Tales from Both Sides of the Brain : A Life in Neuroscience (9780062228819)
Page 43
University of Edinburgh, 104, 334. See also Gifford Lecture Series
University of Pennsylvania: Premack at, 102
University of Rochester: corpus callosum patients at, 15–17, 39, 44
Uviller, Rena, 166–67, 167
Van Horn, Jack, 305–6
Van Wagenen, William P., 15, 38, 38n
variation: explanations for, 355–57. See also individual variation
Vatican: Gazzaniga’s talk about free will at, 107; Sperry’s talk at, 344–45
Vaughan, Sam, 172
Velletri-Glass, Andrea, 129–30
Venice, Italy: Cognitive Neuroscience Institute meetings in, 211–12, 251–53, 257
Veterans Administration Hospital (Boston), 49
Veterans Administration Hospital (Martinez, California), 273
Vidal, Gore, 92
Vietnam War, 136
violence, interdisciplinary meeting about nature of, 108–9
visiting-professor program, UC Davis, 274–80
visual system: anterior commissure and, 145; attention and, 178–79, 226–27, 230, 232–34; and basics of split-brain research, 55–56, 55; Berlucchi-Gazzaniga studies about, 92–96; blindness and, 175–79; and challenges to two minds idea, 133–34; and copying of hand gestures, 84–87; corpus callosum and, 92–96, 301; and correcting scientific errors, 300–301, 300; cueing and, 80, 81–83, 84–87; emotions and, 81–83; and Gazzaniga’s studies at UCSB, 98–100; and Gazzaniga’s studies on reinforcement, 126–27, 133–34; interpreter theory and, 295–96; Mangun’s studies of, 262–64; memory and, 74, 279; and Morse code of the brain, 96; “readiness response” and, 225; Schachter and Singer research on, 153; and semi-split mind studies, 241–44; and sensory-motor integration studies, 74, 98–100; speech/language and, 82–83, 266, 270; technology and, 175–79; and testing of UCSB undergraduates, 99–100; and Tulving’s studies, 279; unconscious and, 160; and University Consortium on Perception, 117; and variation in split-brain surgery, 146–47; vitamin injection experiment with, 153. See also eye tracker; optic chiasm
Vogel, Peter, 39
Vogel, Philip J., 20, 87
Volpe, Bruce, 159, 160, 173, 176, 198
Volpe, Nancy, 198
von Harreveld, Anthonie, 7
V.P. (case): blindness and, 176; brain imaging and, 196–97, 299–303; and challenges to split-brain research, 216, 222–24; and correcting scientific errors, 299–303, 300; emotions and, 152; interpreter theory and, 152; MacKays’ testing of, 216; picture of, 33; and Sergent’s findings, 222; Seymour’s testing of, 222–23; smiles study and, 246; speech and, 155, 271, 301–3
Washington University: Posner’s brain imaging studies at, 192
Watson, James, 40, 45, 190
Watts riots: Gazzaniga’s manuscript about, 136
W.B. (case), 130–31
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale test, 62, 64
Weiskrantz, Larry, 176
Weiss, Paul, 51–52, 173
Weissman, Irv, 317–19
Weston, Connecticut: Gazzaniga’s home in, 138
Whitman, Michael, 207
Whitman, Walt, 117
Wilson, Donald, 139–40, 139, 235, 241
W.J. (case): and beginning of split-brain research, 19–20, 35–37, 49, 72, 77, 359; and beginnings of left brain/right brain distinction, 62–65, 66, 67, 79, 359; communication between left and right brain of, 35–37, 87, 88; and emotional reactions to sexual pictures, 90; filming of, 62–65, 66; as first split-brain case, 32, 38–39, 71; Gazzaniga’s testing of, 19–20, 32, 35–37, 51, 57–59, 63–65; and Geschwind’s findings, 50, 51; importance of, 38–39, 49, 72, 77, 351–52; Kohs block test for, 62–63, 64–65, 66, 67, 72, 87; memories of, 73, 74; as peak experience for Gazzaniga, 359; picture of, 33; preoperative testing on, 39; P.S. case compared with, 148; reports about, 49, 77; and sensory-motor integration studies, 67, 68, 71–73, 74, 85, 87; speech and, 35–37, 352; touch and, 57–59; and two minds finding, 114; vision and, 35–37, 72, 87, 105
Woldorff, Marty, 227
Wolford, George, 293–94
Wolman, Baron, 62
women: at Dartmouth College, 306–7; and Mead’s comments about Caltech men, 18–19
World Health Organization (WHO), 237
World Trade Center (New York City): bombing of, 311–12; and Gazzaniga’s wedding, 166–67, 167
World War II, 11, 90, 275
Yamantaka, Shinya, 325
Youngman, Henny, 100
Zajonc, Robert, 106
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
MICHAEL S. GAZZANIGA is internationally recognized in the field of neuroscience and a pioneer in cognitive research. He is the director of the SAGE Center for the Study of the Mind at the University of California, Santa Barbara, and the author of many popular science books, including Who’s in Charge? Free Will and the Science of the Brain; Nature’s Mind: The Biological Roots of Thinking, Emotions, Sexuality, Language, and Intelligence; and Mind Matters: How the Mind and Brain Interact to Create Our Conscious Lives. He is a prominent adviser to various institutes involved in brain research, a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a past president of the American Psychological Society. He is featured regularly on public television and his research has been presented on NBC Nightly News and the Today show. Gazzaniga lives in Vermont and California with his wife and six children.
Discover great authors, exclusive offers, and more at hc.com.
ALSO BY MICHAEL S. GAZZANIGA
Who’s in Charge?
Free Will and the Science of the Brain
Human:
The Science Behind What Makes Us Unique
The Ethical Brain:
The Science of Our Moral Dilemmas
The Mind’s Past
Nature’s Mind:
The Biological Roots of Thinking, Emotions, Sexuality, Language, and Intelligence
Mind Matters:
How Mind and Brain Interact to Create Our Conscious Lives
The Social Brain:
Discovering the Networks of the Mind
Conversations in the Cognitive Neurosciences
CREDITS
Cover art and design by Sara Wood
Author photograph by Charlotte Smylie
COPYRIGHT
TALES FROM BOTH SIDES OF THE BRAIN. Copyright © 2015 by Michael S. Gazzaniga. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, downloaded, decompiled, reverse-engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
FIRST EDITION
ISBN 978-0-06-222880-2
EPub Edition FEBRUARY 2015 ISBN 9780062228819
15 16 17 18 19 OV/RRD 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ABOUT THE PUBLISHER
Australia
HarperCollins Publishers Australia Pty. Ltd.
Level 13, 201 Elizabeth Street
Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
www.harpercollins.com.au
Canada
HarperCollins Canada
2 Bloor Street East - 20th Floor
Toronto, ON M4W 1A8, Canada
www.harpercollins.ca
New Zealand
HarperCollins Publishers New Zealand
Unit D1, 63 Apollo Drive
Rosedale 0632
Auckland, New Zealand
www.harpercollins.co.nz
United Kingdom
HarperCollins Publishers Ltd.
77-85 Fulham Palace Road
London W6 8JB, UK
www.harpercollins.co.uk
United States
HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
195 Broadway
New York, NY 10007
>
www.harpercollins.com
* Their work supported the hypothesis that DNA replication was semi-conservative, using one strand of the original DNA helix and one newly minted one during replication. M. Meselson and F. W. Stahl, “The Replication of DNA in Escherichia coli,” PNAS 44 (1958): 671–82.
* Delbucco, from a small town in Calabria, Italy, was a virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize for his work on oncoviruses, which are viruses that can cause cancer when they infect animal cells. He had been a member of the Italian Resistance during World War II before moving to the United States.
* Sol Hurok was a world-famous twentieth-century American impresario who managed Arthur Rubinstein and Isaac Stern, among a fleet of other well-known actors and musicians.
* The location of the brain’s speech center in the left hemisphere was discovered by the French physicians Marc Dax and Paul Broca in the nineteenth century.
* The brain is a largely symmetrical organ with the left side of the brain controlling the right side of the body and the right side of the brain controlling the left side of the body. The activities of each side of the brain are normally coordinated by the great cerebral commissure called the corpus callosum.
* Status epilepticus is a life-threatening persistent generalized convulsive seizure and is a medical emergency. It is traditionally defined as a seizure that lasts longer than five minutes.
† Neurosurgery residents spend time training in neurology as well.
‡ As mentioned earlier, Van Wagenen was the neurosurgeon who first performed callosal sections on humans in the 1940s.
* A cerebral infarction, or stroke, occurs when an artery that supplies a part of the brain becomes blocked or leaks. The area of tissue that loses its blood supply dies.
† A disconnection effect is a neurological disorder caused by the interruption in the transmission of an impulse along a cerebral nerve fiber/pathway.
* The pons is part of the brainstem.
* I did finish the book to Pat’s satisfaction and to the publisher’s but not to that of Jerry Brown, his son, then just starting his climb to the governorship he’d win six years later. The odd thing about this project is that while it was concluded forty-three years ago, only six months ago a total stranger wrote to me to ask if an old manuscript that he had found was in fact the very same book. Indeed it was. As I reread it, it was chilling to see how little my view—then placed in the governor’s first-person narrative—has changed even after recently working for four years on a $10 million MacArthur Foundation project dealing with the same issues.
* Neuropsychology studies the structure and function of the brain to understand how they relate to specific psychological processes and behaviors.
* Psychophysics studies quantitatively the relationship between physical stimuli and the sensations and perceptions that they incite.
† Cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes such as attention, language, memory and learning, problem solving, and so on.
* Now known as granulomatosis with polyangitis, an inflammation of the small- and medium-size blood vessels that affects many organs.
* Information theory is concerned with the quantity and quality of information and is a branch of applied mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering. Formally introduced by Claude E. Shannon in 1948 with his classic paper, “A Mathematical Theory of Communication,” it was developed to solve the problem of how to transmit information over a noisy channel.
* Transformational grammar is a theory developed by Chomsky of how grammatical knowledge is represented and processed in the brain. The idea is that each sentence in a language has both a deep and a surface structure. The deep structure represents the relations between the words of a sentence, and is mapped onto the surface structure via transformations. Chomsky believes there are considerable similarities between the deep structures of all languages that surface structures conceal.
* Proprioception is the awareness of the position of the various parts of the body. It arises from stimuli from sensory nerves in muscles, tendons, and joints.
* Orthographic distinctiveness is the structural characteristics of a word that make it physically unusual, interesting, or distinctive.
* In contrast to free recall, recognition memory is the ability to recognize previously encountered objects, events, and so forth.
* A homologous region is one that has the same evolutionary origin as another but may differ in function.
* BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) contrast is the measure used in functional magnetic resonance imaging that relies on intrinsic changes in hemoglobin oxygenation between the arterial and venous blood. Everyone uses it and has from the beginning.
* Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which sensory stimulation from one sense or stimulation from one cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in another. For instance, hearing a particular word may be experienced as a particular taste.
* Michael Corballis is a psychologist at the University of Auckland who, among other things, studies the origins and evolution of human language and proposed that it evolved through gesture.
† Alan Baddeley is a British psychologist, well known for his research on working memory.
* A University of Chicago professor who has been engaged in ethical and philosophical issues raised by biomedical advances.
* The tube that connects the ovary to the uterus.
* Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique wherein the nucleus of a donor somatic cell (any body cell except a reproductive one or an undifferentiated stem cell) is removed. Then the nucleus of a host’s egg cell is removed and discarded. The donor nucleus is inserted into the egg cell and that egg cell will reprogram it. The egg, now sporting the nucleus of the donor somatic cell as its own, is stimulated with a shock and will begin to divide, eventually forming a blastocyst with DNA that is almost identical to the original host organism’s.