The Stolen Village: Baltimore and the Barbary Pirates
Page 34
Parent goes, child remains: eg, Gudrid (see ch 23).
‘Mary’s’ ransom: PRO 71/1 Folio 135.
Healthy place: Rec, Fisher p98; also rec, Encyclopaedia Brittanica.
Average lifespan: Actually fifty-nine years. Rec discussion on seventeenth-century life expectancy in ‘Did They All Die Young?’ in www.plimoth.org
Many embraced Islam: PRO 71/1 Folio 135.
De Courcy Ireland: p146.
Barnby: p129.
Stockholm Syndrome: See discussion in ch 15 and ch 32.
List of factors: Individual’s Guide For Understanding And Surviving Terrorism (see notes to ch 10).
Thomas Shirley: rec, Matar op. cit. (see ch 27).
‘No notice …’: Cathcart.
Pseudo ID: Louis West and Paul R. Martin, op. cit. (see ch notes in ch 15 and 32)
Aid captors: eg, Patty Hearst cited in West and Martin above.
‘The devil …’: Pitts P505.
Two women ‘transfer’: Rec, Earle p91.
Mary Jemison: Jemison, op. cit. (see ch 12.)
‘Poor slaves’, shackles heavier: Treasurer’s Book, Rochester; rec Clissold p116.
Lady Mary quote: Lady Mary Montagu (1837) Letters, London.
CHAPTER 33
The Legacy of Baltimore
De Courcy Ireland story: I have heard several versions of this. (One appeared in the Irish Times.) J.D.C.I himself refers to the red-hair phenomenon in (rec) De Courcy Ireland p146.
Morat, autumn 1631: PRO SP Foreign and Barbary States vol xiii, 29/11/31, cited in Castries.
Morat capture: Dan; rec, Gosse pp57-58.
Morat’s retirement home: A Brief Relation etc (1638) cited in Castries pp 485-6.
Lysbeth: Rec, Gosse pp57-8; ‘great pomp’ quote from touring artist who accompanied Lysbeth in 1641, rec, Atlantic Jihad and Gosse p58.
‘End very bad’: Rec, Gosse p58.
Morat’s American descendants: My main source was ‘The Van Salee Family’, an article by genealogist and researcher Mario de Valdes y Cocom arising out of his Frontline TV documentary on the Public Broadcasting Service (www.pbs.org). Also recommended reading is the lively correspondence among Van Sallee descendants on www.genealogy.com. Sheer distance, and my lack of expertise in the minutiae of genealogical research has prevented me from following up this intriguing topic as it deserves. But articles recommended to me were: Hershkowitz, Leo, ‘The Troublesome Turk’ [ie, Anthony V.S.] in The Quarterly Journal of the New York Historical Association Vol XLVI no 4, Oct 1965; and ‘Early Southards Of New York And New Jersey’ in the New York Genealogical And Biographical Record Vol 103, p16. I would be interested in further information.
Smith quote on Baltimore: Smith p268+.
Miserable collection: rec, O’Flanagan, ‘Town And Village Life’ in O’Flanagan, p413.
No house could pay tax: Rec, O’Flanagan as above, p426.
Rotten borough: Donovan p23
Increasing rapidly in 1837: Lewis’s Topographical Dictionary.
Famine ships etc: Rec, Patrick Hickey, ‘Famine In West Cork’, in O’Flanagan, p907.
Reuter, ‘Baltimore never recovered …:’ Donovan p23.
‘Agony …:’ J. E. O’Mahony.
Fishing, shipbuilding: rec, Seamus Fitzgerald.
Property hunters: Sunday Times (24/8/2003) ‘Cork’s Holiday Homes Romance Turns Sour’.
US Declaration influenced?: rec, discussion in Muslim Spain (21/11/02) in BBC Radio 4 history series In Our Time.
Stubbe, Robert Boyle: rec, Matar op. cit. (see ch 27).
Ship money (general): rec, Encyclopaedia Brittanica entries for Ship Money and Hampden.
Influence of Baltimore raid: rec, Kingston p58.
CHAPTER 34
The Three Knights
Liam Irwin quote from Politics, Religion etc
‘The allegation …’ From tourist website www.Baltimore-ireland.com
‘As the pirates …’ From website www.12travel.co.uk/ie/corkkerry/Baltimore.html.
‘Some believe …’ The AA Guide To Ireland.
Gray/Edinburgh: From notes by Robert Brown to Pellow.
Bono refs: rec, Salvatore Bono, I Corsari Barbareschi (Torino, 1964). Also rec Earle p62 and p282.
None saints: e.g., rec, Healy, ‘none were angels’.
Spenser quote: Spenser.
World shifting, etc: rec, O’Flanagan p173, Berleth.
Waterford disputes: Genealogy pp93-95; Donovan, pp47-49; Gibson p519.
Rebuilt: rec, Kingston, who says castles built mid-1500s.
Carraghs: Genealogy; 1608-09 Inquisition; rec, Kingston pp47-48 Burke, Healy (who says Carragh’s claim to superiority was correct).
Fishing levies: Genealogy pp99-100; Donovan p102; rec, Phelan p33.
English entrepreneurs: rec, E. O’Mahony, quoting CSPI 1509-73, p523.
Asked Perrot: CSPI 1571-75, item 471, SP 63/69 no 50.
Perrot’s comment: ibid, item 721.
Fineen’s next petition: ibid, item 699.
Neutral stance: Yet he received a general pardon (rec, Kingston p24, E. O’Mahony).
Enthusiastic loyalty: Numerous refs in CSPI 1586-88; rec, E. O’Mahony, who cites cases.
Invited to Parliament/took his lands: Annals Of Four Masters; Genealogy, Note in
Herald College; rec, Coleman.
Tight English clothing: D.A. Chart (1907), The Story Of Dublin London: J. M. Dent.
Fenton: 1586 survey by Geoffrey Fenton.
Sheriff: rec, Healy, Burke.
Conor clash: See ch 4.
‘Ancient civil …’: CSPI 1601-03, p235
‘The poor old …’: Ibid, Carew to Cecil 1602.
Generous host/silver well: Smith; Genealogy p390; Donovan p101-2; rec, Kingston p54, Healy.
‘All kind and mild …’: Pacata Hibernia in Genealogy p390.
‘Never in the course …’: ibid p387.
‘Very odious’: ibid p390.
Pardon, invitation to London: ibid p390; Smith; Donovan p102; rec, Healy.
Penniless: He soon had to borrow; also rec, Kingston p54.
Servant intruded: Smith; Genealogy p390; Donovan p102.
Russian nobleman/yardarm/dungeon: Donovan pp210-11; also rec, Kingston p56.
Jeanette Grant: Case dated 1630 in CSPI 1647-60, p168.
Ellen ni Driscoll: ibid.
Viking stock: Copinger.
Eight mayors: rec, Brady, p100.
Page to Raleigh: rec, Kingston p50.
Servants in gold: rec, documentary Elizabeth’s Pirates (Channel 4, 2001).
Page to Fineen: Donovan p208.
Made a fortune: Donovan pp208-9; Kingston p54.
Confusion over loans: e.g., McCarthy Oldcourt dispute (Copinger) and Fineen mortgage dispute (Smith, Copinger); rec also Kingston p51. (Further complicated because a mortgage meant different things in Irish/English laws).
Cloughane: Copinger; rec, Kingston p50.
Church fine: CSPI 1606-08, xciii.
Assisted English: He guided Percy to Kilcoe Castle, 1600.
East India episode: CSPI 1611-14 p369+; rec, McCarthy Morrogh p179, de Courcy Ireland, pp128-9.
Rowry project: Copinger; Donovan.
Ships built: rec, De Courcy Ireland, p129.
Descendents insurgents: Family tree in Copinger.
Bishop quote on Crooke: CSPI 1608-10, p100.
Fellow leaders: CSPI 1618-25, p190.
Third motive: Various commentators, e.g., rec, E. O’Mahony.
Crooke cleared: See later notes.
Influential testimony: CSPI 1608-10, p29.
Zero to £200: CSPI 1647-60, p81.
Clive Senior refs: rec, Senior, pp 56-7.
Remainder of this chapter: CSPI 1608-10, pp42-43, p100.
CHAPTER 35
Endgame
Beginning quote: Copinger, 1608 deed.
1600 lease: Genealogy. Produced at an inquisition in 1608. Also rec, Kingston p47.
Voided agreement: Donov
an p22.
Few Irish: CSPI 1606-08, p571.
Conditional letting: Genealogy; rec, Kingston pp46-47, Coleman.
Regrant to Crooke: rec, Kingston p46.
Dispute with Carraghs/rulings/Coppinger role: Genealogy, pp99-100, 1608 inquisition; Donovan p102; rec, Kingston p48, Burke.
Coppinger-Carragh pact: Copinger, 1608 deed; rec, Healy, Kingston p51 (but my interpretation).
Contrasting clothes: rec, McCarthy Morrogh, p188.
Quote from deed: Copinger, 1608 deed.
‘Coppinger was on familiar …’ &c: CSPI 1615-25, pp190-1; Copinger.
‘After a complex …’ &c: Copinger; rec, Kingston p51.
£2000: Smith; Genealogy p390.
Improvements: Smith p268+; CSPI 1615-25, pp190-1; changes also shown on Map.
Improving tenant: rec, Canny in O’Flanagan, pp265-70.
‘Breaking the rocks …’ 1641 depositions, Hull at Leamcon (TCD); also rec CHASJ LII pp55-68.
Smith quote/new houses etc.: Smith p268.
Borough: Kinsale.
‘Despite the twenty-one-year …’ &c: Copinger; CSPI 1615-25, pp190-91; also rec, Kingston p52.
Plea to King: CSPI 1647-60, p81; CSPI 1608-10, p100.
Fineen borrowing: Copinger.
Conor and exiles: see notes to ch 4.
Fishing: Smith vol 2 pp310-11; rec, Arthur Went in CHASJ vol 51 1946.
Value and scope of fishing markets: Depositions of Sir William Hull at Leamcon, 1641; CSPI 1634, introduction; also rec, Canny op. cit., p262, O’Flanagan p398; De Courcy Ireland pp125-6; CHASJ LII pp55-68.
Coppinger backs Fineen: Smith.
Eviction: Donovan p22.
Nature of loan, ruling, agreement: Smith; Copinger; rec, Kingston p53, Samuel.
‘Meanwhile … matters among themselves’: Smith p268+; Copinger; Donovan p103 and p209; rec, J.E. O’Mahony.
Verse: Donovan p104.
Earl’s quote ‘It appears …’: CSPI 1625-32, Boyle letter 11/2/31.
Shoals vanished: rec, O’Flanagan p398+.
Leased castle: rec, Kingston p53 (ironically, he leased it to a planter).
Wealthy: Donovan p208.
Hired muscle: e.g., Dundaniel.
Kingston on tales of wealth: rec, Kingston p57.
Wilson: rec, Wilson p122.
Offered to renounce: See ch 4.
Tit for tat: rec, Lucie Smith p79.
List of ancient deeds: i.e., Genealogy.
Mansfield revenge: rec, Peter Earle (1981) The Sack Of Panama New York: Viking.
Crucial date: Genealogy. While I have seen no reference to this coincidence of dates in the course of my research, I would be surprised if it has escaped notice. I would be happy to acknowledge any previous reference.
APPENDIX The Taken
List From Kinsale.
Picture Credits
Picture Section:
Picture map of Baltimore, c. 1630-31: draughtsman unknown, Str P 24-5/100 from the Earl Of Strafford’s Papers, Wentworth Woodhouse Muniments at Sheffield Archives. Reproduced by kind permission of the Head of Sheffield Libraries, Archives And Information.
Meal in Algerine household: From Hill. Reproduced with the kind permission of the Governors and Guardians of Archbishop Marsh’s Library, Dublin.
Log of the Baltimore slaves’ arrival in Algiers, July 28 1631: PRO 71/1/157, ‘A note of such English ships … brought into Algiers’ from The State Papers Relating to the Barbary Nations, British National Archives, Kew, UK. Reproduced with permission.
Richard Boyle, First ‘Great’ Earl of Cork: Original ancient engraving by W. Richardson, York House. Author’s collection.
Sir Thomas Button: National Library of Canada. Reproduced by permission of Library And Archives Canada.
Fr Dan ransoming slaves in Algiers: From Fathers of the Redemption, Fr Dan, 1637.
Torments of the slaves: From Fr Dan, 1637.
Sultan Murad and Sultan Ibrahim: From Rycault. Reproduced with the kind permission of the Governors and Guardians of Archbishop Marsh’s Library, Dublin.
The Sultan’s Grand Seraglio and harem from the sea: From Hill, pp146-147. Reproduced with the kind permission of the Governors and Guardians of Archbishop Marsh’s Library, Dublin.
Barbary slave galley: Reproduced from website www.algerie.info. Thanks to Frederic Messud.
‘Alger’, picture map of 1600s Algiers with reference key to fortresses and gates: From Pétis de La Croix, p45. Reproduced with the kind permission of the Governors and Guardians of Archbishop Marsh’s Library, Dublin.
The Mole at Algiers harbour in the 1600s: From Pétis de La Croix, p51. Reproduced with the kind permission of the Governors and Guardians of Archbishop Marsh’s Library, Dublin.
Admiral’s galley: From Furttenbach, J. (1629) Architectura Navellis, Ulm.
Plan of Sultan’s Seraglio: From Hill, p168. Reproduced with the kind permission of the Governors and Guardians of Archbishop Marsh’s Library, Dublin.
Street in Algiers: From Russell, p324. Reproduced with the kind permission of the Governors and Guardians of Archbishop Marsh’s Library, Dublin.
Front cover:
Main image: An Action off the Barbary Coast with Galleys and English Ships by Willem van de Welde the Younger / Yale Center for British Art, Paul Mellon Collection, United States / The Bridgeman Art Library International. Tile border: i Stockphoto.
Back cover:
Baltimore Picture Map, see Picture Section Credits. Tile border: i Stockphoto.
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders; if, however, any infringement has inadvertently occurred we request the owners of such copyright to contact the publishers.
An era frozen in time: this remarkable picture map of Baltimore, clearly showing the modest homes in The Cove and the fishermen seine-netting at sea, was drawn just months before the pirate raid shattered the settlers’ lives forever.
A meal in an Algerine household.
‘Whoever enters here becomes a slave’: this unique 1631 document records the arrival of the Baltimore slaves in Algiers. The highlighted section reads: ‘July 28. Morrato, [a] Fleming, and his consort brought from Baltimore in Ireland 89 women and children and 20 men …’
Richard Boyle, Great Earl of Cork: the amount he spent on a single present for his daughter could have ransomed all the Baltimore women from slavery. But the main concern for landowners like Boyle was that the raid would affect their tenants’ ability to pay their debts.
Sir Thomas Button, arctic explorer and war hero: his state-of-the-art navy vessels could have prevented the raid, but he pocketed the money for their supplies, leaving them stranded uselessly in harbour.
A Trinitarian priest, probably Fr Pierre Dan himself, ransoms European slaves in Algiers. Fr Dan was intensely moved by the plight of the Baltimore captives and wrote that it was a pitiful sight to see ‘so many honest maidens and so many good women abandoned to the brutality of these barbarians’.
Torments of the slaves: the Trinitarian priest Fr Pierre Dan recorded the sadistically ingenious punishments that were meted out to captives in Algiers.
Sultan Murad, who ruled the Ottoman empire at the time of the Baltimore raid. His boyish face belied a dark and cruel temperament. Fuelled by drink, he would roam the streets at night in search of citizens to impale.
The Stallion of the Seraglio: Sultan Ibrahim, whose notorious orgies were the most debauched since the decadent days of the Roman empire. When he demanded a giantess for his bed, his courtiers obliged … but she was strangled by his jealous mother.
A seventeenth-century waterfront view of the Sultan’s seraglio in Constantinople. Once she passed the Gate Of Felicity into the harem, a slave would probably never return to the outside world.
A typical corsair galley, low and sleek with a raised prow to lock over the deck of enemy ships and enable its troops to pour on board. Sea chases could continue for days without respite for the exhausted oarsmen.
The ‘well-gua
rded city’. This seventeenth-century plan of Algiers and its fortresses shows how impregnable the corsair base had become. A slave arriving here could abandon all hope of rescue.
Tiny figures guard the harbour and toil to maintain the Mole. It was continually being eroded by the sea, and replenishing it with rocks was one of the worst jobs a slave could expect in Algiers.
Slaves packed like sardines at the oars of an admiral’s galley. ‘For these wretches’, wrote one witness, ‘life was a species of hell.’
A seventeenth-century plan showing the layout of the Sultan’s Seraglio in Constantinople. Entering at the left, a visitor would progress through a series of guarded portals before reaching the no-go area of the women’s harem to the right.
A typical street in Algiers.
About the Author
DES EKIN is Assistant Editor with the Sunday World in Ireland. As well as researching news analysis and feature articles, he writes a popular column that reaches almost a million readers every weekend. He was born in County Down, Northern Ireland, and spent a decade reporting on the Troubles in Belfast before moving to Dublin, where he now lives with his wife, son and two daughters. He is the author of two crime novels, Stone Heart and Single Obsession, both published by The O’Brien Press. The Stolen Village was shortlisted for the Argosy Irish Non-Fiction Book of the Year Award in 2007.