568 “a barbarous massacre”: Ulysses Grant, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 27, 199–200.
569 “To say that the murder”: Quoted in “President’s Message on Louisiana Affairs,” Rochester [Ind.] Union Spy, Jan. 22, 1875, 2.
569 “the terrorism now existing”: Quoted in Grant, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 26, 19.
570 “Lawless and defiant”: Quoted in William Lloyd Garrison, The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, vol. 6, ed. Walter M. Merrill and Louis Ruchames (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981), 361.
570 “Wendell Phillips and William Lloyd Garrison”: Quoted in James M. McPherson, The Abolitionist Legacy: From Reconstruction to the NAACP (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1975), 49.
570 “If this can be done”: Carl Schurz, Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz, vol. 3, ed. Frederic Bancroft (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1913), 125.
571 “are not a people”: Ibid., 142.
571 “Only the most morbid”: Ibid., 142.
571 “To the extent”: Quoted in James D. Richardson, ed., A Compilation of Messages and Papers of the Presidents, vol. 7 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1898), 313.
572 “support or oppose men”: “Mississippi Democrats: Some Plain Words about Them,” The New York Times, May 2, 1876, 1.
572 “Mississippi plan”: James Redpath, “The Lesson of Mississippi,” The Independent, Aug. 3, 1876, 4. But Redpath, the former Radical, was also turning his back on Reconstruction, which he dubbed a failure, declaring, “Fellow Republicans, it is idle to denounce the South. We are to blame. We are to blame. We knew the Negro to be timid, unarmed, illiterate; and yet we left him in the midst of the fiercest fights on this planet, and expected him to rule them. In Mississippi his power went down in violence and blood.” To him, the problem did not admit of an easy solution: “If we give complete military protection to the Negro,” he said, “we shall establish a system of government which no white race on the face of this earth either ought to endure or will endure.” Yet, he added, “if we fail to protect the Negro in the right of suffrage we thereby surrender the states of South Carolina, Mississippi, and Louisiana to the same brutal banditti who drove those communities into civil war.” The solution: he had none, though he did conclude by saying that “the rebel has rights too.”
572 “collision”: Quoted in George W. Curtis, “The Ku-Klux,” Harper’s Weekly (Aug. 5, 1876), 631.
572 “Negroes defy the civil”: “The Races,” Columbus [Georgia] Daily Enquirer, July 11, 1876, 1.
572 “expect my race”: Congressional Record, 44th Congress, 1st Session, 4645.
573 “Then the contest was”: Thomas Wentworth Higginson, “Border Ruffianism in South Carolina,” The Independent, Aug. 10, 1876, 1.
573 “We black men in”: Quoted in Grant, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 27, 204–5.
573 Cox sneeringly asked: See Okon E. Uya, From Slavery to Public Service: Robert Smalls, 1839–1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975), 106.
574 “The Yankees had saved”: Quoted in Walter Allen, Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina: A Chapter of Reconstruction in the Southern States (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1888), 414.
575 “if ever a statesman”: Quoted in Walter Brian Cisco, Wade Hampton: Confederate Warrior, Conservative Statesman (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2004), 280.
575 “as the Negro becomes”: Quoted in Robert K. Ackerman, Wade Hampton III (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2007), 175.
575 “prop up the waning”: Francis Butler Simkins and Robert H. Woody, South Carolina during Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 488, provides an excellent overview.
576 “When my race”: And the quotations from Hampton’s speech in Martin R. Delany, Martin R. Delany: A Documentary Reader, ed. Robert S. Levine (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003), 453–54.
576 “Such delirium”: “The Political Condition of South Carolina,” The Atlantic Monthly 39 (February 1877), 183.
577 “We kept away fifty”: Ibid., 187.
579 “shot to pieces”: Louisiana in 1876: Report of the Sub-Committee of the Committee on Privileges and Elections of the United States Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1877), 18. See also Florida Election, 1876: Report of the Senate Committee on Privileges and Elections, with the Testimony and Documentary Evidence, on the Election in the State of Florida, 1876 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1877).
579 “And this is equal rights”: Quoted in William Gillette’s fine, Retreat from Reconstruction, 1869–1879 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), 320. As for stealing the election, as the historian Ronald F. King points out, based on his study of the Louisiana elections, “It is probable that the Republican Party rightfully was allowed to assert victory in all three of the contested 1876 elections in the south. If so, the electoral commission’s selection of Hayes over Tilden was justifiable; the federal concession of several state governments to the Redeemers was not.” See Ronald F. King, “A Most Corrupt Election: Louisiana in 1876,” Studies in American Political Development 15 (Fall 2001), 136.
579 ”Who is Wheeler?”: Quoted in Hans L. Trefousse, Rutherford B. Hayes (New York: Times Books, 2002), 68.
580 “no vote of his”: William Dean Howells, Sketch of the Life and Character of Rutherford B. Hayes (New York: Hurd and Houghton, 1876), 103–4.
580 “blessings of honest”: Ibid., 126.
580 “The result: what is it”: Quoted in Trefousse, Rutherford B. Hayes, 76.
582 Rumors of a deal notwithstanding: See Michael Les Benedict, “Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876–1877,” The Journal of Southern History 46 (November 1980), 489–524, and George C. Rable, “Southern Interests and the Election of 1876: A Reappraisal,” Civil War History 26 (December 1980), 347–61.
582 “the constitutional safeguards”: Quoted in Simkins and Woody, South Carolina during Reconstruction, 537.
583 “To permit Hampton”: Allen, Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina, 470.
583 “It is not the duty”: Rutherford B. Hayes, The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, vol. 3, ed. Charles R. Williams (Columbus: Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, 1924), 429.
583 “I am confident”: Ibid., 430.
584 “violent exclusion”: D. H. Chamberlain, “Reconstruction and the Negro,” North American Review 128 (February 1879), 173.
585 “It was my fortune”: Grant, The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, vol. 28, 62–63.
586 “the gift Northern blundering”: Wendell Phillips, “The Outlook,” North American Review 127 (July–August 1878), 98.
586 “Half of what Grant”: “Blast from Wendell: The Great Orator Dissects Mr. Hayes and His Advisers,” The Boston Globe, March 27, 1877, 1.
586 “meaning thereby”: William Lloyd Garrison, The Letters of William Lloyd Garrison, vol. 6, ed. Walter M. Merrill and Louis Ruchames (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981), 459.
587 “I see no better course”: John Greenleaf Whittier, The Letters of John Greenleaf Whittier, vol. 3, ed. John B. Pickard (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975), 374.
587 “The negro will disappear”: “The Political South Hereafter,” The Nation 24 (April 5, 1877), 202.
587 “well meaning”: Quoted in the moving Nicholas Lemann, Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), 182.
588 “Drops of rose-water”: Wendell Phillips, “The Outlook,” North American Review 127 (July-August 1878), 100.
588 “Lamar of Mississippi”: W. E. B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 (New York: Free Press, 1990), 624.
590 “The country is again”: Hayes, The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, vol. 3, 443.
590 For to him and other
Liberal Republicans: For a cogent analysis of Hayes’s policy, see Brooks D. Simpson, The Reconstruction Presidents (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998), chap. 7.
590 “Whatever may have been”: “Ought the Negro to Be Disenfranchised? Ought He to Have Been Enfranchised?,” North American Review 128 (March 1879), 240.
590 “By a system”: Ibid., 233.
590 “whenever political issues arise”: Ibid., 235.
591 “The negro wielded his vote”: Ibid., 257.
591 “scattered the fogs”: Ibid., 258.
591 “We have believed”: Ibid., 258.
592 “I stand here”: Quoted in George Brown Tindall, South Carolina Negroes, 1877–1900 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1952), 86.
592 “viewed from the genuine”: Frederick Douglass, Frederick Douglass: Selected Speeches and Writings, ed. Philip Foner (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 1999), 621.
592 “Though justice moves slowly”: Quoted in Donald Yacavone, ed., Freedom’s Journey: African American Voices of the Civil War (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2004), 201.
593 “You think us dead”: Wendell Phillips, “Appendix,” in Lydia Maria Child, The Letters of Lydia Maria Child, ed. Harriet Winslow Sewall (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1882), 268. The actual gravestone’s inscription reads “You call us dead. / We are not dead, / but truly living now.”
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
A note to the bibliophile: Annotations and commentary about many of the fine books, articles, and memoirs listed here may be found in the notes. And while this bibliography is long, it is by no means complete; the literature about the period from 1848 to 1877 is vast—and growing vaster by the minute.
Aaron, Daniel. The Unwritten War: American Writers and the Civil War. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.
Abbott, Henry Livermore. Fallen Leaves: The Civil War Letters of Major Henry Livermore Abbott. Ed. Robert Garth Scott. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1991.
Abbott, Martin L. “The Freedmen’s Bureau in South Carolina,” PhD diss., Emory University, 1954. Microsoft Word file.
Ackerman, Robert K. Wade Hampton III. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2007.
Adams, Bluford. E Pluribus Barnum: The Great Showman and the Making of U.S. Popular Culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.
Adams, Charles Francis, Jr. A Cycle of Adams Letters, 1861–1865. Ed. Worthington Chauncey Ford. 2 vols. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920.
———. “A Chapter of Erie.” North American Review 109 (July 1869): 30–106.
———. “Railroad Inflation.” North American Review 108 (January 1869): 130–64.
Adams, Henry. Democracy, Esther, Mont Saint Michel and Chartres, The Education of Henry Adams. New York: Library of America, 1983.
———. Historical Essays. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1891.
———. The Great Secession Winter of 1860–61 and Other Essays. Ed. George Hochfield. New York: Sagamore Press, 1958.
———. The Letters of Henry Adams. Ed. J. C. Levenson, Ernest Samuels, Charles Vandersee, and Viola H. Winner. 3 vols. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982.
Adams, Marian Hooper. The Letters of Mrs. Henry Adams. Ed. Ward Thoron. Boston: Little, Brown, 1936.
Agassiz, Alexander. Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz. Ed. George Russell Agassiz. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913.
Akin, Warren. The Letters of Warren Akin: Confederate Congressman. Ed. Bell Irvin Wiley. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1959.
Alcott, Bronson. The Journals of Bronson Alcott. Ed. Odell Shephard. Boston: Little, Brown, 1938.
———. The Letters of Bronson Alcott. Ed. Richard L. Hernstadt. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1969.
Alcott, Louisa May. Hospital Sketches. Boston: James Redpath, 1863.
Alden, W. L. “Some Phases of Literary New York in the Sixties.” Putnam’s Monthly 3 (February 1908): 554–58.
Alexander, Edward Porter. Fighting for the Confederacy: The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander. Ed. Gary W. Gallagher. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989.
Allen, Walter. Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina: A Chapter of Reconstruction in the Southern States. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1888.
Andrews, J. Cutler. The North Reports the Civil War. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1955.
Andrews, Sidney. “Three Months among the Reconstructionists.” The Atlantic Monthly 17 (February 1866): 2237–46.
Angle, Paul M., ed. The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958.
Annual Report of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York. Vol. 8, For the Year 1865–1866. New York: John W. Amerman, 1866.
Applegate, Debby. The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher. New York: Doubleday, 2007.
Athearn, Robert G. William Tecumseh Sherman and the Settlement of the West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1956.
Auchampaugh, Philip G. Robert Tyler, Southern Rights Champion, 1847–1866: A Documentary Study Chiefly of Antebellum Politics. Duluth, Minn.: H. Stein, 1934.
Baker, Jean H. Sisters: The Lives of America’s Suffragists. New York: Hill & Wang, 2005.
Bancroft, Frederic. The Life of William H. Seward. 2 vols. New York: Harper, 1900.
Bancroft, George. The Life and Letters of George Bancroft. Ed. M. A. DeWolfe Howe. 2 vols. New York: Scribner’s, 1908.
Barnum, Phineas T. Struggles and Triumphs; Or, Forty Years’ Recollections of P. T. Barnum. New York: American News, 1871.
Bates, David Homer. Lincoln in the Telegraph Office: Recollections of the United States Military Telegraph Corps during the Civil War. New York: Century Co., 1907.
Bates, Edward. The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859–66. Ed. Howard K. Beale. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933.
Belz, Herman. “Salmon P. Chase and the Politics of Racial Reform.” Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 17 (Summer 1996): 22–40.
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949.
———. John Quincy Adams and the Union. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956.
Benedict, Michael Les. “From Our Archives: A New Look at the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson.” Political Science Quarterly 113 (Autumn 1998): 493–511.
———. The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999.
———. “Southern Democrats in the Crisis of 1876–1877.” Journal of Southern History 46 (November 1980): 489–524.
Berlin, Ira, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowlands, eds. Freedom’s Soldiers: The Black Military Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Bigelow, John. Retrospections of an Active Life. 5 vols. New York: Baker and Taylor, 1909–1913.
Bigler, David L. “A Lion in the Path: Genesis of the Utah War, 1857–1858.” Utah Historical Quarterly 76 (Winter 2008): 4–21.
Blakeman, A. Noel, ed. Personal Recollections of the War of the Rebellion. Vol. 3, The Third Series. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1907.
Blight, David W. Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.
———. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American History. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.
Blondheim, Menahem. News over the Wires: The Telegraph and the Flow of Public Information in America, 1844–1897. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994.
Blue, Frederick J. No Taint of Compromise: Crusaders in Antislavery Politics. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2005.
———. Salmon P. Chase: A Life in Politics. Kent, Ohio: Kent State
University Press, 1987.
Bodnia, George. “Fort Pillow ‘Massacre’: Observations of a Minnesotan.” Minnesota History 43 (Spring 1973): 186–90.
Bordewich, Fergus M. America’s Great Debate: Henry Clay, Stephen A. Douglas, and the Compromise That Preserved the Union. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2012.
Boritt, Gabor S. “The Voyage to the Colony of Lincolnia: The Sixteenth President, Black Colonization, and the Defense Mechanism of Avoidance.” The Historian 37 (August 1975): 619–32.
———., ed. Why the Civil War Came. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
Bourke, John Gregory. The Diaries of John Gregory Bourke. Ed. Charles M. Robinson. 4 vols. Denton: University of North Texas Press, 2003–2009.
Boutwell, George S. The Lawyer, the Statesman and the Soldier. New York: D. Appleton, 1887.
Bowles, Samuel. The Switzerland of America: A Summer Vacation in the Parks and Mountains of Colorado. Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1869.
Braude, Ann. Radical Spirits: Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
Brodie, Fawn. Thaddeus Stevens: Scourge of the South. New York: W. W. Norton, 1966.
Brooks, Noah. Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks. Ed. Michael Burlingame. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.
———. Washington in Lincoln’s Time. New York: Century Co., 1895.
Brooks, U. R., ed. Stories of the Confederacy. Columbia, S.C.: State Company, 1912.
Brown, Joshua. Beyond the Lines: Pictorial Reporting, Everyday Life, and the Crisis of Gilded Age America. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.
Browne, Junius Henri. Four Years in Secessia: Adventures within and beyond the Union Lines. Hartford: O. D. Case, 1865.
———. The Great Metropolis: A Mirror of New York. Hartford: American Publishing, 1869.
Brownlee, Richard S. Gray Ghosts of the Confederacy: Guerrilla Warfare in the West, 1861–1865. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009.
Bunting, Josiah, III. Ulysses S. Grant. New York: Henry Holt, 2004.
Burton, Georgeanne B., and Orville Vernon Burton. “Lucy Holcombe Pickens, Southern Writer.” South Carolina Historical Magazine 103 (October 2002): 296–324.
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