Sea of Glory

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by Nathaniel Philbrick


  Smyth, W. H. Sailor’s Word-Book: An Alphabetical Digest of Nautical Terms. 1867. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1996.

  Snow, Philip A. Bibliography of Fiji, Tonga and Rotuma. Coral Gables, Fla.: University of Miami Press, 1969.

  Spector, Ronald H. Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan. New York: Vintage, 1985.

  Sperlin, O. B. “Our First Official Horticulturalist.” Washington Historical Quarterly 21 (1931), pp. 218-29, 298-305; and 22 (1931), pp. 42-58, 67-69.

  ———. “Washington Forts of the Fur Trade Regime.” Washington Historical Quarterly 8 (April 1917), pp. 102-14.

  Sprague, R. A. “Measuring the Mountain: The United States Exploring Expedition on Mauna Loa, 1840-1841.” Hawaiian Journal of History 25 (1991), pp. 71-91.

  Stackpole, Edouard A. The Sea-Hunters: The Great Age of Whaling. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1953.

  Stanley, Albert A. “Hassler’s Legacy.” NOAA [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration] 6(1) (1976), pp. 52-57.

  Stann, E. Jeffrey. “Charles Wilkes as Diplomat.” In Magnificent Voyagers. Edited by Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985, pp. 205-25.

  Stanton, William. The Leopard’s Spots: Scientific Attitudes Towards Race in America, 1815-59. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.

  ———. The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 1975.

  ———. American Scientific Explorations, 1803-1860. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society Library, 1991.

  Starke, Aubrey. “Poe’s Friend Reynolds.” American Literature 11 (1939), pp. 152-59.

  Stegner, Wallace. Beyond the Hundredth Meridian: John Wesley Powell and the Second Opening of the West. New York: Penguin, 1992.

  Stewart, T. D. “The Skull of Vendovi: A Contribution of the Wilkes Expedition to the Physical Anthropology of Fiji.” Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 13(2 & 3) (1978), pp. 204-14.

  Stone, Witmer. “Titian Ramsey Peale.” Cassinia 19 (1915), pp. 1-13.

  Strauss, W. Patrick. “Preparing the Wilkes Expedition: A Study in Disorganization.” Pacific Historical Review 28 (1959), pp. 221-32.

  ———. “Pioneer American Diplomats in Polynesia, 1820-40.” Pacific Historical Review 31 (1962), pp. 21-30.

  ———. Americans in Polynesia, 1783-1842. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1963.

  ———. “Mahlon Dickerson.” In American Secretaries of the Navy. Edited by Paolo E. Coletta. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1980.

  Swisher, Earl. “Commodore Perry’s Imperialism in Relation to America’s Present-Day Position in the Pacific.” Pacific Historical Review 16 (February 1947), pp. 30-40.

  Symmes, Elmore. “John Cleves Symmes, the Theorist.” Southern Bivouac: A Monthly Literary and Historical Magazine 2 (1887), pp. 555-66, 621-31, 682-93.

  Taylor, E. G. R. The Haven-Finding Art: A History of Navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook. New York: Abelard-Schuman, 1957.

  Tent, Jan, and Paul Geraghty. “Exploding Sky or Exploded Myth: The Origin of Papalagi.” Journal of the Polynesian Society 110(2) (2001), pp. 171-214.

  Theroux, Paul. The Happy Isles of Oceania: Paddling the Pacific. New York: Ballantine Books, 1992.

  Thomas, Nicholas. Entangled Objects: Exchange, Material Culture and Colonialism in the Pacific. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.

  Thompson, Warren S. “The Demographic Revolution in the United States.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 262 (1949), pp. 62-69.

  Topham, Washington. “Dr. Frederick May.” Columbia Historical Society 31/32 (1930), pp. 307-10.

  Towle, E. L. “Science, Commerce, and the Navy on the Seafaring Frontier (1842- 61).” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Rochester, 1965.

  Turner, Frederick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. 1920. Rpt. New York: Holt, 1962.

  Tyler, David B. The Wilkes Expedition: The First United States Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1968.

  Valle, James E. Rocks and Shoals: Order and Discipline in the Old Navy, 1800-1861. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1980.

  Van Alstyne, Richard W. The Rising American Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960.

  Van Tassel, David D., and Michael G. Hall, eds. Science and Society in the United States. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey, 1966.

  Viola, Herman J. “The Story of the U.S. Exploring Expedition.” In Magnificent Voyagers. Edited by Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985, pp. 9-23.

  Viola, Herman J., and Carolyn Margolis, eds. Magnificent Voyagers: The U.S. Exploring Expedition, 1838-1842. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985.

  Walsh, Jane MacLaren. “Cannibalism.” Unpublished Manuscript.

  Walvin, James, and J. A. Mangan, eds. Manliness and Morality: Middle Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.

  Ward, R. Gerard, ed. Man in the Pacific Islands. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.

  Warren, Gordon H. Fountain of Discontent: The Trent Affair and Freedom of the Seas. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1981.

  Waterhouse, Joseph. The King and People of Fiji. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997.

  Watson, George E. “Vertebrate Collections: Lost Opportunities.” In Magnificent Voyagers. Edited by Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1985, pp. 43-69.

  Weber, Gustavus A. The Coast and Geodetic Survey: Its History, Activities, and Organizations. Service Monograph of the U.S. Government, No. 16. Baltimore: Institute for Government Research, 1923.

  ———. The Hydrographic Office, Its History, Activities and Organization. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1926.

  ———. The Naval Observatory: Its History, Activities and Organization. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1926.

  Wentworth, Michael. “The Naked Couthouy.” Athenaeum Items: A Library Letter from the Boston Athenaeum 126 (October 2001), pp. 8-12.

  Westwood, Howard. “Reform in the United States Navy: The Plucking of Officers of the Latter 1850s.” American Neptune 50 (Spring 1990), pp. 107-18.

  Whitehill, Walter Muir. The East India Society and the Peabody Museum of Salem. Salem, Mass.: Peabody Museum, 1949.

  Wickman, John E. “Political Aspects of Charles Wilkes’ Work and Testimony.” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Indiana, 1964.

  Wilford, John Noble. The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography—From Antiquity to the Space Age. New York: Knopf, 2000.

  Wilkerson, James A., ed. Medicine for Mountaineering. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books, 2001.

  Wilkes, Charles. Synopsis of the Cruise of the U.S. Exploring Expedition. Washington, D.C.: Peter Force, 1844.

  ———. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. 5 vols. 1844. Rpt. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Gregg Press, 1970.

  ———. “Report on the Territory of Oregon.” Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society 12 (September 1911), pp. 269-99.

  ———. Columbia River to the Sacramento. Oakland, Calif.: Oakland Biobooks, 1958.

  —. Autobiography. Washington, D.C.: Naval History Division, Department of the Navy, 1978.

  Williams, Francis Leigh. Matthew Fontaine Maury: Scientist of the Sea. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1963.

  Williams, Glyndwr. The Great South Sea: English Voyages and Encounters, 1570-1750. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1997.

  Winchester, Simon. The Map That Changed the World: William Smith and the Birth of Modern Geology. New York: HarperCollins, 2001.

  Withey, Lynne. Voyages of Discovery: Captain Cook and the Exploration of the Pacific. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

  Worcester, Dean C. The Philippine Islands and Their People. New York
: Macmillan, 1899.

  Wright, Ronald. On Fiji Islands. New York: Viking, 1986.

  Young, James Sterling. The Washington Community, 1800-1828. New York and London: Harcourt, 1966.

  Ziff, Larzer. Return Passages: Great American Travel Writing, 1780-1910. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2000.

  Zweig, Paul. The Adventurer: The Fate of Adventure in the Western World. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974.

  PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES EXPLORING EXPEDITION

  Agassiz, Louis. Ichthyology. Vols. 21 and 22. (Never printed).

  Baird, Spencer F., and Charles Girard. Herpetology. Vol. 20. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1858.

  Brackenridge, William D. Botany. Cryptogamia. Filices. Vol. 16. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1854.

  Cassin, John. Mammalogy and Ornithology. Vol. 8 and Atlas. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1858.

  Dana, James D. Zoophytes. Vol. 7. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1846.

  ———. Geology. Vol. 10. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1849. With Atlas, New York: George Putnam, 1849.

  ———. Crustacea. Vols. 13-14. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1855.

  Gould, Augustus A. Mollusca and Shells. Vol. 12. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1852, 1857.

  Gray, Asa. Botany. Phanerogamia. Vol. 15. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1854.

  ———. Botany. Phanerogamia. Part 2. Vol. 18. (Never printed).

  Hale, Horatio. Ethnography and Philology. Vol. 6. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1846.

  Peale, Titian Ramsay. Mammalia and Ornithology. Repressed on publication in 1848. Rpt. with an Introduction by Kier B. Sterling. New York: Arno Press, 1978.

  Pickering, Charles. Races of Man. Vol. 9. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1848.

  ———. Geographical Distribution of Animals and Plants. Vol. 19. (Printing never completed; parts 1 and 2 issued by the author privately in 1854 and 1876, respectively).

  Sullivant, William, et al. Botany. Cryptogamia. Vol. 17. Philadelphia: 1874. (Never officially distributed).

  Wilkes, Charles. Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition. Vols. 1-5. Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1844.

  ———. Meteorology. Vol. 11. Philadelphia: 1851.

  ———. Hydrography. Vol. 23. Philadelphia: 1858.

  ———. Physics. Vol. 24. (Never printed).

  ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

  From the very beginning, William Stanton, author of The Great United States Exploring Expedition of 1838-1842, has been as helpful and encouraging as a fellow author can be. Many thanks, Bill. Without the invaluable research assistance and unflagging enthusiasm of Michael Hill, this book would have taken several more years to write. I also want to thank the staff and trustees of the Egan Institute of Maritime Studies for their steadfast support. Anne Hoffman Cleaver, a descendant of William Reynolds, shared with me the letters and photographs in her possession. Others who generously provided me with materials, leads, and advice were Betsey Welton, Philip Lundeberg, E. Jeffrey Stann, George Peacock (a descendant of Ex. Ex. veteran George Emmons), Diana Brown, Charles Thayer, Christopher McKee, Charles Styer (a descendant of Charles Wilkes), and Harley Stanton.

  One of the great pleasures of this project has been the opportunity to work with the staffs of so many noteworthy institutions. Very special thanks to everyone at the Smithsonian Institution, especially Jane Walsh, who met with me several times and gave me a personal tour of the Expedition’s ethnographic collections; Leslie Overstreet, who graciously organized a day-long visit with the staff of the institution’s Museum of Natural History; and Nancy Gwinn, who as director of the institution’s libraries made it all possible. Thanks as well to Martin Kalfatovic, G. Dale Miller, Tracy Robinson, Storrs Olson, James Mead, Warren Wagner, Stephen Cairns, and Frederick Bayer—all at the Smithsonian Institution. Thanks also to Earle Spamer at the Academy of Natural Sciences; Matthew Pavlick and Mark Katzman at the American Museum of Natural History; Edward C. Carter II and Roy Goodman at the American Philosophical Society; Stephen Jones and Taran Schindler at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University; Catharina Slautterback at the Boston Athenaeum; Linda McCurdy and Elizabeth Dunn at Duke University; Douglas Halsey, an interpreter with the National Park Service at Fort Vancouver; Ann Upton, Michael Lear, and Christopher Raab at Franklin and Marshall College; Lisa DeCesare at the Botany Libraries of the Harvard University Herbaria; Jeffrey Flannery at the Library of Congress; Cathy Williamson and Josh Graml at the Mariners’ Museum; William Fowler and Nicholas Graham at the Massachusetts Historical Society; Carolyn Kirdahy at the Museum of Science, Boston; Libby Oldham at the Nantucket Historical Association; Richard Peuser at the National Archives; Michael Crawford at the Naval Historical Center; Gale Munro at the Naval Historical Foundation; James Lewis at the New Jersey Historical Society; John Hattendorf at the Newport War College; Eleanor Gillers at the New-York Historical Society; Mary Catalfamo at the Nimitz Library at the U.S. Naval Academy; Daniel Finamore and Charity Gal-breath at the Peabody Essex Museum; John Delaney, Margaret Sherry Rich, and Anna Lee Pauls at Princeton University; Robert Summerall, James Cheevers, and Dolly Pantelides at the U.S. Naval Academy Museum; Mark Pharaoh at Urrbrare House at the University of Adelaide, home of the Mawson Antarctic Collection; Laura Clark Brown at the University of North Carolina; Michael Plunkett at the University of Virginia; and Suzanne Warner at the Yale University Art Gallery.

  I have benefited greatly from the expertise and astute editorial advice of those who agreed to read and comment on my manuscript. Many thanks to William Stanton, William Fowler, Thomas Congdon, John Hattendorf, Robert Madison, Michael Crawford, Jane Walsh, Maurice Gibbs, Susan Beegel, Wes Tiffney, Mary Malloy, Stuart Frank, Paul Geraghty, Michael Hill, and Michael Jehle.

  Wendy Wolf at Viking Penguin did a masterful job of editing; thanks once again, Wendy. Thanks also to her assistant, Cliff Corcoran, and to Michael Burke for his copyediting. Thanks to Hal Fessenden for his essential input on the manuscript, as well as to Francesca Belanger for the wonderful design work, to Kate Griggs for all her production help, and to master strategist Gretchen Koss. Thanks to Jeffrey Ward for the maps and to Mark Myers for the illustration of the squadron.

  Very special thanks to my agent, Stuart Krichevsky, whose counsel and friendship have meant more to me than he knows. Thanks also to his assistant, Shana Cohen.

  This book is dedicated to my father, Thomas Philbrick. He first steered me in the direction of the Ex. Ex., and in addition to transcribing all of William Reynolds’s journal, as well as scores of letters written by Charles Wilkes, he brought his years of teaching and writing experience to his careful reading of the manuscript. Also there every step of the way was my mother, Marianne D. Philbrick. Thanks also to my brother, Samuel Philbrick; the years we spent sailing together as teenagers were, for me, the starting point of this voyage of discovery. Finally, my deepest thanks to my wife, Melissa D. Philbrick, and to our children, Jennie and Ethan. Here’s to future voyages together.

  INDEX

  Adams, John (nephew)

  Adams, John Quincy

  Adventure Islets

  Agassiz, Louis

  Agate, Alfred

  Alabama

  Alden, James

  in Antarctica

  and Antarctic land sightings

  and court of inquiry

  and courts-martial

  Fiji surveys

  and Malolo massacre

  in Pacific islands

  Tierra del Fuego survey

  Allegheny

  Allshouse, Joseph

  American Nautical Almanac

  American Philosophical Society

  Andes Mountains, experiments in

  Annawan

  Antarctica

  icebergs in

  ice sheet of

  inaccessibility of

  land discovered in

  looming (light refraction) in

  map

  Ross Sea in

  scientific observations in

  wildlife in<
br />
  Antarctic Circle:

  Cook’s voyage to

  Wilkes’s voyages to

  Antarctic Continent:

  charting of

  earliest landing on

  French claims for

  Palmer’s Land in

  Wilkes’s naming of

  Wilkes’s sightings of

  Antarctic Convergence

  Antarctic Peninsula

  anthropology

  Arctic expeditions

  Articles of War

  Astor, John Jacob

  Astoria, settlement of

  Atlantic coast, survey of

  Atlantic Ocean, cable across

  Audubon, John J.

  Aulick, John

  Aurora Australis

  Aurora Borealis

  Australia, scientific studies in

  Australian National Antarctic Research Expedition

  Autobiography (Wilkes)

  Bacon, Frederick

  Baily, Francis

  Bainbridge, Comm. William

  Baird, Spencer

  Balboa, Vasco Núñez de

  Baldwin, A. S.

  Barlow, Peter

  Barrow, John

  Beagle

  Belcher, Edward

  Bellingshausen, Adm. Fabian Gottlieb von

  Bennett, James Gordon

  Benton, Thomas Hart

  Bertrand, Kenneth

  bioluminescence

  Birnie family

  Blair, James

  Blake, George

  Bligh, William

  Blunt, Simon

  Bolívar, Gen. Simón

  Bolton, Mary Lynch (Wilkes)

  Bolton, Comm. William

  Bond, William

  Bougainville, Louis-Antoine de

  Bouguer, Pierre

  Bouguer anomalies

  Bounty

  Bowditch, Nathaniel

  Boxer

  Brackenridge, William

  Brinsmade, Peter

  Brooks (seaman)

  Buchanan, James

  Buchanan-Pakenham treaty

  Budd, Thomas

  Burdick, Capt. Christopher

  Calibougue Sound, survey of

 

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