Gangland
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Gangland
The Rise of the Mexican Drug Cartels from El Paso to Vancouver
Jerry Langton
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Map
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Deadly Playground
Chapter 2: The Eagle Eats the Snake
Chapter 3: A Mexican-Born Emperor
Chapter 4: The Rise of the Drug Cartels
Chapter 5: Enemies of the State
Chapter 6: Trouble in Paradise
Chapter 7: Calderón Versus the Cartels
Chapter 8: Battling the Beltrán Leyva Cartel
Chapter 9: Carnage in 2009
Chapter 10: The Roll Call of Death
Chapter 11: The War Expands
Chapter 12: Exporting Drugs and Crime
Chapter 13: The Violence Escalates
Chapter 14: “A Phase of Very Intense Violence . . .”
Chapter 15: Mexican Cartel Violence Moves North
Notes
Sources
Copyright
About the Publisher
To the Langton-Cowan Organization:
La Salchicha, El Dida
and El Hoohoo.
Acknowledgments
In addition to the many brave people mentioned in my sources, I would also like to thank the team at John Wiley & Sons for their support and enthusiasm: editor Don Loney, marketer Robin-Dutta Roy, production editor Elizabeth McCurdy, publicist Erika Zupko, and national account manager for Indigo and Online, Paul Coulombe. Special thanks to Michael Nicholson, whose enthusiasm and encouragement were vital to this project and to Brian Rogers. Thanks also to Leta Potter, who wields considerable clout in all things. And, of course, I must thank my wife and kids for their infinite patience, good humor and creativity.
Chapter 1
Deadly Playground
It wasn't always this way. Just a few years ago, El Paso and Juárez were like one big city, the border more a formality than anything else to most people. “You'd go to Juárez for a good time; we'd go pretty much every weekend,” said Tim McNeill, an El Paso resident who hasn't been across the border in five years. “It was fun; you could drink and have a good time, buy things that weren't allowed over here ... it was where you went to blow off steam.” El Paso was the nice, but straight-laced neighborhood, and Juárez was the poorer, more religious, maybe a little more dangerous cousin where residents from either side of the border could let their hair down and enjoy themselves.
But times changed. Economic challenges have deeply impoverished the Mexican side, especially compared to their neighbors just a few yards to the north. Mexicans have long been poorer than Texans, but failures in the economy at the end of the 20th century made the distinction even sharper. That economic hardship has sent literally millions of Mexicans north, looking for better lives. Because the United States is a very difficult country for foreigners to live and work in legally, most of the Mexicans who have moved there are undocumented—what are referred to for the purposes of this book as illegal immigrants. Unprotected by many of the laws U.S. citizens and legal immigrants take for granted, illegal immigrants lead a shadow life, aware at any moment they can be deported back to Mexico. Many of these people feel betrayed by the Mexican government and ignored by the American government.
Other factors have changed the landscape. Drugs, both legal and illegal, have long been a reason for Americans to cross over into Juárez. You can buy many popular prescription drugs (Viagra is a favorite) over the counter without a prescription in most of Mexico, which has long been drawing Americans and American dollars over the border. And although the laws on recreational drugs like marijuana had largely been the same in Texas and Mexico until recently, they have long been much more tolerated in Juárez, where the police rarely ever got in anyone's way. Not surprisingly, Juárez and other border cities have become funnels for drugs being shipped into the U.S.
It is a situation both countries basically tolerated, if not officially approved. The drug trade—which was illegal, but largely peaceful—flourished in Juárez and other border cities for decades. Then Richard Nixon declared a War on Drugs in 1972, working to intercept drugs coming into the country. Using sophisticated detection methods and applying harsh penalties, the Americans drove the drug trade farther underground. The increase in danger led to an increase in rewards as drug users paid higher prices for smaller quantities. The new rewards attracted organized crime, and the tougher border led them to employ illegal immigrants. A new equilibrium was established as drug traffickers got rich and the drug trade became a much bigger part of the economy. Narcocorridas—danceable songs celebrating the exploits of drug traffickers—became popular. Kids started emulating the drug runners and their gangster bosses.
Then it changed again. When the Mexican government cracked down on the drug cartels—the crime organizations that had evolved from street gangs acting as mules, ferrying product between drug lords in Colombia and retailers in the U.S. and Canada—in 2006, they fought back. In the few years since, thousands of people have been killed, much of Mexico is considered too dangerous for North Americans to enter and the nation itself is said by experts (including the U.S. State Department) of being in danger of absolute collapse.
• • •
In the old days, there were signs everywhere hawking products to North Americans the moment you entered Juárez. And as soon as you crossed the border, a taxista would offer you a ride or a hawker would appear hoping to sell something—oranges, prescription drugs, or maybe just a free ticket to the kind of strip show you'd never see north of the Rio Grande. That's all gone now. The signs are almost all graffiti now, some hailing Che Guevara and other champions of anti-imperialism, others exhorting the locals in Spanish to go to church and read their bibles. Nobody approaches the visitors from the north anymore. Instead, the first thing you see is the military, soldiers wearing masks so the cartels can't identify them and threaten their families. They're everywhere in Juárez, doing their best to keep the peace.
Two blocks south of the bridge over the Rio Grande—at the corner of Juárez and Azucenas—you can see vestiges of what Juárez used to be like. On one corner is a massive, windowless bar called Tequila Derby, across from it the Centro Juarez Liquor Center and on the other side is the Juarez Race & Sports Book, a gambling franchise. Next to it is Drug Discount Pharmacy—with the slogan “The Best Price in Town”—offering all kinds of medicines over the counter. Many of the other shops, like discount opticians and dentists, are also clearly aimed at Americans. All the signs are in English, with prices given in dollars as well as pesos. Many of the shops are now shuttered and there's little traffic, either walking or driving. There are a few juice and shaved-ice vendors, but everywhere you look there are collections of men, mostly young, just hanging around, apparently with nothing better to do. On almost every pole, there is a sign taped up, appealing for information about a missing woman.
On the next block there is a collection of bars catering to American customers. From the outside, the Kentucky Club doesn't look like much. It's just a one-level storefront between a fancy restaurant and a pharmacy selling Viagra and Cialis by the pill. The building is painted light green and it has a dark green awning to shade the front windows from the desert sun. On the awning there is orange and yellow art deco script reading “World Famous Kentucky Club Since 1920.” Above that is an old red, white and blue sign sponsored by Tecate, a popular beer brewed in another Mexican border city.
Its exterior plainness belies its rich history. The bar claims that it is the birthplace of the margarita, although that's been widely disputed. In its heyday during the 1950s and '60s, it was incredibly popular with famous Americans: Ronald Reagan is said
to have enjoyed drinking there, as did John Wayne. Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor were semi-regulars there, and both Jim Morrison and Bob Dylan dropped by the Kentucky Club when they were searching for some lyrical inspiration. Most famously, Marilyn Monroe bought a round of drinks for the whole bar to celebrate her divorce from Arthur Miller.
Inside, it's lavish in a retro-fancy way. The ceiling is white with black beams and hanging metal chandeliers, the bar is wooden and majestic and all of the staff are required to wear white shirts, ties and vests.
But for all its style and romance, the mood inside the Kentucky Club is somber these days. The phone has been disconnected (most downtown businesses have gotten rid of their phones because the only calls they get anymore are extortion threats), and business has decreased as both Americans and Mexicans alike are afraid to walk the streets of Juárez after dark. It's hard to blame them, the murder rate of the city of just over 1 million is higher than that of Baghdad and Kandahar combined.
But unlike so many other establishments in the area, the Kentucky Club has been free of violence. “In a way, I feel calm because we pay the cuota [protection] not to have problems,” said a doorman who goes by the name Raul. “Many businesses have been burned and shot up. But here, they protect us and the customer—because we pay.”
And, although it is forced to close early now, and is usually surrounded by masked soldiers with assault rifles, the staff of the Kentucky Club wants Americans to know that it's still open for business. “We want to remind our customers that just like Juárez doesn't give up, neither will we,” said waiter Arturo Sanchez Ontiveros. “We will stand with our city as long as we can.”
• • •
It's bold talk, my Mexican friends and contacts tell me, but few think the Kentucky Club or Juárez itself can hold up to the beating they are taking for that much longer. They are a collection of journalists, former journalists and others who have been directly related to the violence in Mexico. One of them has been kidnapped, most of them have been shot at, all of them have been threatened. It's a hard place and a hard time to be a journalist.
In many parts of Mexico, drug-related killings are not reported upon because journalists have been killed for what the cartels have called “collaborating” with authorities. Juárez has been the hardest hit. It has become so dangerous, in fact, that the front page of the September 19, 2010 edition of El Diario, the city's largest circulation daily newspaper, was devoted entirely to an open letter to the cartels. In it, the editors of El Diario asked the drug cartels what they were allowed to write. “We do not want more deaths,” it said. “We do not want more injuries or even more intimidation. It is impossible to exercise our role in these conditions. Tell us, then, what do you expect of us as a medium?” After the murders of two of their reporters in one week, the editors had no choice but to admit who was boss. “You are, at present, the de facto authorities in this city,” the letter read, “because the legal institutions have not been able to keep our colleagues from dying.”
I ask the Mexicans where to start. How can I tell North Americans what's going on in Mexico and in Juárez in particular in a way they can understand. “You could start with Miss Sinaloa,” one said, referring to the brilliant article, “Mexico's Red Days,” written by Arizona-based reporter Charles Bowden for GQ. In it, he described in vivid detail how a Mexican beauty pageant winner arrived in Juárez and suffered almost unbelievable torture at the hands of the cartels simply because they could get away with it. Others want me to tell other individual stories, about how this cartel killed these people, about the drug kingpin who delighted in melting the bodies of his enemies or another whose signature was hanging beheaded bodies from traffic overpasses. They want me to speak of car bombs, crooked cops, 14-year-old assassins or gold-plated AK-47s. Everyone, it seems, has their own way to understand the Mexican Drug War.
But there was one voice that really reached me. Nuria J is a Juárez poet, librarian and women's rights activist. She is tireless in her own war against the Drug War. She told me that to understand Mexico, to understand Juárez, to understand why the violence and terror have become as rampant as they have, it is imperative to know about the missing women of Juárez. It would tell people how Mexico works: its people, its authorities and its criminals.
Las muertas de Juárez
Susana Chávez was a remarkable young woman. She started writing poetry in earnest at the age of eleven, and decided to make it her life's work. Even while still very young, she read her work before crowds and was included in prestigious exhibitions. Later, she earned a degree in psychology at the Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez.
As a young adult, she turned the focus of her work to the growing number of women who had been murdered in and around Juárez. It was a strange and chilling phenomenon, even in what has since become one of the most violent cities in the world. Beginning in 1993, the bodies of women began showing up on the streets, alleys, vacant lots and garbage dumps of Juárez. Most of the victims were between the ages of 12 and 22, and many of them showed obvious signs of torture and rape. Some of them were intentionally left in degrading poses.
The majority of them were workers in maquiladoras, factories usually owned or associated with large corporations (invariably reported in the media as American, but they are just as likely to be Spanish, Korean or Japanese) that take advantage of Mexico's low minimum wage and relaxed enforcement of labor and environmental regulations. The factories generally employ far more women than men (sometimes exclusively so) because of a widespread belief that they are more reliable and trustworthy, and less likely to cause any trouble. Many of the victims were migrants from other parts of Mexico and Central America, attracted to the border region by the abundance of job opportunities.
Although about 400 bodies had been recovered, some estimates have claimed as many as 5,000 young women from the area have gone missing since 1993. The number of missing women is often under-reported because until recently Mexican police did not begin searches for missing persons until they had been gone for at least 72 hours, and their searches are often cursory at best. As one Mexican police commander told reporters: “It's not a crime to disappear.” Sometimes families are afraid to report their daughter missing. Sometimes they just don't know.
Locals referred to the missing women as las feminicidios (the femicides) and las muertas de Juárez (the dead women of Juárez). Outraged by the horrific atmosphere of fear and violence against women in her hometown, Chávez became an activist, using her poetry and other methods to raise awareness and push the authorities to do a better job of investigating the murders. She became famous in the area—a leading member of the advocacy group Nuestras Hijas de Regreso a Casa (Bring Our Daughters Home)—and her phrase Ni una más (Not one more) became a rallying cry for the entire movement.
And then she became one of the victims. On Wednesday, January 5, 2011, Mexicans were celebrating Día de los Santos Reyes, a traditional, non-statutory holiday marking the arrival of the Three Wise Men of the Gospels. Early in the evening, 36-year-old Chávez left the house she shared with her parents to go visit friends at a nearby restaurant. She never arrived. “I waited for her all night long, but she never came back,” her mother told local media. “On Thursday, we began to search for her. Then we learned she was dead. [The police] showed us some pictures, and that was the way we could identify her.”
Police had been called that morning because a Juárez family had found a streak of blood, indicating someone had been dragged into an alley, on a sidewalk near their home. Police then found a severed left hand and, a few feet away, Chávez's body with a black plastic garbage bag tied over her head.
Their subsequent investigation determined that Chávez had met three 17-year-old boys in a bar and decided to drink with them. After some time, the boys convinced her to go to one of their homes. Police said that Chávez went with them, but when she refused their sexual advances, they tied her up, covered her mouth with duct tape and drowned her in a
bathtub. They severed her hand with a hacksaw, police said, in an effort to make the murder look like it was the work of organized crime, which, of course, was still running wild in Juárez despite thousands of police officers and soldiers occupying the city.
The Chihuahua state police claimed that her murder was an unfortunate isolated incident, and not the result of the Drug War or Chávez's activism. “Unfortunately, these people were drunk, they were taking drugs, and after hanging out for a while, they decided to kill her,” Chihuahua State Attorney General Carlos Manuel Salas told Milenio, a national daily newspaper. The boys were, according to police, members of a local street gang called Los Aztecas, but did not have previous criminal records.
Few in Juárez believed the boys were guilty of the crime. Since the murders began in earnest in 1993, many people have been charged with the killings and put behind bars, but the bodies keep showing up.
The first victim identified as one of the missing women of Juárez was 13-year-old Anna Chavira Farel. Her beaten, raped, sodomized and strangled body was found January 23, 1993 in a vacant lot in the city's Campeste Virreyes neighborhood. The next, 16-year-old Angela Luna Villalobos, was found two days later in a similar condition not far away. As more bodies were found and far more young maquiladora workers went missing, citizens pressured the authorities to do something about what they were calling “El Depredador” (the Predator). In October 1995, after at least 46 bodies of girls and young women had been found in Juárez, Chihuahua state police arrested a suspect.
He certainly seemed the part. Abdel Latif Sharif was born in Egypt in 1947. A gifted chemical engineer, he emigrated to New York City in 1970. He was fired from his job there for embezzlement and moved to New Hope, Pennsylvania, in 1978. One of his friends and co-workers, John Pascoe, later told police that he took Sharif on a deer-hunting trip and was surprised to see him torture a wounded buck, laughing while breaking the limbs of the helpless animal until Pascoe put it out of its misery. He also noted that Sharif was often in the company of young women, some of who had disappeared after their contact with him. When Pascoe found the possessions of a girl who had gone missing next to a mud-stained shovel on Sharif's porch in 1980, he severed their friendship.