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Paul Lauterbur and the Invention of MRI

Page 25

by M. Joan Dawson


  10. Paul C. Lauterbur, “Flow Measurements by NMR Zeugmatography,” manuscript dated October 24, 1973. Paul C. Lauterbur Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Archives, Philadelphia, PA.

  11. Seiji Ogawa, Tso-Ming Lee, A. R., and David W. Tank, “Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Contrast Dependent on Blood Oxygenation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87, no. 24 (December 1990): 9868–9872.

  Chapter 10

  1. Donald P. Hollis, Abusing Cancer Science: The Truth about NMR and Cancer (Chehalis, WA: Strawberry Fields Press, 1987).

  2. John Gardner, On Becoming a Novelist (New York: Harper & Row, 1983).

  3. Pam Adams, “U of I Professor Who Won Nobel Prize Says Fame Is a Distraction” Peoria Journal Star, September 14, 2004, C9–C10.

  4. Marsha Lynn Bragg, “A Medical Impression,” Case Magazine (Case Western Reserve University) 16 (Winter 2004): 55.

  5. Paul C. Lauterbur, comment at the birthday symposium for Chien Ho, director, Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research and Professor of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, November 2004.

  6. Paul C. Lauterbur, “The Spontaneous Development of Biology from Chemistry,” Astrobiology 8, no. 1 (February 2008): 3–8.

  7. Quoted in Jeff Baird, “Alpha Delta Alumnus Paul Lauterbur’s Research Led to MRI Technology, Now Used in Millions of Medical Investigations Worldwide,” The Laurel of Phi Kappa Tau, Winter 2004, 33–39.

  8. Paul C. Lauterbur, “Demystifying Biology: Did Life Begin as a Complex System?,” Complexity 11, no. 1 (September, 2005): 30–35.

  9. Paul C. Lauterbur, “The Spontaneous Development of Biology from Chemistry,” Astrobiology 8, no. 1 (February 2008): 3–8.

  10. A grant application to the National Institutes of Health that begins with fire and ice. The original is in the Paul C. Lauterbur Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Archives, Philadelphia, PA.

  11. Dylan Thomas,“Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,” in In Country Sleep and Other Poems (New York: New Directions, 1952).

  Epilogue

  1. Paul C. Lauterbur, “To Think, To Do, To Believe,” in Kyoto Prizes and Inamori Grants, 1994 (Kyoto: Inamori Foundation, 1995).

  2. Peter Sylwan, “Interview with Paul C. Lauterbur,” Nobel interview, December 2003, http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=552.

  3. Robert Shulman, letter to Paul Lauterbur on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. The original is in the Paul C. Lauterbur Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Archives, Philadelphia, PA.

  4. John Gardner, On Becoming a Novelist (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 35.

  5. Paul C. Lauterbur, three-page summary of his scientific style hand-written on a yellow pad, starting, “You have given me an opportunity.” The original is in the Paul C. Lauterbur Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Archives, Philadelphia, PA.

  6. P. W. Bridgman, Reflections of a Physicist (New York: Philosophical Library, 1950).

  7. Allegra Goodman, Intuition (New York: Dial Press, 2006), 21.

  Index

  Aberdeen, University of, 125

  Abusing Cancer Science, 111, 182

  Ackerman, Jerry, 75

  Aluminum (27Al), 60

  American Chemical Society, 63

  Anderson, Wes, 77, 127

  Andrew, Raymond, 123, 125, 128, 129

  A priori information, 163, 164, 177

  Army Chemical Center, 42

  Balldeschwieler, John, 74, 78

  Becker, Ted, 142

  Beckman Institute, 167, 172

  Berliner, Larry, 119

  Bernardo, Marcellino, 121

  Berry, Art, 64

  Big Red, 114, 115

  Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, 157–174, 181

  Bio-Rad Corporation, 76

  Bloch, Felix, 38, 39, 77, 85, 109

  Bloembergen Nicolaas, 145

  Blood flow, 4, 97, 99, 109, 117, 118, 176

  BOLD effect, 176, 177

  Bonner, Francis, 44, 55, 72, 97, 101

  Bothner-By, Aksel, 64, 83

  Bottomley, Paul, 130

  Bracewell, Ronald, 88

  Brain, 96, 122, 123, 129, 131, 161, 165, 167, 176, 177

  Brookhaven National Laboratories, 89, 101, 112, 118

  Bruker Instruments, 78

  Buddha, 165

  Budinger, Thomas, 130, 142–145, 167

  Burke, John, 60

  Calcite, 61, 71

  Cancer, 1, 72, 109, 110, 116, 129, 177, 150. See also Tumors

  Carbon (13C), 55–60, 71–78, 132

  Carbon black, 36

  Carnegie Mellon University, 36

  Carr, Herman, 107

  Case Institute, 23, 27, 28, 30, 50

  Case Western Reserve, 27

  Chemical exchange, 176

  Chemical shift, 39, 41, 60, 61, 72, 73, 77, 177

  Chemical Weapons Laboratory, 42

  Chen, Ching-Nien, 112, 119, 120

  Clam, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 112

  Clarke, Arthur C., 146

  Clow, Hugh, 130

  Clutter, Mary, 172

  Cobalt (59Co), 60, 71

  Collings, William, 53

  Contrast agents, 8, 94, 95

  chelating agents, 94, 95

  ferromagnetic contrast, 94, 95

  manganese, 123, 138

  paramagnetic contrast, 94, 95, 138, 161

  Cormack, Allan, 89, 131

  Coupling constants, 59, 60

  CT, 3, 7, 9, 89, 96, 108, 122, 131

  Damadian, Raymond, 1, 84, 108–116, 128, 130, 131, 138, 182

  Dean, Christopher, 49, 50

  DESIRE, 162

  Dias, Reginald, 112, 119

  Diasonics, 131

  Diffusion, 8, 176

  coefficients, 2

  diffusion imaging, 94, 101, 165, 177

  diffusion tensor imaging, 94, 177

  diffusion tractology, 177

  DIME, 164

  Dow Corning, 31–37, 49, 52, 62, 64, 65

  Downstate Medical Center, 1, 108, 110

  Dragomir, Caius Traian, 139

  Dulcey, Charles, 112, 117, 149, 150

  Dynamic imaging, 164

  Echo planar imaging, 129

  Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), 8, 78, 94, 95, 119, 149, 150

  Elliott, Austin, 40, 105

  Ernst, Richard, 77, 127, 128

  Ettinger, Ray, 59

  Experimental NMR Conference, 62, 81, 103, 127, 133

  Fairchild Industrial Products, 113

  Faraday Society, 64

  Farrer, Thomas, 142

  Feiler, Mike, 112, 118

  Fiuggi Prize, 175

  Flow, 8. See also Blood flow

  Fluorine, 43, 47, 48

  FONAR, 110, 131

  Food and Drug Administration, 132

  Fossel, Eric, 148

  Foster, Meg, 127, 128

  Fourier Transform, 59, 77, 127, 129

  Four Tesla magnet, 167–172

  Frank, Henry, 50

  Frank, Joseph, 112, 120

  Friedman, Harold, 101

  Functional imaging, 94, 165, 176

  Garroway, Al, 125

  GE, 129, 132, 160. See also Kettering Prize

  GE Cancer Research Foundation, 175

  Gerrolami, Gregory, 174, 180, 181, 187

  Ghiron, Kenneth, 169

  Gordon, Richard, 88

  Grannell, Peter, 125

  Gregory, Carl, 169, 171

  Griffiths, John, 139

  Gutowsky, Herbert, 40, 41, 49, 52, 61

  Haber, Edgar, 148

  Heart, 4, 96, 116, 117, 121, 129, 133, 136, 148, 149, 164

  Hedges, Kyle, 161

  Heidelberger, Ed, 121, 136

  Heidelberger, Ruth, 121

  Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 9

  Herman, Gabor T., 88

  Heteronuclear NMR, 47–49, 60, 71

  Hewlett Packard, 69

  Hinshaw, Waldo, 123, 124, 127, 130


  Hollis, Donald, 111, 182

  Holm, C. H., 56

  Hoult, David, 108

  Hounsfield, Godfrey, 89, 131

  House, Waylon, 112, 114, 118, 123

  Huson, Russ, 144, 145, 167, 168

  Hutchison, James, 127, 128

  Hutton, Skip, 75

  Hyde, James, 78, 119

  Illinois, University of, 49, 134

  Infrared spectroscopy, 52, 53

  Ingwall, Joanne, 148, 149

  International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 148, 151

  IR, 53

  Iron (57Fe), 48

  Irvine, Thomas, 80

  Isotope exchange, 49, 101

  Isotope exchange imaging, 8

  Israel, Herman J., 81, 83, 84

  Jacobson, M. J., 112, 120

  Jardetzky, Oleg, 79

  Johnson & Johnson, 149

  Jörnvall, Hans, 180

  Judy, 89

  Karolinska Institute, 183

  Karplus, Martin, 60

  Kerslake, William, 28

  Kettering Prize, 101, 175

  Kivatec, 78–79

  Kleinfield, Sonny, 110, 111, 115

  Klug, Aaron, 89

  Koenig, Seymour, 167

  Kramer, David, 9, 112, 119

  Krieger, Irvin, 27, 29

  K-space, 126, 127, 129

  Kudravcev, Vsevolod, 108

  Kurland, Robert, 60

  Lai, C.-M., 112

  Larkton Scientific, 84

  Larmor equation, 4, 85

  Lasker Prize, 153

  Lauffer, Randy, 123

  Laukien, Gunther, 78

  Lauterbur, Dan, 52, 74, 101

  Lauterbur, Edward, 11, 12, 14, 16

  Lauterbur, Elise, 154, 155, 194

  Lauterbur, Gertrude Wagner, 13, 14–16, 18, 52

  Lauterbur, Joseph, 16, 21

  Lauterbur, Margaret. See McDonough, Margaret

  Lauterbur, Rose Mary, 50–52, 61, 67–69, 74, 80, 105, 106, 134, 137

  Lauterbur, Sharyn, 52, 74, 101, 137

  Lead (207Pb), 60, 71

  Leggett, Anthony, 181, 182

  Levin, David, 167

  Liang, Zhi-Pei, 164, 196

  Link, Thomas, 74

  Lithium, 105, 134

  Lungs, 116, 121

  Lysozyme, 75, 77

  MacGregor, Rob Roy, 34

  Mainz, Vera, 180, 181

  Mallard, John, 125, 127, 128, 131

  Mansfield, Peter, 10, 111, 125–130, 180, 183

  Marr, Robert, 89

  Mass General Hospital, 123, 148

  Maudsley, Andrew, 130

  McCall, Debbie, 157, 158, 181

  McDermott, Harold, 22

  McDonough, Margaret Lauterbur, 14–16, 18, 21, 69

  McIntyre, B. B., 78, 79

  Meiboom, Saul, 9

  Mellon Institute, 32–38, 39–42, 49, 50, 55, 56, 62, 67, 83

  Mendonça-Dias, Helena, 94, 95

  Mercy Hospital, 147, 156, 165

  Microscopy, 2, 20, 94, 161, 162

  Miller, Stanley, 189–190

  Miller Experiment, 189–191

  Moore, William, 127

  Morris, Douglas, 71, 72, 157, 169, 171

  Morris, Peter, 130

  Mound Laboratory, 79

  Mouse thorax, 89, 103, 113, 127, 129

  MR angiography, 94, 176

  Muller, Norbert, 45

  Myers, Mort, 136

  National Cancer Institute, 104, 114

  National Center for Supercomputer Applications, 146

  National Institutes of Health, 95, 104, 105, 108, 165

  National Medal of Science, 13, 175

  National Science Foundation, 167, 168

  Nature, 95, 98–101, 103, 111, 123, 125, 173

  Nerve fiber tracts, 4, 94

  Neuroscience, 164–167

  NMR Specialties, 1, 80–84

  Nobel, Alfred, 183, 184

  Nobel Prize, 39, 146, 177–179, 182, 186

  “Notebook, The,” 2, 3, 8, 93, 95

  Nottingham, University of, 125, 127, 129, 130

  Odeblad, Erik, 109

  Ogawa, Seiji, 176

  O’Morchoe, Chris, 147

  Origin of life, 42, 174, 187, 190–193

  Oriole, 45

  Oscar the worm, 155, 156

  Oxygen 17, 54

  Patent, 95, 97, 98, 104, 110

  Patterson, Andrew Jr., 59

  PET, 108, 166

  Phosphorus 31, 48

  Pines, Alex, 61

  Pittsburgh, University of, 39, 40, 42, 49

  Pittsburgh Plate Glass, 55

  Pohost, Jerry, 133, 148–151

  Porretto, F W., 112, 118, 123

  Prado, Fran, 112

  Projection reconstruction, 88, 90, 107, 117, 126, 127

  Proteins, 73, 75–77

  Pulse and Fourier Transform NMR, 77, 78, 127

  Purcell, Edward, 38, 39, 85, 109

  Pykett, Ian, 130

  Radiological Society of North America, 131

  Radioactive tracers, 94

  Radioimaging, 96

  Radioisotopes, 8

  Ramirez, Jose, 75

  Relaxation times, 2, 3, 93, 100, 109, 110, 116, 121. See also Contrast agents

  T1, 1, 81, 129, 131

  T2, 1, 131

  T2*, 131

  Research Corporation, 97

  Richards, Rex, 52, 83, 142

  RIGR, 164

  Ringertz, Hans, 184

  Ritchey, Bill, 61

  Robinson, Walter, 133

  Rudin, Andrew M., 94

  Safety, 142–143

  Schoolery, James, 53, 77

  Science, 99

  Shepard, Marlan, 22, 45

  Shim coils, 6

  Shulman, Robert, 79, 198

  Siemens, 129

  Silicon, 20, 29–33, 53, 189

  19Si NMR, 53, 55, 56, 60

  silicates, 20

  silicone, 32, 33, 42, 55

  Signal-to-noise, 90, 119S

  Slichter, Charles, 40, 49, 58

  SLIM, 163, 164

  Smarr, Larry, 146

  Smith, Kevin, 90

  Spectroscopic imaging, 8, 94, 163, 177

  Spin decoupler, 81

  Spin echo, 129

  Spin warp, 128

  Springer, Charles, 101

  Stark, George, 74

  Stony Brook University, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 75, 86, 88, 123, 134–136, 189, 190

  Sujishi, Sei, 136

  SUNY, 65, 66, 97, 153

  Superconducting magnets, 59, 93, 108

  Superconducting Super Collider, 144, 145

  Swartz, Hal, 10, 94, 119, 149

  Syntex, 74

  Ten Tesla magnet, 142–145, 167

  Texas Accelerator Center, 144, 167, 168, 171, 172

  Three-dimensional imaging, 8, 95–97, 101, 108, 126, 138, 139

  Three-dimensional reconstruction, 89

  Tin (119S), 60

  Tissue specimens, 2, 161

  Tritium, 74

  3H labeled proteins, 80

  3H NMR, 74

  Tumors, 96, 99, 116, 123, 130

  Tycko, Daniel, 88

  Urey, Harold, 189, 190

  Varian, Russell, 53, 77

  Varian Associates, 53–55, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 132, 156

  Varian A-60, 62, 77

  Varian DP-60, 113

  Varian E-4, 119

  Vickers, Donald, 2, 84

  Walker Scientific, 114–116

  Warrick, Earl, 32, 34, 37, 40, 53, 54, 63, 64

  Waugh, John, 10, 58, 90, 125

  Weir, Mort, 165

  Weizel, Cliff, 112, 118, 120

  Welsh, Edward, 97

  Westinghouse Corp, 82, 84

  Whittaker, Fred, 22

  Wiener, Erik, 94, 157, 159

  Williams, Ben, 146, 147

  Wrist, 124, 129

  X-rays, 3, 8, 94, 99

  Yajko, Paul, 81–84

  Yang, C. N., 65

  Young, Ian R., 130 />
  Zeugies, 111, 112

  Zeugmatography, 7, 8, 10, 89, 99, 100, 132

 

 

 


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