 130; unites serving with French, 152; Ben Bella and, 158–9; refugees in, 221, 325; Boumedienne’s control in, 225; Abane in, 228; importance to F.L.N., 248; A.L.N. in, 412; G.P.R.A. conference in, 509

  Moscow, 317, 328, 394, 404–5, 446n, 463

  Mostaganem, 302, 320

  Mostefai, Dr Chouki, 511, 531

  Motley, Mary, 36

  Moudjahid, El, 133, 139n, 227, 270, 317, 326n, 407, 477

  Moulins du Chélif, 56

  M.P.C. (Mouvement pour la Communauté), 434–5, 447, 492, 494

  M’Rabet, Fadela, 559

  M.R.P. (Mouvement Républicain Populaire), 66, 511, 515

  M.T.L.D. (Mouvement pour le Triomphe des Libertés Démocratiques), 39, 70–7, 97, 111, 128, 130–1, 316, 477; see also M.N.A. muezzins, 120

  Munich, 544

  Murphy, Robert, 42, 250

  Muslims: French legislation regarding, 31, 33; discrimination against, 34–6, 61, 77, 116; political aspirations, 42–3, 69, 156; offered equal rights, 43; ancestry, 49; attitude to Jews, 59; education, 61, 155; land-hunger, 62–3, 155; unemployment, 63; earnings, 63; 154–5; enfranchisement of women, 69; reforms, 108, 155; and Camus, 125; F.L.N. terrorise, 134–5, 144; ratonnades against, 172–3, 210; army paternalism towards, 178; intellectuals and atrocities, 205; and Lauriol plan, 235; Muslim Legion, 262; fraternisation on 16 May, 290–1, 301; confidence in de Gaulle, 302; vote for de Gaulle, 304–5; and “integration”, 307; and “self-determination”, 347; absent from barricades, 364, 375; and transistor radios, 400; effect of war on women, 401–3; and on Muslim life, 401; moderates disappear, 421; begin to proclaim “Algérie algérienne”, 428–9; backlash in Algiers, 430–2, 434, 463–4, 508, 547; and second referendum, 435; and O.A.S., 472, 485–6, 513, 516; and partition, 473–4; G.P.R.A. fears for, 507; fate of loyal, 533, 537; occupy European areas, 533; casualty figures, 538

  “Muslim Congress”, 41

  Muslim Students’ Association, 40

  Musmeaux, Deputy, 70

  Naegelen, Marcel-Edmond, 71, 196

  Napoleon I, Emperor of the French, 29, 163, 275–6, 282, 295, 319, 332, 385, 389, 398, 533, 543–4

  Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 31, 169, 278, 295, 375, 432

  Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 79, 85, 129, 157, 162–4, 247–8, 262, 316, 326, 469, 475

  National Algerian Congress, 76

  N.A.T.O. (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation), 243, 275, 312–13, 335, 382, 384, 442, 473, 475, 544

  Nementcha Mountains, 89–90, 111, 135, 142, 170, 337, 382

  Néo-Destour, 98, 249

  neuf historiques, 76–7, 17, 195, 224, 315, 468, 478, 541, 554–6

  New York, 123, 190, 245–6, 317, 365, 425, 464, 475–6

  New York Times, 71, 130, 139, 159, 244, 313, 405, 446

  Nice, 553

  Nicot, General, 448, 456, 462

  Nillet, Private, 153

  Nixon, Richard M., 247, 267, 475

  Nora, Pierre, 53–5, 115, 349

  Northern Ireland, 171, 175, 192n, 196, 410, 505, 548

  Norway, 475

  Nouvel Observateur, 14

  Nutting, Sir Anthony, 17

  O.A.S. (Organisation Armée Secrète): and revolution, 14; and death of Mattei, 242; anti-terrorist units, 350–1; and Jews, 411; formed, 441; during putsch, 453, 458; murders Evian’s mayor, 467, 480; and festival de plastique, 470; takes over from putschists, 479–80; and Salan, 481; in Spain, 482; organisation and finances of, 482–6; stroungas, 486, 489; opérations ponctuelles, 486, 489, 583; captures Algiers transmitter, 487; and the pieds noirs, 488, 490; begins civil war, 491; and barbouzes, 492–5, 513; casualties of, 496; and C.I.A., 497–8; and affiliations, 498–500; in France, 500–5, 513, 543–4; as threat to Muslims, 507–8, 516; effect on peace negotiations, 508, 510; further outrages by, 513, 515–17, 519, 529; and peace agreements, 523–5; in Oran, 526–7; in the bled, 528; and scorched earth policy, 530; truce with F.L.N., 530–1; leaders tried, 541–3; attracts petits blancs, 546; ends pied noir future in Algeria, 547; among refugees, 550, 553–4

  O’Ballance, Edgar, 406, 446

  Observer, The, 244

  oil, 241–2, 472, 474, 512, 539

  Olié, Jean, 165, 454, 456

  One Hundred and Twenty-One, Manifesto of the, 416–17, 419, 473

  O.P.A. (Organisation Politico-Administrative), 332, 334, 337, 400, 410, 535

  Oradour-sur-Glane, 115

  Oran: prefect of, 33; senator for, 36; described, 47; alfalfa and, 57; land ownership in, 62; raid on post office, 75; and All Saints’ Day, 94, 97; deputy for, 98; arms for, 158; and Ben Bella hijacking, 159; and general strike, 192; detainees killed in, 202; Slovenija boarded off, 261; arms landed near, 327; Challe Plan and, 333–4; barricades in, 366; Jouhaud and, 419, 489; riots in, 429, 433; remains loyal to de Gaulle, 449; O.A.S. in, 481, 487–8, 490, 516; degradation of life in, 495; ratonnades in, 497; first O.A.S. leader arrested in, 526–7; oil storage tanks burnt, 530; pieds noirs leave, 532–3; last major atrocity in, 533; Alicante and, 549

  Oranie, 87, 119, 144, 225, 327, 334, 390n, 428, 444, 451, 454, 457

  Orléansville, 86–7, 172, 173, 254, 257, 429, 528

  O.R.O. (Organisation-Intelligence-Operations), 482

  Ortiz, Joseph, 148, 149–50, 182, 277–8, 300, 308, 349–52, 354–6, 358–68, 370–1, 373, 375, 418, 440, 453, 482, 525, 546, 553

  Ortiz, Madame, 349

  O.S. (Organisation Spécial), 74–6, 257

  Ouamrane, Omar, 78, 75, 93, 131–2, 137, 139, 143–4, 152, 224–6, 232, 251, 315–16, 335
, 388, 519, 556

  Ouarsenis, 333–4, 342, 528

  Oued-Zenati, 114

  Ou El-Hadj, Mohand, 335–7, 392, 541

  Oujda, 513–14

  Ouled-Abdi, 92

  Ouled-Nail, 44–5

  Ourhia-la-Brune, 259

  Oussedik, Boualem, 399

  Oussedik, Omar, 251, 257

  Ouzegane, Amar, 27, 125

  Paillat, Claude, 179, 385, 423

  Palestro, 137, 152–3, 252, 325

  Palme de Mallorca, 159–60

  Paris: reaction to “Barricades Week”, 11; on V.E. Day, 23; Algerians in, 64, 76, 409–10; 1934 riots in, 147; and “Résurrection”, 295; jubilation and relief in, 296; in January 1960, 365; internecine war in, 409–10; rumour of putsch reaches, 447; during putsch, 454–5; O.A.S. in, 500–4; over-reaction in, 504 Bastille, 504; Bonaparte, Rue, 503; Boulogne, Bois de, 237, 409; Bourse, 374, 441; Champs-Elysées, 293, 302, 501; Charonne Métro, 504; Concorde, Place de la, 455, 501; Eiffel Tower, 294, 318, 503; Elysée Palace, 239, 277, 297, 313, 341, 357–8, 365, 369–70, 377–8, 387, 391, 422, 453–4; Etoile Métro, 318; Friedland, Avenue, 318; Hôtel de Ville, 501; Invalides, 294, 551; Kossuth, Place, 502; Lipp, Brasserie, 318; Ministères, Restaurant des, 354, 552; Orly Airport, 292, 394, 511; Orsay, Palais d’, 292; Orsay, Quai d’, 284, 503; Père Lachaise cemetery, 504; Prefecture of Police, 544; République, Place de la, 297; Rivoli, Rue de, 318; Saint-Lazare, Gare, 553; Saint-Martin, Canal, 409; Seine, River, 303, 409, 500; Sorbonne, 374; University, 233

  Paris Journal, 231

  Parlange, Gaston, 113, 115

  “partition”, 473, 520

  P.C.A. (Parti Communiste Algérien), 26–27, 39, 43, 56, 59, 125, 128, 133, 136–8, 145, 405, 502

  P.C.F. (Parti Communiste Français), 23–4, 27, 39, 66, 126, 136–7, 239, 294–5, 297–8, 304, 313, 318, 405, 416, 434, 459, 502, 547

  peace negotiations: at Evian, 57, 136, 442, 466–8, 470–2, 486, 506, 510; Soummam terms for, 145; at Melun, 394–7, 466; Château de Lugrin, 473, 507; O.A.S. aim to frustrate, 485; G.P.R.A. attitude to, 508–9; at Châlet du Yéti, 510–15; second Evian, 518–20

  Peintre, Claude, 440

  Peking, 317, 394, 404–5, 463

  Pérez, Jean-Claude, 350, 19, 182, 351, 354, 373, 418, 450, 458, 462–5, 492, 495, 524, 527, 532, 553

  Périgotville, 26

  Perrin, Maurice, 487

  Pétain, Philippe, 41–2, 59, 86, 353, 542

  Petit-Clamart, 543

  Pflimlin, Pierre, 277, 281, 283–5, 288–90, 292–3, 295–7

  Philippeville, 53, 111, 171, 339, 562; massacres at, 119–23, 133, 140, 170

  Piaf, Edith, 436, 460

  Picasso, Pablo, 416

  Pickles, Dorothy, 221, 234, 545

  pieds noirs: origin of name, 30n; ancestry, 51; character of, 51–4, 279, 288; attitude to Arabs, 54–5, 64, 122, 290–1; politics and social status, 56; oblivious to F.L.N., 104; attitude to Salan, 180; reject loicadre, 240; Pétainist inclinations, 278; on 13 May, 284–8; and de Gaulle, 303, 341; and “integration”, 307; reaction to “self-determination”, 347; capacity for violence, 351; effect of “Barricades Week” on, 375–6; their “secondary importance”, 381; riot in Algiers, 429–30; and end of putsch, 458, 460, 463; guarantees for, 466, 470–2, 479, 508, 514, 518–22, 547; O.A.S. pressure on, 484; morale rises, 487–8; exodus mooted, 506; reaction to peace agreements, 523; exodus begins, 531–3; disposition of emigrants, 533; Mme Camus on, 542; their lack of leadership, 545–6; life in exile, 549–51

  Pinay, Antoine, 16, 241, 283, 384–5, 393

  Pineau, Christian, 157, 162, 233, 246

  Pleven, René, 66, 241, 283

  Poland, 161

  Polisario, 561

  Pompidou, Georges, 279, 295, 319, 435, 466, 523, 542

  Pons, Martial, 91

  Pontecorvo, Gillo: La Battaglia di Algeri, 15, 167, 185n, 555

  Pont-sur-Seine, 489, 500, 505

  Popie, Pierre, 440, 480, 501, 517

  Port-Gueydon, 72

  Port Said, 163

  Portugal, 175, 273, 445, 548

  Pouilly, General, 444, 451–2, 454, 457

  Poujade, Pierre, 107, 126, 148

  P.P.A. (Parti du Peuple Algérien), 24, 39, 43, 245

  Prague, 430

  P.S.U. (Partie Socialiste Unifié), 505

  Puchert, Georges, 263

  Qatar, Emir of, 467

  Quandt, William, 540

  Querville, Admiral, 445, 449, 451

  Queuille, Henri, 66

  Quilici, François, 98

  Rabat, 159, 316

  racial prejudice, 54–5, 58–9, 74, 411

  Racine, Jean, 453, 455

  railways, 60, 67

  Rains, Claude, 96n

  “Ramadan War”, 16, 560

  Ramadier, Paul, 69

  Ramdane, Abdelmalek, 94

  Rassemblement de l’Algérie française, 351

  Reggane, 366, 374, 459

  Reggane Films, 17

  Reghaia, 368, 429, 488, 528

  Renard, Delphine, 503–4

  reprisals, 114–15, 121–2, 124, 171–3, 183, 187, 192, 208–11, 269–70, 291, 411, 413, 430–2, 488–9, 495–7, 526, 530, 550

  Réserve Générale, 332, 334–5

  reservists, 151–3, 168, 170, 231, 268

  Retz, Cardinal de, 128

  Revolution, French, 61, 196

  Reynaud, Paul, 548

  Rhodesia, 53–4, 56, 148, 279, 485, 497

  roads, 60, 114

  Roche, Pierre, 17

  Rocher-Noir, 424, 488, 494

  Romain-Desfosses, Colonel, 167

  Romans, 88, 91

  Rome, 208, 224

  Ronda, Marcel, 434

  Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 42, 151n

  Rosenberg, Artur, 281, 317, 320

  Rouen, 152

  Roy, Jules, 50, 55, 330, 336, 338, 340, 347

  Royal Navy, 47

  R.P.F (Rassemblement du Peuple Français), 279

  Saadane, Deputy, 73n

  Sadek, Si, 251

  Sakok, Hadj, 91–2

  Safeguard Committee for Individual Rights and Liberties, 204, 206, 233

  Safy-le-Pur, 217, 259–60

  Sagan, Françoise, 416

  Sahara, 44–5, 69, 145, 222, 258, 263, 269, 294, 324, 356, 436, 450, 452, 459, 472, 474–5, 478, 506, 511–12, 521, 523, atomic bases and tests, 374, 459, 514–15; gas, 392, 472; oil, 241–2, 472, 474, 512

  Said, Mohamedi, 131, 144, 208, 225, 326, 412, 519

  Saida, 333–4, 340, 360

  St Cloud, 295

  St Cyr, 169, 178, 188, 457

  Saint-George, Hôtel, 46, 213, 364, 449

  Saint-Hillier, General de, 447–8

  Saint-Hillier, Madame de, 447

  Saint-Marc, see Denoix de Saint-Marc

  Sakiet, 249–50, 265–9, 276, 513

  Salah, Si, 251, 324, 325n, 387–94, 396–9, 411, 443, 450, 536, 546, 561

  Salan, Madame, 179, 439, 480

  Salan, Raoul, 178–9, 490–1, 519, 548, 553; thanked, 17; arrival in Algiers, 178; de Gaulle on, 180, bazooka attack on, 181–182, 190n, 286, 440, 564; Mémoires, 182; 10th Region H.Q., 186; Massu and, 188–9; on strike-breaking, 191; at Casino bombing, 209–11; and capture of Yacef, 217; and army morale, 268; Thomazo and, 276; sends telegram to Ely, 281–2; Lagaillarde and, 283, 440; and 13 May, 284–8; backs de Gaulle, 289–90, 301; his power grows, 293; and “Résurrection”, 295–6; transferred from Algeria, 309–310, 358, 382, 442; contrasted with Challe, 311, 443; Gardes and, 354; Debré reprimands, 370; returns to Algeria, 418; in disgrace, 419; goes to Spain, 420; and de Gaulle’s “Algerian Republic”, 423; gives the “green light”, 427; and referendum, 434; in Madrid, 439, 447; “conquered” by Susini, 440; on O.A.S., 441, 485; and putsch planned, 444, 450–1; arrives in Algiers, 453; goes into hiding, 459, 481; sentenced to death in absentia, 462; and O.A.S., 480, 484, 499, 500n, 513–14; and Susini, 482; broadcasts, 487; and “Deltas”, 489; and C.I.A., 497–8; and Instruction No.
29, 515–16, 517n, 524; calls strike, 523; arrested, 527–9, 531; attempts to stop O.A.S., 530; defends Jouhaud, 542; on trial, 542–3; a “symbol of defeated past”, 544; later career, 552–3.

  Sanguinetti, Alexandre, 274–5.

  San Remo, 143

  Santé prison, 160, 224, 319, 371, 527–8, 543, 553

  Sartre, Jean-Paul, 125, 196, 235, 237–8, 304, 416, 469, 503, 559

  S.A.S. (Section Administrative Spécialisée), 108–9, 165, 173, 220, 251–2, 254, 330, 338, 400, 407

  Saturday Evening Post, 244

  Saudi Arabia, 247

  Savary, Alain, 160

  Sbaihi, Mohamed, 92, 103

  Schiaffino, Laurent, 57, 554

  Schlüter, Otto, 262

  Schuman, Robert, 241

  Schumann, Maurice, 281, 296

  S.D.E.C.E. (Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre-Espionnage), 189, 242, 259, 388; Bureau 24, 262–3

  Second World War: end of, 23–4; impact on Algeria, 41–2; Allied H.Q. in Algiers, 46; anti-semitism in, 58–9; French army’s status in, 175; Free French H.Q. in Algiers, 179; Nazi tortures during 205; private armies in, 222; Muslim Legion in, 262; arms from, 263; French North Africa during, 278; “hollow classes of”, 331

  “self-determination”: U.N. Charter and, 25; Wedgwood Benn on, 244; de Gaulle on, 344–6, 374, 376–7, 378, 380, 384, 514; reactions to de Gaulle on, 347–8, 352, 354, 356, 537; effect on France at U.N., 385; G.P.R.A. on, 408; referendum on, 424, 434–5; and Evian agreement, 520

  Septimus Severus, Emperor, 49

  Sergent, Pierre, 17; quoted, 289, 302, 347, 353; and “Barricades”, 364, 370; and revolt against de Gaulle, 426–7, 431–3; at Chartres, 437; and putsch, 447–50, 458–9; joins O.A.S., 480–1; on Susini, 482; on Degueldre, 483, 524; and O.A.S./Métropole, 499–503, 543; later career, 552

  Sérigny, Comte Alain de, 58, 17, 148, 373, 418; and Écho d’Alger, 57, 269, 277, 282; and Dimanche Matin, 283; and Committee of Public Safety, 387; on paix des braves, 306; on “self-determination”, 347; on Algiers, 1959, 352; puts pressure on Delouvrier, 355; valediction on Massu, 358; on Lagaillarde, 371; later career, 554.