The Stolen Village: Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates
Page 32
‘My falcons …’: From John Gillingham (trs) (1942) Die Geschichte von Kerkermeister-Kapitan, in Acta Orientalia xix, cited by (rec) Earle p230.
Verse: Davis.
Used noise: eg, Dan; Pananti pp32-33; Foss; Pitts; Lane-Poole p224; also rec, Senior pp21-22.
Scimitars, robes etc: Dan cited in Lane-Poole p224; Pananti p32; also rec, Earle p62.
‘Storm them …:’ See ‘my falcons’ above.
Blasphemies/devil: Rec, Cordingly quoting captive Philip Ashton. Also rec, Earle p151-7.
Best time to escape: The Individual’s Guide For Understanding And Surviving Terrorism (US Marine Corps, Dept of Defence, 1999).
Rowlandson quote: Mary Rowlandson, The Captivity And Restoration of [MR] (Cambridge, Mass., 1682).
Loviot quote: Fanny Loviot, A Lady’s Captivity (London, 1958), p62.
Capture shock: Individual’s Guide, op. cit.
D’Aranda quote: D’Aranda, Relation, p8.
Carrigan quote: Mary Buce Carrigan, Captured By Indians (Minnesota, 1712).
‘Anna’ with children: List of captives in Report.
Value of slave haul: See discussion in ch 19.
CHAPTER 11
A Wretched Captivity
Overview: This chapter compares the Baltimore raid (source, Report) with Morat’s earlier raid on Heimaey. The main sources for the latter are written in Icelandic – Ólafur Eigilsson’s (1627) Litil Saga Umm Herhlaup Tyrkjans (Reykjavik, 1852) and the saga, Tyrkjaranio a Islandi (1627), Sogurit Vol. 4. More accessible is Knut Gjerset’s History Of Iceland (Unwin, London, 1922), which on pp317-20 describes the Heimaey raid citing the Tyrkjaransaga as source. I also found helpful Katherine Scherman’s (1976) Iceland, Daughter Of Fire (London: Little Brown), pp42-43, and Terry G. Lacy’s (1998) Ring Of Seasons (Ann Arbor: University Of Michigan Press), pp 185-7, and I was also helped by modern tourist literature from the Westmann Islands.
‘Many towns …’: Haedo cited in Lane-Poole p202.
‘Morat was … was over’. Details from Report with comments. For e.g.s of corsairs lured into traps, rec, Earle p167.
Kill, maim etc: Rec, Scherman pp42-43.
Five ships, split up: rec, Lacy pp185-7.
Trio of vessels: rec, Gjerset pp317-20.
110 from Grindavik: rec, Lacy.
Method of landing: Westmann Island accounts.
Three hundred troops: rec, Gjerset.
Rape, mutilation etc: rec, Scherman.
Three assault units: rec, Gjerset.
Cave ordeal: Westmann Island accounts.
Cut in half, snap necks: rec, Scherman; also Eyjolfsson below.
‘Anyone … blood’: Klaus Eyjolfsson (1584-1674), eyewitness, writing June 19, 1627.
Flames leaped … beaten: Eyjolfsson and rec, Gjerset.
Warehouse: rec, Gjerset.
Number seized: rec, Gjerset and Lacy.
Wife and children: rec, Gjerset.
Gudridur: rec, Lacy.
Thirty-six to forty killed/four hundred slaves: Westmann Island accounts.
1898 report: i.e., Nelson Annandale on visit to Haemaey.
Elderly folk: e.g., interviewee on Atlantic Jihad.
Scandalise: rec, Gjerset and Earle.
Gentleman: rec, Gjerset p318.
Haedo quote: Haedo, op. cit.
Torture: For e.g.s of pirate behaviour during land raids, see Alexander Exquemelin’s History Of The Adventurers (Paris 1686). Also, rec, Senior pp23-24.
Fugitives, Bennett: Report.
Salmon buying cloth: rec, Senior p56.
Carter’s letter: Kinsale, 20/6/1631; also CSPI 1625-32 pp621+, 26/6/1631.
Glib: Spenser; rec, Berleth.
Tally of toll: Author’s computation based on official list (see Preface notes).
‘3-4 pm’: Report.
Lords’ letter: CSPI 1625-32, 11/2/1632 to English PC.
‘Longer than they could …’: Report.
Murad in Lanzarote: Lane-Poole pp192-3; also rec, Gosse.
Sounds of departure: Richard Henry Dana, Two Years Before The Mast London: 1841.
CHAPTER 12
Manifesting The Calamities
Dana quote: Dana, op. cit.
Captivity, The Extreme Circumstance: Navy non-resident training course (May 2001).
Keenan quote: news conference, Dublin 30/8/1990.
Spratt: Diary; also reproduced in Seymour.
Pananti quote: Pananti p42
Loviot: Loviot op. cit., p83.
‘As time passes’: US Marine Corps Guide, op. cit.
‘My thoughts ran …’: Rowlandson op. cit.
Jemison quote: Narrative Of The Life of Mary Jemison by James E. Seaver (1824).
Carrigan: Carrigan op. cit.
‘The morning sun … interrogated’: Extrapolated from Report.
Panic/refugees: See aftermath correspondence in ch 18.
Sleeping conditions: cf experiences of Icelandic captives (Eigilsson op. cit.).
Dana: Dana op. cit. pp17-22
Cleanliness … lice: cf Pananti, Foss, Cathcart. Rec, Cordingly.
Loviot: Op. cit., p104.
Pananti plague: p42.
Meanwhile … help itself: Report.
‘Our clothes …’: Dana op. cit.
Toilets: Rec, Cordingly.
Hull, St Leger and Hooke letters: CSPI 1625-32, pp616-7.
‘But the Turks …’: Report.
CHAPTER 13
A Bed Of Thorns
Fettered: cf. Spratt, Pitts.
Cathcart: James Leander Cathcart (1785), The Captives (published 1899).
Foss quote: Foss.
Pananti quotes: pp36, 39, 42.
Put to work: cf. Foss.
Dana quote: Dana, op. cit.
Hugh Baker: Examination of [HB], 22/5/23, Council Book Of Youghal xlix.
Rawlins: Case quoted by Joseph Morgan; also rec, Clissold pp74-75.
Lurting: Thomas Lurting, The Fighting Sailor [etc]. London: 1771.
Nutt, Mrs Jones: Baker as above.
Pitts escape bid: Pitts p306.
Avery: Rec, Cordingly, Lucie-Smith.
O’Malley: Legend. Also rec, Anne Chambers Grainuáile Dublin: Merlin.
Woman reconciled: Cathcart.
Icelandic birth: The story of the Saengurkonusteinn, Westmann Islands.
Donated shirts: Olafur Eigilsson, op. cit.
Loviot quote: Loviot op. cit., p93.
CHAPTER 14
A Remedy For Grief
Gunter story: From the Letter Book Of Richard Boyle in Chatsworth. Rec, Barnby p124 and Wilson, p135.
Numbers seized at sea: Rec, Michael Oppenheim’s Maritime History Of Devon (University Of Exeter, 1968). Also see CSPI 1611-14, introduction.
Mount’s Bay raid: Rec, Milton p10, citing CSP (Devon) and CSP (Venetian) both 1625-6.
Penzance raid: Rec, Fisher, Appendix H.
Figures reliable?: See Fisher (above) who says State Papers have three conflicting reports of Penzance raid and two local histories don’t mention it at all.
Sixty Mount’s Bay, eighty Looe: Rec, Milton p10.
‘Roguish pirates’: Fisher as above.
‘Unprecedented’: CSPI 1625-32 p621-2, 10/7/1631.
Hull quote: CSPI 1625-32 p616, 21/6/1631.
William Thomas: PRO 71/1 folio 107, Dec 1631.
Boyle quote: Letter to PC, CSPI 1625-32, p645, 11/2/1632.
Beacons: Smith p268 and footnote.
Capt James: 1634. In CSPI 1647-60.
Boyle begged/blockhouse: CSPI 1625-32, p645, 11/2/1632.
Woodstock background: UK tourist literature. For more, rec, Oxfordshire Museum.
Tennis courts: Installed c.1630.
‘This event …’: CSPI 1625-32, p621, 10/7/1631.
‘The invasion …’: CSPI 1625-32, p627, 23/8/1631.
Hooke protected/Boyle letter to Dorchester: CSPI 1625-32, pp617-8, 28/6/1631.
‘Captain Hooke complains … matter’: CSPI 1625-32, p622, 14/7/16
31.
Hooke’s three letters: CSPI 1625-32, pp623-5, 19/7/1631 (x2) and 23/7/1631.
‘Later that summer … far from over’: Based on Hooke’s recollection of the dialogue in CSPI 1625-32, p628, 24/8/1631. Quotes are indirect, but an accurate reflection of the exchange.
‘Victualled for a month’: As above.
CHAPTER 15
Black Paste And Putrid Water
Dana quote: Dana, op. cit.
Corsair schedule, no sleep: Foss.
D’Aranda: Relation, p8.
‘It consisted … pitcher’: Pananti, pp 36 and 43.
Eat heartily: Foss.
‘A ration … obtained’: De Busbecq, op. cit.
John Nutt’s food: Hugh Baker op. cit.
Hotter/awnings: Rec, Gosse p313.
Livestock: Rec, Cordingly.
Multilingual: D’Aranda, Relation p8; also rec, De Courcy Ireland p141 citing Haedo.
Sabir: See notes in ch 28.
Cheerful inactivity of Janissaries/captain: Pananti p51; also rec Earle pp 28 and 36.
Invited to cabin: Pananti, Cathcart.
Pananti mellowed: p50-51.
Cathcart fruit, tobacco: Cathcart.
Ragged shirt: Foss.
Stockholm Syndrome: Summaries accessible to the layperson appear in the U.S. Marine Corps document The Individual’s Guide…(op. cit.) and the U.S. Navy’s Captivity…(op. cit.). For more, rec, Louis West’s and Paul Martin’s Pseudo Identity And The Treatment Of Personality Change (Guildford Press, 1994).
‘Sexual’ theory: H. H. Cooper, Close Encounters Of The Unpleasant Kind (USA 1978).
‘Babyhood’ theory: M. Symonds, Victim Response To Terror (USA, 1982).
Hooke letter: CSPI 1625-32, p628.
Plumleigh: De Courcy Ireland, p146.
CHAPTER 16
The Diamond City
Intro description of Algiers: Based on Pitts p308, Pétis p48, Russell pp314+ and Cathcart; Several contemporary graphics of Algiers from sea (e.g., Pétis) contain detailed explanatory codes.
Fourscore ships: Dan’s estimate, 1634.
Put in irons: D’Aranda, Relation pp12-13.
Welcome gunfire: Pitts pp313-4; Lane-Poole p225.
D’Aranda quote: As above.
Throughout the city … to the harbour: Pitts p307, Lane-Poole p225.
Arrival date: PRO 71/1 folio 157.
CHAPTER 17
Moving Next Door To Hell
Document in introduction: PRO 71/1 folio 157.
Frizell unhappy: PRO 71/1 folio 99.
Six years: He arrived 25/10/1625.
Slave numbers: PRO 71/1 folio 99 (ie, 340 less 109+24 taken by Morat = 207).
Frizell wrote regularly: PRO 71/1 records 1625-30.
Warning to Roe: Lane-Poole p265; rec, Gosse p54.
20,000 slaves: Rec, Spencer p127.
Dan’s 25,000: Dan, also cited in Gosse p70.
Bypassed: Lane-Poole p267.
Frizell paid by …: PRO 71/1 folio 99.
Salary dried up/starving: PRO 71/1 folios 102 and 99.
Ordeals of consuls: Playfair (1884); Lane-Poole p261.
Frizell depression, thraldom, neglected: PRO 71/1 folios 99 and 102.
Up 60 per cent: i.e., 207+133 (Folio 99).
Scenes at harbour: Composite of experiences of eyewitnesses featured in this book; also rec, Spencer p39.
Lowlife contingent: Haedo.
Cornish slave trader: T.S., pp17-18.
Frizell kind-hearted: In Folio 99 (op. cit.) he becomes emotional when he refers to the women and children.
Tallied numbers: PRO 71/1 folios 99 and 157.
Paraded to palace: Most sources report this ritual. D’Arvieux (V, p266) says it was routine.
Murad: Lane-Poole p193.
TS and weights: TS p22.
‘We were paraded …’: Rec, Gosse p83.
Pananti quote: Pananti p66.
Past chain gangs: Cathcart, Foss.
La Consulaire: Vieil Alger, Le Port; also rec Lucie Smith p77, Clissold p128.
Alleyways, balconies: Russell p323; rec, Lewis p168 citing D’Arvieux V, pp221-7, Fisher p98, Spencer p35.
Algiers street scenes: Composite of contemporary descriptions; Russell pp322-3; Shaw p69; Pétis pp 46, 48, 66; rec, Spencer p38-39.
Many nationalties: Russell pp322-3; Shaw p69; Pétis pp7, 46-48 and 66.
Died from terror: White Slaves, Pirate Gold.
Heads displayed: Pananti p67.
CHAPTER 18
‘A Good Prize! Prisoners! Slaves!’
Palace beautiful, descriptions: Pétis p49; TS p33; rec, Vieil Alger.
Wives choose: D’Aranda, History, Rn.3.
‘His feet …’: Joel Barlow, consul to Algiers 1795-97, cited in (rec) Spencer p65.
TS experience: TS pp 24-29.
Bichnin ploy: Lane-Poole p199.
Portuguese noble: D’Aranda, History, Rn 8.
Show trials: Pananti pp66-67. Also rec, Lucie-Smith pp76-79.
Pananti hearing: Pananti pp66-67.
Frizell argued: PRO 71/1 folio 141.
17th C. English diplomat: Rycault p16.
‘The Pasha was normally …’: Lane-Poole p236.
Entitled to 1/8 females: Fr Dan’s figure. Although according to D’Arvieux (V, p266) and also The Present State Of Algiers, it was one in five; and TS says one in ten.
Only the best: D’Arvieux’s words (above).
Tutsaklar, etc: rec, discussion on this in Spencer p112.
Dragged screaming: Dan pp276-77.
Rich women could avoid: rec, Spencer p113.
‘Exultation and contempt’: Pananti p68.
CHAPTER 19
The Slave Market
Fr Dan’s report: Dan pp276-77.
Trinitarians, substitutes, uniform: Rec, Encylopaedia Brittanica, entry for Trinitarians; also rec Gosse p87.
Description of Badistan: Dan, Pitts p307, Lane-Poole p236, William Okeley: Ebenezer … London: 1675; rec, Gosse p75.
‘As soon as … much the same’: D’Arvieux V, pp 266-67.
Bon quotes: Bon, p162.
D’Aranda’s auction: D’Aranda, Relation, p14.
Auction patter: Pitts p307.
Women privacy: Rec, Spencer p113 and Clissold p40.
Three classes: rec, Vieil Alger, The Slaves.
Ample and quote: Zara, Bassano Luigi da (1545), I Costumi &c
Pale Cornish women: Rec, Linda Colley The Captives (2002) London, Random House.
Prices fetched by Joane, Bessie, Ellen: Cason list.
Intimate examinations: Pitts p392; Hill; Nerval, Gerard (1851) Le Voyage En Orient, Paris.
‘When there is a virgin …’ Bon, p163.
Hill quote: Hill p103.
Pitts on examinations: Pitts p392; Hill.
Nerval: As above.
‘The value set …’: D’Aranda, History, Rn 16, pp152-8.
Craftsman £46: Cason list.
Ransom 5x, 6x that: eg, Spratt.
Irish captive to Boyle: Boyle’s Lismore papers, vol 3, p37.
Doctors: D’Aranda as above; Lane-Poole p243; rec, Gosse p71.
Prices of others: D’Aranda as above; Lane-Poole p243; Cason. Rec, Earle p34.
Glut: Lane-Poole p236.
‘An Englishman …’: D’Aranda as above.
Currencies: D’Aranda references; rec, Vieil Alger, La Monnaie; and Spencer p111.
Dollar-pound conversion: It varied. I have taken 4s3d as a median between 4 shillings (Seymour) and 4s 6d (Cordingly). Allow for a 5% error margin.
Remarkable price list: i.e., list appended to Cason.
Clergyman £20: rec, Irwin.
Other wages and prices at home: rec, Fitzgerald, Brian, p58, McCarthy Murrogh p183 and Canny pp262-272.
Purchasing power today: Thanks to Economic History Services
‘After slaves are sold …’: Present State of Algiers, 1675; also Pitts, p308.
D’Aranda: Relation.
Shareout ratio: According to Fr Dan (rec, Wilson p146). The precise figures vary. Cf., Present State of Algiers and rec, Vieil Alger, Les Ésclaves; Spencer p49; De Courcy Ireland, p 141; and Earle pp 71-72.
Profits: Say 100 slaves (after Pasha’s cut deducted) selling for at least £27 each = £2700, or c.£250k today, minimum. Probably much higher.
Mansions: Pétis p55; Shaw p71; rec, Earle pp35 and 259+.
Diplomat’s daughter: Elizabeth Broughton (1840) Six Years’ Residence In Algiers (London); also rec, Earle p239.
Wild animals: Rec, Lucie-Smith p85; outlets, Lane-Poole p225, and, rec, Spencer pp83-84.
Frizell petition: PRO 71/1 folio 99.
William Thomas: PRO 71/1 folio 104.
CHAPTER 20
Condemned To The Oar
‘Hell’: eg, D’Arvieux, see below.
4,000-900 and decline of galleys: Rec, Fisher p104; Spencer p116; Lucie-Smith p77.
1640s tally: ie, Cason.
Sanders and Fox: works as cited in Bibliography.
Morgan: Joseph Morgan cited in Lane-Poole p215.
Bread etc: Lane-Poole p215; also rec, Gosse pp71-72.
De Bergerac: French slave quoted by Lane-Poole pp214-215.
No needles etc: Sanders, as above.
FitzPen: Memorial in St Mary’s Church near Truro, Cornwall.
Slave share etc: Fr Dan; Pitts p313; also rec, Earle p88 and de Courcy Ireland p141.
Decades at oar: Lane-Poole p215.
Earle case: In 1682. Earle p171.
‘Free to walk …’: rec, Gosse, p313.
Fontimama story: D’Aranda, History, Rn. 16, pp152-8.
‘Through reason of ill usage …:’ Fox, above.
Fox barber: Fox, above.
D’Aranda in Morocco: History, Rn 7.
‘The English … to freedom’: Sanders and Fox.
CHAPTER 21
‘Dog Of A Christian, To Work!’
Overview: My description of the bagnio is an amalgam of eyewitness accounts, particularly those of Pananti, D’Arvieux, D’Aranda, Sanders, Foss and Cathcart. Circuit/building/gateway: Pananti p36.