Paul Lauterbur and the Invention of MRI
Page 25
10. Paul C. Lauterbur, “Flow Measurements by NMR Zeugmatography,” manuscript dated October 24, 1973. Paul C. Lauterbur Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Archives, Philadelphia, PA.
11. Seiji Ogawa, Tso-Ming Lee, A. R., and David W. Tank, “Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Contrast Dependent on Blood Oxygenation,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 87, no. 24 (December 1990): 9868–9872.
Chapter 10
1. Donald P. Hollis, Abusing Cancer Science: The Truth about NMR and Cancer (Chehalis, WA: Strawberry Fields Press, 1987).
2. John Gardner, On Becoming a Novelist (New York: Harper & Row, 1983).
3. Pam Adams, “U of I Professor Who Won Nobel Prize Says Fame Is a Distraction” Peoria Journal Star, September 14, 2004, C9–C10.
4. Marsha Lynn Bragg, “A Medical Impression,” Case Magazine (Case Western Reserve University) 16 (Winter 2004): 55.
5. Paul C. Lauterbur, comment at the birthday symposium for Chien Ho, director, Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research and Professor of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, November 2004.
6. Paul C. Lauterbur, “The Spontaneous Development of Biology from Chemistry,” Astrobiology 8, no. 1 (February 2008): 3–8.
7. Quoted in Jeff Baird, “Alpha Delta Alumnus Paul Lauterbur’s Research Led to MRI Technology, Now Used in Millions of Medical Investigations Worldwide,” The Laurel of Phi Kappa Tau, Winter 2004, 33–39.
8. Paul C. Lauterbur, “Demystifying Biology: Did Life Begin as a Complex System?,” Complexity 11, no. 1 (September, 2005): 30–35.
9. Paul C. Lauterbur, “The Spontaneous Development of Biology from Chemistry,” Astrobiology 8, no. 1 (February 2008): 3–8.
10. A grant application to the National Institutes of Health that begins with fire and ice. The original is in the Paul C. Lauterbur Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Archives, Philadelphia, PA.
11. Dylan Thomas,“Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night,” in In Country Sleep and Other Poems (New York: New Directions, 1952).
Epilogue
1. Paul C. Lauterbur, “To Think, To Do, To Believe,” in Kyoto Prizes and Inamori Grants, 1994 (Kyoto: Inamori Foundation, 1995).
2. Peter Sylwan, “Interview with Paul C. Lauterbur,” Nobel interview, December 2003, http://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/index.php?id=552.
3. Robert Shulman, letter to Paul Lauterbur on the occasion of his seventieth birthday. The original is in the Paul C. Lauterbur Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Archives, Philadelphia, PA.
4. John Gardner, On Becoming a Novelist (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), 35.
5. Paul C. Lauterbur, three-page summary of his scientific style hand-written on a yellow pad, starting, “You have given me an opportunity.” The original is in the Paul C. Lauterbur Collection, Chemical Heritage Foundation Archives, Philadelphia, PA.
6. P. W. Bridgman, Reflections of a Physicist (New York: Philosophical Library, 1950).
7. Allegra Goodman, Intuition (New York: Dial Press, 2006), 21.
Index
Aberdeen, University of, 125
Abusing Cancer Science, 111, 182
Ackerman, Jerry, 75
Aluminum (27Al), 60
American Chemical Society, 63
Anderson, Wes, 77, 127
Andrew, Raymond, 123, 125, 128, 129
A priori information, 163, 164, 177
Army Chemical Center, 42
Balldeschwieler, John, 74, 78
Becker, Ted, 142
Beckman Institute, 167, 172
Berliner, Larry, 119
Bernardo, Marcellino, 121
Berry, Art, 64
Big Red, 114, 115
Biomedical Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, 157–174, 181
Bio-Rad Corporation, 76
Bloch, Felix, 38, 39, 77, 85, 109
Bloembergen Nicolaas, 145
Blood flow, 4, 97, 99, 109, 117, 118, 176
BOLD effect, 176, 177
Bonner, Francis, 44, 55, 72, 97, 101
Bothner-By, Aksel, 64, 83
Bottomley, Paul, 130
Bracewell, Ronald, 88
Brain, 96, 122, 123, 129, 131, 161, 165, 167, 176, 177
Brookhaven National Laboratories, 89, 101, 112, 118
Bruker Instruments, 78
Buddha, 165
Budinger, Thomas, 130, 142–145, 167
Burke, John, 60
Calcite, 61, 71
Cancer, 1, 72, 109, 110, 116, 129, 177, 150. See also Tumors
Carbon (13C), 55–60, 71–78, 132
Carbon black, 36
Carnegie Mellon University, 36
Carr, Herman, 107
Case Institute, 23, 27, 28, 30, 50
Case Western Reserve, 27
Chemical exchange, 176
Chemical shift, 39, 41, 60, 61, 72, 73, 77, 177
Chemical Weapons Laboratory, 42
Chen, Ching-Nien, 112, 119, 120
Clam, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 112
Clarke, Arthur C., 146
Clow, Hugh, 130
Clutter, Mary, 172
Cobalt (59Co), 60, 71
Collings, William, 53
Contrast agents, 8, 94, 95
chelating agents, 94, 95
ferromagnetic contrast, 94, 95
manganese, 123, 138
paramagnetic contrast, 94, 95, 138, 161
Cormack, Allan, 89, 131
Coupling constants, 59, 60
CT, 3, 7, 9, 89, 96, 108, 122, 131
Damadian, Raymond, 1, 84, 108–116, 128, 130, 131, 138, 182
Dean, Christopher, 49, 50
DESIRE, 162
Dias, Reginald, 112, 119
Diasonics, 131
Diffusion, 8, 176
coefficients, 2
diffusion imaging, 94, 101, 165, 177
diffusion tensor imaging, 94, 177
diffusion tractology, 177
DIME, 164
Dow Corning, 31–37, 49, 52, 62, 64, 65
Downstate Medical Center, 1, 108, 110
Dragomir, Caius Traian, 139
Dulcey, Charles, 112, 117, 149, 150
Dynamic imaging, 164
Echo planar imaging, 129
Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), 8, 78, 94, 95, 119, 149, 150
Elliott, Austin, 40, 105
Ernst, Richard, 77, 127, 128
Ettinger, Ray, 59
Experimental NMR Conference, 62, 81, 103, 127, 133
Fairchild Industrial Products, 113
Faraday Society, 64
Farrer, Thomas, 142
Feiler, Mike, 112, 118
Fiuggi Prize, 175
Flow, 8. See also Blood flow
Fluorine, 43, 47, 48
FONAR, 110, 131
Food and Drug Administration, 132
Fossel, Eric, 148
Foster, Meg, 127, 128
Fourier Transform, 59, 77, 127, 129
Four Tesla magnet, 167–172
Frank, Henry, 50
Frank, Joseph, 112, 120
Friedman, Harold, 101
Functional imaging, 94, 165, 176
Garroway, Al, 125
GE, 129, 132, 160. See also Kettering Prize
GE Cancer Research Foundation, 175
Gerrolami, Gregory, 174, 180, 181, 187
Ghiron, Kenneth, 169
Gordon, Richard, 88
Grannell, Peter, 125
Gregory, Carl, 169, 171
Griffiths, John, 139
Gutowsky, Herbert, 40, 41, 49, 52, 61
Haber, Edgar, 148
Heart, 4, 96, 116, 117, 121, 129, 133, 136, 148, 149, 164
Hedges, Kyle, 161
Heidelberger, Ed, 121, 136
Heidelberger, Ruth, 121
Heisenberg uncertainty principle, 9
Herman, Gabor T., 88
Heteronuclear NMR, 47–49, 60, 71
Hewlett Packard, 69
Hinshaw, Waldo, 123, 124, 127, 130
Hollis, Donald, 111, 182
Holm, C. H., 56
Hoult, David, 108
Hounsfield, Godfrey, 89, 131
House, Waylon, 112, 114, 118, 123
Huson, Russ, 144, 145, 167, 168
Hutchison, James, 127, 128
Hutton, Skip, 75
Hyde, James, 78, 119
Illinois, University of, 49, 134
Infrared spectroscopy, 52, 53
Ingwall, Joanne, 148, 149
International Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 148, 151
IR, 53
Iron (57Fe), 48
Irvine, Thomas, 80
Isotope exchange, 49, 101
Isotope exchange imaging, 8
Israel, Herman J., 81, 83, 84
Jacobson, M. J., 112, 120
Jardetzky, Oleg, 79
Johnson & Johnson, 149
Jörnvall, Hans, 180
Judy, 89
Karolinska Institute, 183
Karplus, Martin, 60
Kerslake, William, 28
Kettering Prize, 101, 175
Kivatec, 78–79
Kleinfield, Sonny, 110, 111, 115
Klug, Aaron, 89
Koenig, Seymour, 167
Kramer, David, 9, 112, 119
Krieger, Irvin, 27, 29
K-space, 126, 127, 129
Kudravcev, Vsevolod, 108
Kurland, Robert, 60
Lai, C.-M., 112
Larkton Scientific, 84
Larmor equation, 4, 85
Lasker Prize, 153
Lauffer, Randy, 123
Laukien, Gunther, 78
Lauterbur, Dan, 52, 74, 101
Lauterbur, Edward, 11, 12, 14, 16
Lauterbur, Elise, 154, 155, 194
Lauterbur, Gertrude Wagner, 13, 14–16, 18, 52
Lauterbur, Joseph, 16, 21
Lauterbur, Margaret. See McDonough, Margaret
Lauterbur, Rose Mary, 50–52, 61, 67–69, 74, 80, 105, 106, 134, 137
Lauterbur, Sharyn, 52, 74, 101, 137
Lead (207Pb), 60, 71
Leggett, Anthony, 181, 182
Levin, David, 167
Liang, Zhi-Pei, 164, 196
Link, Thomas, 74
Lithium, 105, 134
Lungs, 116, 121
Lysozyme, 75, 77
MacGregor, Rob Roy, 34
Mainz, Vera, 180, 181
Mallard, John, 125, 127, 128, 131
Mansfield, Peter, 10, 111, 125–130, 180, 183
Marr, Robert, 89
Mass General Hospital, 123, 148
Maudsley, Andrew, 130
McCall, Debbie, 157, 158, 181
McDermott, Harold, 22
McDonough, Margaret Lauterbur, 14–16, 18, 21, 69
McIntyre, B. B., 78, 79
Meiboom, Saul, 9
Mellon Institute, 32–38, 39–42, 49, 50, 55, 56, 62, 67, 83
Mendonça-Dias, Helena, 94, 95
Mercy Hospital, 147, 156, 165
Microscopy, 2, 20, 94, 161, 162
Miller, Stanley, 189–190
Miller Experiment, 189–191
Moore, William, 127
Morris, Douglas, 71, 72, 157, 169, 171
Morris, Peter, 130
Mound Laboratory, 79
Mouse thorax, 89, 103, 113, 127, 129
MR angiography, 94, 176
Muller, Norbert, 45
Myers, Mort, 136
National Cancer Institute, 104, 114
National Center for Supercomputer Applications, 146
National Institutes of Health, 95, 104, 105, 108, 165
National Medal of Science, 13, 175
National Science Foundation, 167, 168
Nature, 95, 98–101, 103, 111, 123, 125, 173
Nerve fiber tracts, 4, 94
Neuroscience, 164–167
NMR Specialties, 1, 80–84
Nobel, Alfred, 183, 184
Nobel Prize, 39, 146, 177–179, 182, 186
“Notebook, The,” 2, 3, 8, 93, 95
Nottingham, University of, 125, 127, 129, 130
Odeblad, Erik, 109
Ogawa, Seiji, 176
O’Morchoe, Chris, 147
Origin of life, 42, 174, 187, 190–193
Oriole, 45
Oscar the worm, 155, 156
Oxygen 17, 54
Patent, 95, 97, 98, 104, 110
Patterson, Andrew Jr., 59
PET, 108, 166
Phosphorus 31, 48
Pines, Alex, 61
Pittsburgh, University of, 39, 40, 42, 49
Pittsburgh Plate Glass, 55
Pohost, Jerry, 133, 148–151
Porretto, F W., 112, 118, 123
Prado, Fran, 112
Projection reconstruction, 88, 90, 107, 117, 126, 127
Proteins, 73, 75–77
Pulse and Fourier Transform NMR, 77, 78, 127
Purcell, Edward, 38, 39, 85, 109
Pykett, Ian, 130
Radiological Society of North America, 131
Radioactive tracers, 94
Radioimaging, 96
Radioisotopes, 8
Ramirez, Jose, 75
Relaxation times, 2, 3, 93, 100, 109, 110, 116, 121. See also Contrast agents
T1, 1, 81, 129, 131
T2, 1, 131
T2*, 131
Research Corporation, 97
Richards, Rex, 52, 83, 142
RIGR, 164
Ringertz, Hans, 184
Ritchey, Bill, 61
Robinson, Walter, 133
Rudin, Andrew M., 94
Safety, 142–143
Schoolery, James, 53, 77
Science, 99
Shepard, Marlan, 22, 45
Shim coils, 6
Shulman, Robert, 79, 198
Siemens, 129
Silicon, 20, 29–33, 53, 189
19Si NMR, 53, 55, 56, 60
silicates, 20
silicone, 32, 33, 42, 55
Signal-to-noise, 90, 119S
Slichter, Charles, 40, 49, 58
SLIM, 163, 164
Smarr, Larry, 146
Smith, Kevin, 90
Spectroscopic imaging, 8, 94, 163, 177
Spin decoupler, 81
Spin echo, 129
Spin warp, 128
Springer, Charles, 101
Stark, George, 74
Stony Brook University, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 75, 86, 88, 123, 134–136, 189, 190
Sujishi, Sei, 136
SUNY, 65, 66, 97, 153
Superconducting magnets, 59, 93, 108
Superconducting Super Collider, 144, 145
Swartz, Hal, 10, 94, 119, 149
Syntex, 74
Ten Tesla magnet, 142–145, 167
Texas Accelerator Center, 144, 167, 168, 171, 172
Three-dimensional imaging, 8, 95–97, 101, 108, 126, 138, 139
Three-dimensional reconstruction, 89
Tin (119S), 60
Tissue specimens, 2, 161
Tritium, 74
3H labeled proteins, 80
3H NMR, 74
Tumors, 96, 99, 116, 123, 130
Tycko, Daniel, 88
Urey, Harold, 189, 190
Varian, Russell, 53, 77
Varian Associates, 53–55, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81, 82, 132, 156
Varian A-60, 62, 77
Varian DP-60, 113
Varian E-4, 119
Vickers, Donald, 2, 84
Walker Scientific, 114–116
Warrick, Earl, 32, 34, 37, 40, 53, 54, 63, 64
Waugh, John, 10, 58, 90, 125
Weir, Mort, 165
Weizel, Cliff, 112, 118, 120
Welsh, Edward, 97
Westinghouse Corp, 82, 84
Whittaker, Fred, 22
Wiener, Erik, 94, 157, 159
Williams, Ben, 146, 147
Wrist, 124, 129
X-rays, 3, 8, 94, 99
Yajko, Paul, 81–84
Yang, C. N., 65
Young, Ian R., 130
Zeugies, 111, 112
Zeugmatography, 7, 8, 10, 89, 99, 100, 132