508 “These trees”: Quoted in James Bradley Thayer, A Western Journey with Mr. Emerson (Boston: Little, Brown, 1884), 67.
508 “terrible mementoes”: Oliver Wendell Holmes, “Doings of the Sunbeam,” The Atlantic Monthly 12 (July 1863), 11.
509 “a gigantic institution”: J. D. Whitney, The Yosemite Guide-Book: A Description of the Yosemite Valley and the Adjacent Region of the Sierra Nevada, and of the Big Trees of California (Cambridge, Mass.: Welch, Bigelow, and Co., 1869), 21.
509 “inalienable for all time!”: Ibid., 22.
509 “give satisfaction”: Ibid., chap. 1. In addition, see the superb essay by Douglas R. Nickel, “The Art of Perception,” in Carleton Watkins: The Art of Perception, ed. Douglas R. Nickel (San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 1999), for a fine discussion of the relation between Watkins and the railroad.
511 “The earth is the Lord’s”: Samuel Bowles, The Switzerland of America: A Summer Vacation in the Parks and Mountains of Colorado (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1869), 124.
511 “He received us”: Phineas T. Barnum, Struggles and Triumphs: Or, Forty Years’ Recollections of P. T. Barnum (New York: American News Co., 1871), 856.
512 “It must have been”: Quoted in Thurman Wilkins, Clarence King: A Biography (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1988), 43.
513 “best and brightest”: Quoted in Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, in Henry Adams, Novels, ed. Ernest Samuels and Jayne N. Samuels (New York: Library of America, 1983), 1100.
513 King told a friend: See Wilkins, Clarence King, 34–36. Much of the biographical material on King in this chapter is drawn from this fine volume.
513 “facts are stupid things”: Quoted in David McCullough, Brave Companions: Portraits in History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 26.
514 “the brain of the Negro”: Quoted in Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001), 109. Menand’s is a superb overview of Agassiz and, more generally, postbellum skepticism.
514 “They will Mexicanize”: Quoted in ibid., 101–2. For a full, excellent account of Agassiz’s racial theories and their impact (as well as Darwin’s comment on them), see Christoph Irmscher, Louis Agassiz: Creator of American Science (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2013).
514 “effeminate progeny”: Quoted in Menand, The Metaphysical Club, 114–15.
515 “I would rather be”: Quoted in Carl Sagan, Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors (New York: Ballantine Books, 1993), 72.
515 “Better far”: Clarence King, “Atrium Magister,” North American Review 147 (October 1885), 377–78.
515 “that settled it”: Rossiter W. Raymond, “Biographical Notice,” Clarence King Memoirs: The Helmet of Malbrino, ed. James D. Hague (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1904), 315.
517 “Now, Mr. King”: James D. Hague, “Memorabilia,” in Clarence King Memoirs, 385.
517 “What would Ruskin”: Raymond, “Biographical Notice,” in Clarence King Memoirs, 319; John Hay, “Clarence King,” in Clarence King Memoirs, 130.
517 “Am I really fallen”: Clarence King, Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1903), 220.
518 “as it really is”: Ibid., 365.
518 “However complex”: Clarence King, “Bancroft’s Native Races of the Pacific States,” The Atlantic Monthly 35 (February 1875), 163–64.
518 “Didn’t I tell you”: Clarence King, “Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada, II,” The Atlantic Monthly 27 (June 1871), 707–9.
519 “I take a little ride”: Quoted in William Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire: The Explorer and the Scientist in the Winning of the American West (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1966), 438. Goetzmann’s book is crucial.
520 “It would have been”: Quoted in Robert Wilson’s fine The Explorer King: Adventure, Science, and the Great Diamond Hoax—Clarence King in the Old West (New York: Scribner, 2006), 249.
520 “I have lain and listened”: King, Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada, 99.
521 “Tis wonderful how”: Ralph Waldo Emerson, The Collected Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 7, ed. Ronald A. Bosco and Douglass Emory Wilson (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 10.
521 “Romance like this”: Bret Harte, “Current Literature,” The Overland Monthly 5 (October 1870), 386.
522 For King, O’Sullivan produced: O’Sullivan worked for King during the 1867–69 seasons. In 1871, he joined Lieutenant George Montague Wheeler in his survey of the American Southwest. This was a military expedition that included not only the preparation of maps and the documenting of topographical features but also the assessment of native Indian peoples. Though O’Sullivan returned to work with King in 1872, by 1873 he was again working with Wheeler, creating pared-down, almost abstract pictures, contrasting light and shadow and geometric forms.
522 “One would think”: Quoted in Wilkins, Clarence King, 104.
522 King had commissioned: For a good discussion of these photographs as geological specimens, see Keith H. Davis, “Timothy H. O’Sullivan, Photographer,” in Timothy H. O’Sullivan: The King Survey Photographs, ed. Keith F. Davis et al. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2012).
523 “It is only lesser men”: Clarence King, “Catastrophism and Evolution,” The American Naturalist 11 (August 1877), 463. Subsequent quotations in this section are from this essay unless otherwise noted. See also Robert Wilson’s The Explorer King for an excellent account of King’s expeditions and their meaning, as well as Goetzmann, Exploration and Empire, chap. 12.
526 “Size, brute mass”: Clarence King, “Style and the Monument,” North American Review 141 (November 1885), 450.
526 “optimism”: Alexander Agassiz, Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz, ed. George Russell Agassiz (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 192.
526 Ada Copeland: See Martha A. Sandweiss, Passing Strange: A Gilded Age Tale of Love and Deception across the Color Line (New York: Penguin, 2010), for a detailed analysis of the relationship between King and Ada Copeland.
527 “I have been trying”: Tyler Dennett, John Hay: From Poetry to Politics (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1934), 161
CHAPTER 23: WITH THE TEN COMMANDMENTS IN ONE HAND
529 a “subject”: William T. Sherman and John Sherman, The Sherman Letters: Correspondence between William Tecumseh and John Sherman from 1837 to 1891, ed. Rachel Sherman Thorndike (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1894), 29.
530 “Possession is half the law”: Herman Melville, Moby-Dick (New York: Library of America College Editions, 2000), 448.
530 “painful to behold”: Quoted in Robert G. Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956), 82.
530 “If the whole Army”: CG, 40th Congress, 1st Session, July 17, 1867, 681.
530 The way west: See F. A. Walker, “The Indian Question,” North American Review 116 (April 1873), 339.
531 “On the 27th day”: OR, ser. I, vol. 41, pt. 1, January 15, 1865, 959–62.
532 “Bucks, women, and children”: Quoted in Steve Grinstead and Ben Fogelberg, eds., Western Voices: 125 Years of Western Writing (Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum Publishing, 2004), 329.
532 “Any man who would”: Quoted in ibid., 325.
532 “the worst passions”: “Massacre of the Cheyenne Indians,” in Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, at the Second Session of the Thirty-eighth Congress (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1865), v. For a good account of the Sand Creek massacre, see also Robert M. Utley, The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846–1890 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984), chap. 3.
533 “pure beggars and poor devils”: Quoted in Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West, 26. See also the most complete treatment of government policy and Native Americans: Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States Government and the American
Indians (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1984).
533 “Our soldiers are not”: Quoted in Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West, 83.
533 “We have come to”: CG, 40th Congress, 1st Session, July 16, 1867, 672.
533 “Whether right or wrong”: Quoted in Sherman and Sherman, The Sherman Letters, 296.
533 The railroad, he calculated: See Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West, 252.
534 “Now and then”: Quoted in R. W. Mardock, The Reformers and the American Indian (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1971), 86.
535 “If the lands”: Quoted in Prucha, The Great Father, 491.
536 “a sort of predatory war”: Sherman and Sherman, The Sherman Letters, 321.
536 “The red man”: Walker, “The Indian Question,” 338.
537 “The Indian is unfortunately”: Ibid., 365.
537 “The great poison”: Quoted in Mardock, The Reformers and the American Indian, 39.
537 “Most Indians have a personal”: Quoted in Richard G. Hardorff, The Death of Crazy Horse: A Tragic Episode in Lakota History (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001), 98.
537 “Wendell Phillips’ new nigger”: “Wendell Phillips,” New York Herald, June 11, 1869, 6.
537 “To talk of the rights”: Quoted in Mardock, The Reformers and the American Indian, 47.
538 “All the great points”: Quoted in ibid., 39.
538 “Heaven forbid”: “Wendell Phillips on the Pacific Railroad,” The New York Times, June 10, 1868, 1.
539 “I propose to give them”: Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West, 224.
539 “I hope to do”: Philip H. Sheridan to Samuel J. Crawford, Sept. 26, 1868, Kansas State Historical Society.
539 “The only good Indians”: Quoted in Ralph K. Andrist, The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001), 316.
542 “The proper treatment”: Ulysses S. Grant, “Inaugural Address,” March 4, 1869, in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 7, ed. James D. Richardson (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1898), 8.
542 “a once powerful tribe”: Ulysses S. Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, Selected Letters 1839–1865, ed. Mary Drake McFeely and William S. McFeely (New York: Library of America, 1990), 949.
542 “It really is my opinion”: Quoted in Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), 520.
545 “You are fools”: Quoted in Charles Larpenteur, Forty Years a Fur Trader on the Upper Missouri: The Personal Narrative of Charles Larpenteur, 1833–1872 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989), 360.
545 The story subsequently reported: See CG, 41st Congress, 2nd Session, pt. 2, Feb. 25, 1870, 1576–81.
546 “the whip was more efficient”: Quoted in Richard Slotkin, The Fatal Environment: The Myth of the Frontier in the Age of Industrialization, 1800–1890 (New York: Athenaeum, 1985), 402.
546 “accomplish little or no good”: “The Poor Indian,” New York Times, May 19, 1870, 8.
547 “the Great Spirit did not”: “The Indians: Final Interview between Red Cloud and the Secretary of the Interior,” The New York Times, June 11, 1870, 1.
547 “The Great Father may be”: “The Indians,” The New York Times, June 8, 1870, 1.
547 “I came from where”: Ibid.
548 “I don’t want any”: “The Indians: Reception at Cooper Institute,” New-York Tribune, June 17, 1870, 1.
548 “Indian lovers”: Quoted in Mardock, The Reformers and the American Indian, 69.
549 “red savage” . . . “animal”: Ibid., 86.
549 “I am on the Reservation”: Quoted in Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West, 248–49.
549 “Extinction”: CG, 41st Congress, 3rd Session, pt. 1, Jan. 25, 1871, 733.
549 “He who resists”: CG, 41st Congress, 3rd Session, pt. 1, Jan. 21, 1871, 656.
549 “savage fiends”: CG, 41st Congress, 3rd Session, pt. 1, Jan. 25, 1871, 738.
549 “Indian worshipper”: Mark Twain, Innocents Abroad; Roughing It, ed. Guy Cardwell (New York: Library of America, 1984), 634.
549 “spare, bronze face”: Clarence King, Mountaineering in the Sierra Nevada (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1902), 364.
549 “liberating power”: Ibid., 365.
551 “the rosewater Quaker”: George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong, vol. 4, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York: Macmillan, 1952), 476–77.
551 “Let sniveling quakers”: Quoted in Robert M. Utley, The Indian Frontier of the American West, 1846–1890 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1984), 165.
551 “Treachery is inherent”: Quoted in Athearn, William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West, 301.
551 “It is evident”: Quoted in David Goldfield, America Aflame: How the Civil War Created a Nation (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2011), 454.
552 in the West, swarming grasshoppers: See Heather Cox Richardson, West from Appomattox: The Reconstruction of America after the Civil War (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007), 159.
552 “labor, the creator of wealth”: Quoted in The Prophet of Liberty: The Life and Times of Wendell Phillips (New York: Bookman Associates, 1958), 597.
552 “From the grass roots down”: William Eleroy Curtis, Inter-Ocean, Aug. 27, 1874, quoted in Donald Jackson, Custer’s Gold (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1972), 90.
553 the back-and-forth demonstrates: For an excellent analysis of Grant’s peace policy, see David Sim, “The Peace Policy of Ulysses S. Grant”: American Nineteenth Century History 9 (September 2008), 241–68.
553 “I want you to go”: Quoted in Thomas Powers, The Killing of Crazy Horse (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2010), 93.
554 “destroyed like ashes”: Quoted in ibid., 103.
555 “the Indians were always scientific”: Charles King, “Custer’s Last Battle,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 81 (August 1890), 379.
556 “Rich men and poor men”: “Immense Crowds Everywhere,” The New York Times, May 11, 1976, 2.
556 Crazy Horse was not hit: Nick Rouleau, interview with Eli Ricker, November 20, 1906, conveying information from Austin Red Hawk, in Lakota Recollections of the Custer Fight: New Sources of Indian Military History, ed. Richard Hardorff (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991), 37ff., and “The Thunder Bear Narrative,” in Indian Views of the Custer Fight: A Source Book, ed. Richard Hardorff (Tulsa: University of Oklahoma Press, 2005), 87–92.
556 nothing remained: See John Gregory Burke, The Diaries of John Gregory Burke, vol. 1, ed. Charles M. Robinson (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2003), 361.
556 “Our young men rained”: Robert M. Utley, Cavalier in Buckskins: George Armstrong Custer and the Western Military Frontier (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2001), 149.
557 “As this is the centennial”: William H. Rowan to Thomas L. Jones, quoted in “The War with the Indians,” The New York Times, July 16, 1876, 1.
CHAPTER 24: CONCILIATION; OR, THE LIVING
559 He wore civilian clothes: For most of the description of Forrest, see John A. Wyeth, Life of General Nathan Bedford Forrest (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1899), 628–29.
560 “a typical pioneer”: Lafcadio Hearn, Occidental Gleanings, vol. 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1925), 146.
560 “If they send”: Quoted in Charles Royster, “Slaver, General, Klansman,” The Atlantic Monthly 271 (May 1993), 126.
561 “Nothing interferes more”: “In Light of Conciliation,” The New York Times, Oct. 31, 1877, 4.
562 “a deep-seated disease”: Quoted in Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Union, vol. 2 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 326.
563 “for no d—d niggers”: “Slaughter of American Citizens at Hamburgh, S.C.,” 44th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document 85
, serial set 1664, Aug. 1, 1876, 36.
563 “insolent”: See, e.g., “Negros Defy the Civil Power and Are Whipped into Obedience,” Daily Columbus Enquirer, July 11, 1876, 1.
564 “We are going”: “Slaughter of American Citizens at Hamburgh, S.C.,” 47.
564 Henry Purvis: Quoted in Ulysses S. Grant, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 27, ed. John Y. Simon, (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991), 233.
564 “as ever you seen it shine”: “Slaughter of American Citizens at Hamburgh, S.C.,” 44.
564 “There had to be”: Ibid., 45.
564 “The white men”: Ibid., 47.
565 helped organize a rally: See “The Meaning of Hamburg,” The New York Times, July 24, 1876, 6.
565 “Who is Mr. Chamberlain”: Quoted in Ted Tunnell, “Creating ‘The Propaganda of History’: Southern Editors and the Origins of Carpetbagger and Scalawag,” The Journal of Southern History 72 (November 2006), 814.
566 “The civilization of the Puritan”: Quoted in Hyman Rubin III, South Carolina Scalawags (Columbia: South Carolina University Press, 2006), 102.
567 “the possible return”: “The Ku-Klux,” Harper’s Weekly 20 (Aug. 5, 1876), 630.
567 “Sambo takes naturally”: James S. Pike, Prostrate State: South Carolina under Negro Government (New York: D. Appleton and Co., 1874), 29.
567 “Seven years ago”: Ibid., 21.
567 “one who is really”: Quoted in Walter Allen, Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina: A Chapter of Reconstruction in the Southern States (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1888), 112.
567 “like a wall”: Quoted in Robert K. Ackerman, Wade Hampton III (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2007), 142.
568 “Let the last”: Quoted in Richard Zuczek, State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 160.
568 “the slaughter”: Quoted in Grant, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 27, 234.
568 “widespread terror”: Daniel H. Chamberlain to U. S. Grant, July 22, 1876, quoted in “Slaughter of American Citizens at Hamburgh, S.C.,” 44th Congress, 1st Session, Senate Executive Document 85, Aug. 1, 1876 (serial set 1664), 4.
Ecstatic Nation Page 75