A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain

by Marc Morris

  98 Ibid., no. 260; PW, 106.

  99 Watson, Hammer, 129, 132, 138–9; CDS, v, 168 (no. 259).

  100 R. J. Goldstein, ‘The Scottish Mission to Boniface VIII in 1301’, Scottish Historical Review, 70 (1991), 1–15; E. L. G. Stones, ‘The Mission of Thomas Wale and Thomas Delisle from Edward I to Pope Boniface VIII in 1301’, Nottingham Medieval Studies, 26 (1982), 8–28 and esp. 18–19; Anglo-Scottish Relations, ed. Stones, 192–219.

  101EHD, iii, 251; CDS, v, 168 (no. 259).

  102 Watson, Hammer, 151–2; Itinerary, ii, 180; PW, 400–1; Salt, ‘English Embassies’, 274.

  103Treaty Rolls, i, 149–52. The truce, drawn up at Asnières-sur-Oise on an unknown date, was ratified by Philip IV at St Benoît-sur-Loire on 25 December 1301.

  104 Barrow, Bruce, 109–12, 121–4.

  105 Guisborough, 351; Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 80; Salzman, Edward I, 158; Ann. Lond., 104.

  106KW, i, 412–13.

  107 Salt, ‘English Embassies’, 274–5.

  108EHD, iii, 252; J. F. Verbruggen, The Battle of the Golden Spurs (Courtrai, 11 July 1302), trans. D. R. Fergusson, ed. K. DeVries (Woodbridge, 2002), passim.

  109PROME, 107; Political Songs, 193; Strayer, Reign of Philip the Fair, 260–79.

  110Foedera, I, ii, 942; CDS, v, 173 (nos. 286–7).

  111 Salt, ‘English Embassies’, 275; Flores, iii, 111; Watson, Hammer, 168.

  112 Prestwich, Edward I, 529.

  113 Watson, Hammer, 172–3; KW, i, 400, 413–16.

  114 Watson, Hammer, 169–71.

  115 Ibid., 167; EHD, iii, 515–18; Prestwich, Edward I, 529.

  116PW, 370–1, 406; J. F. Lydon, ‘Edward I, Ireland and the War in Scotland, 1303–1304’, England and Ireland in the Later Middle Ages, ed. idem (Dublin, 1981), 46, 48, 52; NHI, 200.

  117 Stevenson, Documents, ii, 178–9 (misdated to 1297); CDS, ii, 348–9 (no. 1356); PW, 366–7.

  118KW, i, 416–17; M. Haskell, ‘Breaking the Stalemate: The Scottish Campaign of Edward I, 1303–4’, TCE, vii (1999), 226.

  119EHD, iii, 254; Itinerary, ii, 209–10.

  120 Watson, Hammer, 175–6.

  121 Ibid., 180; EHD, iii, 255; Guisborough, 357.

  122Itinerary, ii, 210–14; Watson, Hammer, 174–5, 178–9; WPF, 97–8.

  123 Lydon, ‘Edward I, Ireland and the War in Scotland’, 48–9; Watson, Hammer, 177, 180.

  124 Ibid., 179–80; Guisborough, 357; Itinerary, ii, 214–16.

  125 Barrow, Bruce, 127; Watson, Hammer, 180–1.

  126 Ibid., 181–2.

  127DNB, xxxvi, 635; Barrow, Bruce, 127–8.

  128 Watson, Hammer, 182, 185–7.

  129 Ibid., 187–9.

  130 Prestwich, Edward I, 501; KW, i, 417–18.

  131 Haskell, ‘Breaking the Stalemate’, 235–7; Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 71–4; Watson, Hammer, 191.

  132 Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 64; Barrow, Bruce, 136–7; Itinerary, ii, 250.

  CHAPTER 11: A LASTING VENGEANCE

  1Itinerary, ii, 230–7; EHD, iii, 258; KW, ii, 903–4; Flores, iii, 120–1; Davies, Empire, 172.

  2 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 224.

  3 Prestwich, Edward I, 400, 570.

  4 T. F. Tout, ‘A Medieval Burglary’, Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, 2 (1915), 348–69; EHD, iii, 258; Prestwich, Edward I, 283–6.

  5 Lydon, ‘Ireland in 1297’, and P. Connolly, ‘The Enactments of the 1297 Parliament’, Law and Disorder in Thirteenth-Century Ireland, ed. Lydon, 17–20, 23–4, 149–61.

  6 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 224–5; J. Gardelles, Les Châteaux du Moyen Age dans la France du Sud-ouest: la Gascogne Anglaise de 1216 à 1327 (Geneva, 1972), 34–6.

  7 Watson, Hammer, 197–200; M. Prestwich, ‘Colonial Scotland: The English in Scotland under Edward I’, Scotland and England 1286–1815, ed. R. A. Mason (Edinburgh, 1987), 9–10.

  8PW, 407–8; EHD, iii, 519–22, 919–21.

  9PROME, 114; Flores, iii, 120–1.

  10 Watson, Hammer, 187, 214.

  11 Davies, Empire, 28, 172–3.

  12 Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 63–4, 97; J. Given, ‘The Economic Consequences of the English Conquest of Gwynedd’, Speculum, 64 (1989), 28, 39, 41.

  13 Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 64, 86.

  14 Ibid., 97–100; Itinerary, ii, 246–8.

  15Ann. Lond., 138–9, 142; PW, 161–3; Davies, Empire, 173; Watson, Hammer, 214–18; Barrow, Bruce, 134–5.

  16 Watson, Hammer, 218–19; Flores, iii, 124; Ann. Lond., 143.

  17 Morris, Bigod Earls, 171–83.

  18 Denton, Winchelsey, 170, 201–6.

  19 Ibid., 212–13, 218–27.

  20 Ibid., 229–32; Trivet, 408; Salzman, Edward I, 169–70.

  21 C. W. Hollister, Henry I (New Haven and London, 2001), 31; Commendatio, xiv, 5–6; Itinerary, ii, 248.

  22CCR, 1302–7, 208; CPR 1301–7, 387; Prestwich, Edward I, 532–3; Denton, Winchelsey, 220; cf. Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 104: ‘Edward I’s crusading zeal may well have been both warm and sincere’.

  23 Barrow, Bruce, 131, 142–3, 145–8, 150; Prestwich, Edward I, 505.

  24 Barrow, Bruce, 148–51.

  25 Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 40; Itinerary, ii, 259–65; Trivet, 408.

  26Ann. Lond., 133; Morris, Bigod Earls, 182; PW, 374.

  27CCR, 1302–7, 438; Prestwich, Edward I, 553; PW, 374–5.

  28PW, 164; Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 106–9; Loomis, ‘Arthurian Enthusiast’, 122–5; Geoffrey of Monmouth, ed. Thorpe, 225–30; EHD, iii, 260–1; Trivet, 408; C. Bullock-Davies, Menestrellorum Multitudine: Minstrels at a Royal Feast (Cardiff, 1978), passim.

  29CDS, ii, 476–7 (no. 1773); cf. Ann. Lond., 146.

  30 Barrow, Bruce, 153–4; Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 42.

  31Itinerary, ii, 266–70; SR,147.

  32CDS, ii, 480 (no. 1790), 485–7 (no. 1811).

  33 Ibid., 478–80 (nos. 1780, 1786), 487–8 (nos. 1812–15); Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 42; EHD, iii, 261.

  34 Barrow, Bruce, 160–1, 163; CDS, ii, 483 (no. 1803), 485 (no. 1809).

  35Itinerary, ii, 270–3; Prestwich, Edward I, 507; CPR, 1301–7, 460; CDS, ii, 491 (no. 1832); CCR, 1302–7, 458.

  36 Barrow, Bruce, 161, 163–4.

  37 Ibid., 161–2; Strickland, ‘Law of Arms’, 40; DNB, liii, 35.

  38 Prestwich, Edward I, 509; idem, ‘Colonial Scotland’, 10–11; Barrow, Bruce, 161; EHD, iii, 262.

  39PW, 377–9; Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, 115–16.

  40Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, ed. W. Stubbs (2 vols., Rolls Series, 1882–83), ii, 255; Lanercost, 210; Guisborough, 382–3. Cf. P. Chaplais, Piers Gaveston: Edward II’s Adoptive Brother (Oxford, 1994), passim.

  41 Barrow, Bruce, 166, 169–72; CDS, ii, 504 (no. 1896).

  42Itinerary, ii, 280–1; CDS, ii, 508 (no. 1909); Barrow, Bruce, 173.

  43 Ibid., 172.

  44 Johnstone, Edward of Carnavon, 124–5.

  45PW, 380; Guisborough, 378–9; H. Moorman, ‘Edward I at Lanercost Priory, 1306–7’, EHR, 67 (1952), 167–8.

  46 Guisborough, 379; Trivet, 413–14; NA E101/370/15, m. 6, shows Edward leaving Carlisle on 26 June (my thanks to Henry Summerson for this reference).

  47 Guisborough, 379.

  CHAPTER 12: A GREAT AND TERRIBLE KING

  1 Guisborough, 379; Prestwich, Edward I, 557; Chaplais, Piers Gaveston, 23–4; R. M. Haines, King Edward II (Montreal and London, 2003), 49.

  2EHD, iii, 264; Political Songs, 244–6; W. Ullmann, ‘The Curial Exequies for Edward I and Edward III’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History, vi (1955), 26, 30; Guisborough, 379; Haines, King Edward II, 49.

  3 Ibid.; Barrow, Bruce, 173; Guisborough, 379.

  4 Ibid.; Prestwich, Edward I, 558.

  5 Davies, Empire, 29; EHD, iii, 264; D. D’Avray, Death and the Prince: Memorial Preaching before 1350 (Oxford, 1994), 71; Commendatio, xvi– xvii, 7, 11, 13–15.

  6 Guisborough, 379; EHD, iii, 26
4, 905; Commendatio, 12–13, 16; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 226, 233; Prestwich, Edward I, 84–5. For the one discordant (but deeply suspect) note, see ibid., 50, 110, 354.

  7 Guisborough, 379; EHD, iii, 265; Political Songs, 242.

  8 Trivet, 302; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 298; D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 72; Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 338, 469–70.

  9Commendatio, 16.

  10 Ibid., 6; Trivet, 281.

  11EHD, iii, 905; D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 71; Flores, iii, 137–8; P. Brand, ‘Edward I and Justice’ (read 2007, as yet unpublished); above, 40.

  12 Above, 89, 351–2; McFarlane, ‘Had Edward I a “Policy” towards the Earls’, 257–9; Powicke, Henry III, 706–7.

  13Flores, iii, 327; Political Songs, 242, 249; D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 72; Commendatio, 7; Trivet, 413–14; Adami Murimuthensis, Chronica sui temporis, ed. T. Hog (London, 1846), 8–9.

  14 M. Prestwich, ‘The Piety of Edward I’, England in the Thirteenth Century: Proceedings of the 1984 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. M. W. Ormrod (Woodbridge, 1985), 120–8. For the saints and their relics, see the forthcoming article by H. Summerson, originally entitled ‘The End of the Reign: Edward I at Carlisle’.

  15Commendatio, 13; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, 33; Gransden, Historical Writing in England, 504; Trivet, 282, 359.

  16 Ibid., 281–3; Prestwich, Edward I, 111, 117; Howell, Eleanor of Provence, 84.

  17Flores, iii, 329; D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 75–6; Prestwich, Edward I, 208, 498; KW, i, 413.

  18 Prestwich, Edward I, 3, 63.

  19Commendatio, 14.

  20Flores, iii, 137–8; M. D. Legge, ‘La Piere D’Escoce’, Scottish Historical Review, 38 (1959), 110–11; Political Songs, 242.

  21 D’Avray, Death and the Prince, 72; Roll of Arms…Caerlaverock, ed. Wright, 9; Commendatio, 9–10.

  22 Taylor, ‘Death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd’, 230; Davies, Domination and Conquest, 85–7, 108. For a contrary view, see Carpenter, Struggle, 19–24.

  23 Vale, Angevin Legacy, 21–47; Bury, 118; Political Songs, 247.

  24 Powicke, Thirteenth Century, 583; K. Stringer, ‘Scottish Foundations: Thirteenth-Century Perspectives’, Uniting the Kingdom?, ed. A. Grant and K. J. Stringer (London, 1995), 88–90.

  25Johannis de Trokelowe et Henrici de Blaneforde, Chronica et Annales, ed. H. T. Riley (Rolls Series, 1866), 74; Prestwich, Edward I, 128–9, 437, 489, 502, 521, 538; idem, ‘Colonial Scotland’, 10.

  26 Prestwich, Edward I, 492. Around the time of his investiture as prince of Wales, Edward of Caernarfon was given a book ‘concerning the deeds of the kings of England’. The earls of Lincoln (d. 1311) and Warwick (d. 1315) both owned copies of the Brut. DNB, xvii, 825; L. M. Matheson, The Prose Brut (Tempe, Arizona, 1998), 9–10.

  27 Lydon, ‘Edward I, Ireland and the War in Scotland’, 55–7; idem, ‘Ireland in 1297’, 23; Duffy, Ireland in the Middle Ages, 168; Davies, Age of Conquest, 425; idem, Empire, 181–2.

  28 Davies, Age of Conquest, 385–8, 419–21, 443–59; M. Prestwich, Plantagenet England, 1225–1360 (Oxford, 2005), 164; KW, i, 389, 405–6.

  29 Davies, Empire, 22, 185; Carpenter, Struggle, 19; Barrow, Bruce, 172–3.

  30 Ibid., 174–232, 307.

  31DNB, xvii, 827.

  32 Prestwich, Plantagenet England, 188, 201–2, 219–20.

  33 It is also, of course, a reference to Judas Maccabeus, whose exploits were depicted on the walls of the Painted Chamber. Reeve, ‘The Painted Chamber’, 20–1.

  34 Salzman, Edward I, 176; EHD, iii, 264.

  35 Binski, Westminster Abbey, 120, 198; Morris, ‘Architecture of Arthurian Enthusiasm’, 67–8.

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