The Little Girl Who Fought the Great Depression: Shirley Temple and 1930s America

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The Little Girl Who Fought the Great Depression: Shirley Temple and 1930s America Page 31

by Kasson, John F.


  Nobel Prize, 186

  Norris, Kathleen, 213

  Northwestern Miller, 43

  Now and Forever, 75, 78, 82, 152, 161, 218

  Nugent, Frank, 165–66, 174–75, 179, 184–85, 192, 197

  Oakie, Jack, 195

  “Oh My Goodness,” 173

  Oh Yeah? (Angly), 13

  Oliver Twist, 53

  “On Account’a I Love You,” 81

  “On the Good Ship Lollipop,” 5, 85–86, 173, 215

  orphans, 82–83

  Oscars (Academy Awards), 88, 167

  Our Gang comedies, 53, 157

  Our Little Girl, 152, 153, 161, 213

  Our Movie Made Children (Forman), 126–27

  Oursler, Fulton, 42

  Out All Night, 209

  Pacific Gas and Electric, 240

  Pangborn, Franklin, 173

  Panic of 1893, 11

  parades, 61–62, 63, 149

  Paramount, 65–67, 75, 95, 152, 173, 261n

  Parents Magazine, 138

  Patterson, J. R., 103

  Payne Fund studies, 68, 126–27, 263n

  pedophelia, 81–82

  Peple, Edward, 104

  Perkins, Frances, 21, 22–23, 40, 45, 261n

  Perry, Lincoln, see Fetchit, Stepin

  personality rights, 201

  Peter Pan (Barrie), 53, 86

  Photoplay, 5

  Pickford, Mary, 133–34, 181, 196, 203, 204, 224, 237, 243

  Pierce, John and Lizzie, 118

  Pinocchio dolls, 148

  Pitts, ZaSu, 209

  Playthings, 143

  Pokrass, Samuel, 176

  poliomyelitis, of FDR, 23–26, 29–30, 171

  Pollock, Jackson, 129

  Polly Tix in Washington, 50, 50, 52

  “Polly-Wolly-Doodle,” 5, 105, 109

  Poor Little Rich Girl, 155, 173, 174, 181, 213, 287n

  Pour Vous, 125

  poverty, poor:

  pride and, 79–80

  ST appeal to, 117–18, 146–47

  Poverty Row, 48, 51

  Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 112

  Powell, Sterling, 214

  Powell, William, 117

  Power, Tyrone, 204

  press:

  Depression coverage in, 13

  FDR’s relationship with, 32–33, 41, 43

  Hoover’s antagonism toward, 16, 32

  and Lindbergh kidnapping, 210–11

  sensationalist, 210–13

  ST coverage in, 5, 52, 119

  see also specific publications

  pride, masculinity and, 77–80

  Prince and the Pauper, The (Twain), 53

  privacy:

  blurring of line between celebrity and, 201–2, 205, 233

  right to, 200–201

  ST’s lack of, 206–10, 214–17

  “Private Life of Shirley Temple, Wonder Child of the Screen, The,” 220

  Production Code Administration (PCA), 69

  Public Enemy, The, 153

  publicity stunts, 202

  Purachatra Jayakara, Prince of Siam, 116

  Quaker Oats, 138

  Quigley, Martin J., 70

  radio:

  in American culture, 33–34, 193, 255n

  entertainment on, 48, 157

  FDR’s use of, 32–40, 44–45

  Hoover’s delivery on, 16–17, 21, 36

  Nazi use of, 44–45

  ST’s broadcast threat, 217

  Radio City Music Hall, 103

  Radio-Keith-Orpheum (RKO), 65–67, 93, 94

  Rainger, Ralph, 95

  Rand, Ellen Emmet, 42

  ransoms, 210

  Raymond, Gene, 267n

  Reaching Juvenile Markets: How to Advertise, Sell, and Merchandise through Boys and Girls (Grumbine), 137

  Reagan, Ronald, 238

  Rebecca, 237

  Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, 161, 172–76, 180, 181, 224–25, 266n

  Reconstruction Finance Corporation, 14

  Reebok, Ann, 144

  Republican party, 9–10, 13, 20, 26, 32, 36, 38, 42, 43, 59, 90, 189, 194, 228, 244

  Rice, Thomas D., 97

  Ricketson, Frank H., Jr., 123

  Rieff, Philip, 243

  Rin-Tin-Tin, 154

  Roach, Hal, 157

  Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,” 88–113, 92, 97, 108, 175

  African American assessment of, 110–13

  critical acclaim for, 94–95, 267n

  dancing of, 4, 91, 93, 95–96, 98, 100–101, 107, 270n

  death and funeral of, 112–13

  and FDR, 90–91, 112

  joy projected by, 93, 96

  philanthropy of, 110

  as proponent of civil rights, 111–12

  racist constraints on, 109

  smile of, 2, 89, 91, 96, 111, 112, 113

  staircase dance of, 101–3, 102

  stereotyping of, 91, 93, 96–97

  in ST films, 88–89, 106, 174, 179, 266n, 268n; see also specific films

  temper of, 111–12, 271n

  Robinson, Elaine, 112

  Robles, June, 212

  Rockefeller, Nelson, 116

  Rogers, Ginger, 162, 224

  Rogers, Lela, 224, 250n

  Rogers, Will, 12–13, 17, 39–40, 97–98, 152, 154, 251n, 261n, 268n

  Rolph, James “Sunny Jim,” 26

  Romero, Cesar, 161, 168

  Rooney, Mickey, 198

  Roosevelt, Eleanor, 4, 23, 24, 25, 40, 59, 80, 116, 146–47, 227

  Roosevelt, Franklin D., 3, 4, 14, 189, 198, 253n, 257n, 261n

  African American support for, 90, 94

  attempted assassination of, 29

  background of, 22–23

  critics and opponents of, 43, 45

  cultivation of charisma by, 22–25, 27, 33, 37–38, 40, 45

  deliberate speaking style of, 256n

  Depression recovery strategy of, 1–3, 6, 21, 29–32, 34–45, 69, 77, 148

  fictional film version of, 59, 61

  first inauguration of, 28, 29–31, 34–40, 59, 254n

  humor of, 41, 42, 43–44

  Hundred Days innovations of, 21, 31–32

  laugh of, 42

  in New York politics, 14, 22–23, 26, 36

  in 1932 election, 19–20

  optimism and confidence projected by, 27, 31, 34–39, 45, 59

  polio contracted by, 23–26, 29–30, 171

  Robinson and, 112

  smile of, 2, 6, 22–25, 27, 31, 32, 34–35, 38, 40–44, 59, 89, 243

  ST’s meeting with, 59, 60, 64, 116, 243

  suspicion and fear of, 44

  use of media by, 21, 32–40, 44–45

  voice of, 36–40, 45

  Roosevelt, James, 25, 29

  Roosevelt, Sara, 25

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 23, 141, 153, 253n

  Rosita, 203

  Ross, Charley, 212

  Roxy Theatre, 66

  Runt Page, 49, 50, 78

  Runyon, Damon, 75, 77

  Russell, Johnny, 187, 188

  Russia, 10, 20

  Santa Monica, Calif., 9

  Sara Crewe; or, What Happened at Miss Minchin’s Boarding School (Burnett), 181

  Schallert, Edwin, 191, 192

  Schenck, Joseph, 67, 187, 228

  Schoenberg, Arnold, 116

  Scott, Hazel, 102

  Scott, Randolph, 161, 173–74, 184

  Screen Actors Guild, 238

  Screen Guild Theater, 217

  Screenland, 208

  Sears, Roebuck company, 141

  Seiter, William, 221

  Sellon, Charles, 84

  Selznick, David O., 104, 153, 237–38, 239, 241, 291n

  Sendak, Maurice, 212

  Sennwald, Andre, 103

  Shean, Al, 190

  Shearer, Norma, 117

  Sheehan, Winfield, 73–75, 80, 141, 151–55, 163, 197, 221, 236

  Zanuck vs., 152

  Shelby, Juliet (Mary Miles Minter), 104

&n
bsp; Shirley Temple badges, 227

  Shirley Temple Black and Bill Robinson White (Colescott), 106

  Shirley Temple formula, 3–4, 58, 83, 119, 148, 151–52, 155, 196–98, 237

  innovations to, 188–90

  waning appeal of, 163–70, 176–80, 197–98

  Zanuck and, 166–68, 170, 172–74, 176–78, 181–84, 187, 189, 194, 197–98

  “Shirley Temples,” as term, 155

  Silver Screen, 5, 125

  Simplicissimus, 115

  Since You Went Away, 237, 291n

  slavery, film image of, 104–8

  smiles:

  in African American stereotype, 88, 98

  of Eisenhower, 243

  of FDR, 2, 6, 22–25, 27, 31, 32, 34–35, 38, 40–44, 59, 89, 243

  negative response to, 43

  postwar symbolism of, 243

  of Robinson, 2, 89, 91, 96, 98, 111, 112, 113

  of ST, 1, 6, 48, 59, 88, 89, 103, 109, 146, 150, 164, 165, 168, 198, 239

  symbolism of, in Depression, 1–2, 26, 34, 80–81, 89, 111, 233

  Smith, Alfred E., 19–20, 26

  Smith, C. Aubrey, 168

  Smith, Charlotte, 224

  Snow White dolls, 148

  Solomon, Aubrey, 278n, 282n–83n

  Sondergaard, Gale, 190

  So Red the Rose, 104

  South, 89–90

  mythic, 97–98, 99, 104, 107, 109

  songs of, 101

  Southern California Edison Company, 7–8

  Soviet Union, 12

  Spyri, Johanna, 170

  Square Crooks, 80–81

  Stafford, John, 192

  stage/screen fathers:

  dilemma of, 229–30

  see also Temple, George

  stage/screen mothers, 9, 46–47, 54, 125, 132, 224, 227

  satire of, 127–28

  see also Temple, Gertrude Krieger, as determined screen mother

  Stalin, Joseph, 45

  Stand Up and Cheer!:

  African Americans in, 88–89

  as ST’s breakthrough film, 2, 48, 55, 56–63, 56, 58, 62, 69, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 82, 87, 118, 119, 143, 149, 152, 155, 171, 179, 185, 194, 205, 207, 243

  “Starvation Blues,” 18

  State Department, U.S., 66

  State of the Union Address (1931), 14

  Steamboat Round the Bend, 152

  Stearns, Marshall and Jean, 95–96

  Stephens, Frank, 214–15

  stereotypes:

  of African Americans, 88–89, 91, 93, 95, 99–100, 104, 106–7, 110–12, 113

  of Southern gentleman, 99

  Stimson, Henry L., 16

  stock market crash (1929), 11–14, 21, 67, 93

  Stokowski, Leopold, 116

  Stowaway, 87, 162, 173, 279n

  Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 53, 97, 164

  Stratton, Charles (General Tom Thumb), 163

  Strauss, Theodore, 238

  Stuart, Gloria, 173, 175

  Sturges, Preston, 87

  Styne, Jule, 228, 229

  Sullivan’s Travels, 87

  Summerville, Slim, 173, 175

  Superior Court, California, 241

  Supreme Court, U.S., 59

  Susannah of the Mounties, 161, 174, 184–85

  Swanson, Gloria, 203, 220

  talent scouts, 47

  tap-dancing, 4, 89, 93, 95, 127, 171

  Tarzan, 52

  Technicolor, 26

  Teddy bears, 141

  “teenagers,” as term, 238

  television, 33, 241, 243

  Temple, Francis, 8

  Temple, George, 2, 51, 55, 206–7, 207, 214, 215, 225, 239

  breadwinner dilemma of, 202, 228–30

  courtship and marriage of, 7–9

  financial mismanagement by, 240–41

  in ST’s career, 55, 73, 74, 187, 188–89, 229, 232–33, 237

  upward mobility of, 8–9, 228

  Temple, George Francis, Jr. “Sonny,” 8–9, 205, 208, 222, 241

  Temple, Gertrude Krieger, 2, 47, 60, 214, 215, 239

  conflict between Zanuck and, 174, 180, 184, 187–89, 195–96, 237

  courtship and marriage of, 7–9

  as determined screen mother, 9, 46–48, 50–52, 55, 56, 118, 201, 205, 218–19, 224–25

  as disciplinarian, 225–28, 290n

  dismissive justification of, 52

  financial mismanagement by, 240–41

  perceived as child-rearing expert, 222–23, 225–26

  as protective of ST, 222–25, 227, 232

  relationship of ST and, 223–27

  salary of, 48, 73–74, 220, 229

  in ST’s career management, 73, 74, 144, 174, 177, 180, 184, 188, 195, 209, 218, 220–21, 223–25, 232, 237

  in ST’s private life, 200, 205–7

  Temple, Grace, 7

  Temple, Herbert, 8

  Temple, John “Jack,” 8–9, 205, 208, 222, 241

  Temple, Shirley, 3, 47, 50, 56, 58, 62, 63, 74, 76, 100, 102, 108, 140, 158, 160, 182, 187, 207

  adulthood of, 238–244, 242

  altered birth date of, 74, 119, 217

  American cultural legacy of, 6

  birthday parties of, 119–20, 121, 137

  birth of, 2, 9

  as central in family dynamic, 233

  cottage of, 220, 228

  curls of, 46, 75, 114, 129, 131–32, 134, 148, 159, 174, 218

  cuteness factor of, 157–58, 163–64, 171, 176–78, 186, 198, 205

  as Depression-era cultural phenomenon, 1–6

  in Depression recovery strategy, 2–3, 45, 59, 106, 148–49, 178–79, 243

  diminutive stature of, 159–62, 177, 193, 279n–80n

  ear infection of, 50–51

  FDR’s meeting with, 59, 60, 64, 116, 243

  fear experienced by, 215–16

  financial exploitation of, 240–41

  flirtatiousness of, 48, 81–82, 86

  and J. Ford, 166–69

  imitation of, 114, 123–33, 205

  innocence of, 48, 69, 78, 85, 86, 89, 122, 155, 168, 205, 216

  as jealous, 183

  marriage of C. Black and, 239–40

  marriage of J. Agar and, 239–40

  merchandising of, 5, 82, 120, 137, 145

  name of, 118

  naughtiness and brattiness of, 227–28

  “normality” projected by, 217–23

  parodies of, 122–23

  personal charm of, 226, 228

  in postwar politics, 244

  precocity of, 218–19

  private life of, 199–202, 205–10, 213–36

  prodigious talent of, 4, 86, 103, 107, 157, 161–63, 169, 175, 179, 197, 218–19

  protective solicitude toward, 220–21

  puberty and adolescence of, 185, 192–93, 196, 198, 238

  purported IQ of, 221

  relationship between George Temple and, 229–30

  relationship between Gertrude Temple and, 223–27

  reminiscences of, 52, 165, 180, 187, 223, 224, 233

  and Robinson, 91, 98–99, 101–2, 104–8, 112, 113, 174, 179

  schooling of, 218, 221

  security issues for, 206, 209

  smile of, 1, 6, 48, 59, 88, 89, 103, 109, 146, 150, 164, 165, 168, 198, 239

  threats to, 213–17

  trust fund of, 232

  Temple, Shirley, film career:

  actors as unnerved by, 218

  attempts to preserve, 150–98

  breakthrough of, 2, 5, 47, 56–63, 69, 73, 75, 80, 87, 116, 122, 123, 149, 152, 155, 185, 194, 198, 206, 219–20

  celebrity and stardom of, 2, 5, 63–64, 75, 88, 114–49, 150, 154, 178, 197, 199–201, 205, 206

  contracts of, 48, 55, 73–75, 74, 122–23, 148, 151, 152, 173, 196, 217, 220, 229, 237, 241

  critical acclaim for, 64, 103, 107, 165–66, 172, 174–75, 179–80, 183–84, 191, 196–97, 237–38

  critical disparagement of, 165–66, 169–70, 176–80, 184–85, 191–92, 19
6–97, 237–39

  demanding work schedule of, 217–18, 233

  discarded projects of, 186

  earnings of, 48, 73–75, 88, 154–55, 180, 196, 208, 228–33, 240–41, 259n

  emotional healing through, 3–4, 57, 88, 99, 190

  emphasis on ST’s youth in, 81, 139, 157–59, 163, 166–67, 169, 171, 176, 185, 193

  end of, 238–39, 241

  as family’s financial support, 51

  fan mail of, 205–6

  fans of, 5–6, 114, 123–33

  film output of, 2, 75, 218, 237

  film persona of, 4, 48, 51, 199–201, 205, 226

  foils for, 83–84, 89, 100

  global fame of, 5, 115, 119–20, 121, 124–25, 126, 131–32, 147–48

  after leaving Twentieth Century–Fox, 237–38

  maturity dilemma in, 148, 163, 166–67, 169, 172, 176, 177–78, 184–85, 192–93, 196

  merchandising through, 143–44

  more demanding, 168, 195

  mother’s control of, see Temple, Gertrude Krieger, as determined screen mother

  movie set routine of, 221

  “natural talent” breakthrough myth of, 219–20

  onset of, 47–52, 55–56, 127, 217

  popularity polls for, 117

  possible erotic subtexts in, 81–82, 86, 106

  publicity and promotional events for, 5, 48, 119–31, 137, 218

  recurring formula in, see Shirley Temple formula

  redemption and reconciliation themes in, 78–79, 80–81, 103, 131, 168, 173, 184, 196, 213

  with Robinson, 88–89, 91, 101–2, 104–8

  scene stealing by, 165

  sensational articles about, 217

  ST’s retirement from, 195, 196–97

  waning of, 2, 148, 166, 169–70, 176–78, 181, 185–98, 216–17, 237–39

  Temple, Shirley, films of:

  Baby Burlesks, 49–50

  Bright Eyes, 79, 82–87, 84, 152, 153, 190, 214

  Dimples, 163–66, 173, 266n, 268n

  Heidi, 87, 148, 170–72, 173, 175, 209, 224, 279n

  The Little Colonel, 89, 97, 98–103, 102, 144, 152, 153, 155, 163, 168, 226

  Little Miss Marker, 75–78, 76, 82, 89, 152, 155, 159, 218, 224

  The Little Princess, 53, 87, 159, 161, 181–84, 182, 209, 226, 282n

  The Littlest Rebel, 89, 97–99, 100, 103–9, 108, 112, 155, 161, 163, 168, 227, 269n

  Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm, 161, 172–76, 180, 181, 224–25, 266n

  Square Crooks, 80–81

  Stand Up and Cheer!, 2, 48, 55, 56–63, 56, 58, 62, 69, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 82, 87, 88–89, 118, 119, 143, 149, 152, 155, 171, 179, 185, 194, 205, 207, 243

  Susannah of the Mounties, 161, 174, 184–85

  Wee Willie Winkie, 148, 155, 160, 161–62, 167–71, 174, 183, 184, 204

  Temple family, 7–9, 148

  financial status of, 51, 88, 229, 232–33, 240–41

  as Hollywood elite, 209

  increasingly grandiose homes of, 206–10, 214

  transformative effect of celebrity on, 5–6, 88, 199–202, 205–10, 213–36

 

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