All Hell Let Loose

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All Hell Let Loose Page 103

by Hastings, Max


  Spiller, Capt. Eberhard, 45

  Spooner, Rear-Adm. Jack, 211

  Sprague, Rear-Adm. Clifton, USN, 572–3

  Springett, George, 95

  Spruance, Adm. Raymond, USN, 244, 247, 250–3, 436, 439, 566–7, 667

  SS (Schutzstaffel): and Nazi Jewish policy, 508–12, 519–20

  Stafilakas, Sgt. Diamantis, 117

  Stahl, Peter, 89

  Stahlberg, Alexander, 9

  Stahlecker, Police Gen. Walter, 148–9

  Stalin, Josef: and Jewish suffering, xvii; pact with Nazis, 3, 8; and partition and occupation of Poland, 3, 15; as prospective ally against Germany, 8; early deliberate neutrality, 22; invades Finland, 30–2, 35–6; conditions for Finnish peace, 38; and defeat of France, 74–5; annexes Baltic states, 75; territorial expansionism, 99; and prospective war with Germany, 141; ignores warnings of German invasion, 143; collapse and withdrawal to dacha, 149; broadcasts appeal to Soviet people, 150, 163–4; military inexperience, 150, 166–7, 177–8, 181; as Supreme Commander, 150–1; justifies enforced industrialisation, 153; military strength, 158; and defence of Moscow, 162; Voroshilov attacks, 169; orders attack to relieve Leningrad, 173; rejects wholesale evacuation of Leningrad, 175; seeks to make common cause with Hitler, 182; war aims, 182; Western Allies fear separate peace with Germany, 200; and Russian religious revival, 299; directs New Year offensive (1942), 300; misjudges German aims (1942), 302; authorises strategic retreat from Voronezh, 303; and defence of Stalingrad, 303; delegates operational control in battle, 305, 308; appoints Zhukov Deputy Supreme Commander, 307; and Battle of Stalingrad, 309; appointed marshal, 320; successes, 322; not informed of Ultra, 368; orders frontal assaults after Kursk victory, 393; deports ethnic minorities, 496; amnesties Poles, 498; derides Western Allies for feebleness, 533; on pursuit of Germans, 546; welcomes Allied war in West, 588; sanctions pillage and rape by Red Army, 605, 629; final confrontation with Hitler, 608; claims capture of Berlin, 613; victory ceremony in Berlin, 630; promises attack on Manchuria, 646; incompatability with West, 659, 661; learns from mistakes, 662; consequences of policies, 665; controls Soviet military machine, 665; interferes with generals, 668; see also Soviet Russia

  Stalingrad: German defeat, 165, 320–1, 380; German advance on, 302–3, 305–7; Zhukov takes command at, 307–8; Battle of (1942–3), 308–11, 315–18; casualties, 320–1; effect of victory on Red Army morale, 320

  Stanford-Tuck, Bob, 84

  Starczyński, Stefan, 11, 17, 22

  Stark, Adm. Harold (‘Betty’), 185, 199

  Starr, Lt.Col. George, 406

  Starvation, Operation, 638

  Stauffenberg, Col. Claus von, 551

  Steinbeck, John, 184, 197, 336

  Steinhilper, Ulrich, 85, 87, 89

  Stevens, Kenneth, 348

  Stewart, Ian, 122

  Stilwell, Gen. Joseph, 223–4, 559–60, 634

  Stimson, Henry Lewis, 187, 647

  Stockwell, Laurie, 471

  Stoneman, Eva, 403

  Storrie, Col. Carl, 651

  Straub, Ruth, 232

  Street, Arthur, 29, 91

  Striem, Solomon, 524

  Strong, Maj. Gen. Kenneth, 591

  Stroop, Lt.Cdr. Paul, 238–9

  Stuka dive bombers (German), 82

  Stülpnagel, Karl-Heinrich von, 511

  Stumme, Georg von, 122

  submarines: US effectiveness against Japan, 558–9, 640; see also U-boats

  Suchcitz, Andrzej, 17

  Suffolk, Charles Henry George Howard, 20th Earl of (‘Wild Jack’), 95–6

  Sullivan, Mr and Mrs Thomas (of Waterloo, Iowa), 262

  Sumatra: Churchill proposes operations in, 559

  Sumiya, Lt., 216

  Sun Li-jen, Gen., 223

  Suner, Serrano, 112

  Superfortress (US B-29 bomber), 637–9

  Suppanz, Emmy, 576

  Surcouf (French submarine), 80

  Surkov, Lt., 395

  Swaminadhan, Kashmi, 415

  Sweden: iron ore supplies to Germany, 39, 49;

  Molotov’s interest in, 98–9; neutrality, 398–9

  Switzerland: neutrality, 398; wartime profits and appropriations, 399–400

  Swordfish torpedo bombers, 285

  Syfret, Vice-Adm. Edward, 295

  Syria: French in, 107, 124–5; British occupation resisted, 125–8

  T4 euthanasia programme (Nazi), 507

  T-34 tanks (Soviet), 166–7, 179, 322, 381, 390

  tactical air forces (Allied), 664

  Tadao, Hayashi, 201

  Tadimichi, Lt.Gen. Kuibayashi, 201

  Takahashi, Maj. Shoji, 638, 651

  Takenonori, Nakao, 644

  Takeo, Kasuga, 642–3

  Takushima, Norimitsu, 643

  Takushiro, Col. Hattori, 672

  tanks: in North African campaign, 129; in Battle of Kursk, 387–9; German superiority in Normandy, 540; see also T-34 tanks; Tiger tanks

  Tapscott, Robert, 277

  Taranto, Battle of (1940), 294

  Tarasevichi, Russia, 384

  Tarawa, Gilbert Islands, 436–8

  Tarczyński, Piotr, 5, 7, 13

  Tassarfonga Point (Pacific), 262

  Tatsuro, Lt. Izumiya, 196, 220

  Tedder, Air Marshal Sir Arthur, 667

  Tehran conference (1943), 588

  Telegin, Grigory, 385

  Teller, Edward, 648

  Temkin, Gabriel, 152

  Tennant, Capt. William, 207

  Tewes, Ernst, 160

  Thach, Jimmy, 249–50

  Thapa, Sherbadur, 457

  Thiaroye, near Dakar, 411

  Thomas, Sir Shenton, 203, 210

  Thompson, Pfc ‘Red’, 329

  Thorpe, Capt. Norman, 212

  Thue, Col. David, 48

  Tiger tanks (German), 445, 449, 540

  Times, The: on sympathy for Poland, 17

  Timoshenko, Gen. Semyon, 301

  Tito, Marshal Josip Broz, 465–9, 629

  Tobruk, 114–15, 128–9, 131, 137–8, 294, 364, 411

  Todt, Fritz, 163

  Toffey, Lt.Col. Jack, 456, 528

  Tojo, Gen. Hideki, 195

  Tokayer, Alfred, 404

  Tokyo: bombed by USA, 237, 429, 638; war crimes trials, 672

  Tolstukhin, Aleksei, 383

  Tomlin, Christopher, 51

  Tootle, Ensign Milton, 251

  Tooze, Adam, 352, 483–4, 504

  Topp, Erich, 278–9

  Torch, Operation, 282, 298, 365, 375–6

  Torgau, 612

  Toru, Takase, 500

  Tout, Ken, 541

  Tovey, Adm. Sir John, 290

  Toyoda, Adm. Soemu, 565–7

  Trapp, Maj. Wilhelm, 521

  Trevelyan, George Macaulay, 400

  Triantafillos, Spyros, 117

  Tripartite Pact (Germany–Italy–Japan, 1940), 112, 187, 193

  Tripoli: falls to British, 375

  True, Bill, 586

  Truman, Harry S.: on US racketeering and profiteering, 230; and development of atom bomb, 647–8; fails to deliver ultimatum before use of A-bomb, 649–50; announces Japan’s unconditional surrender, 651; and European Jews, 674

  Truscott, Gen. Lucian, 595, 667

  Trutz, Hildegard, 619, 671

  Tsapounis, Ahmet, 116

  Tsuchi, Corp. Tominosuke, 212

  Tsuchida, William, 586

  Tsuji, Col. Masanobu, 209, 215–16, 263

  Tu Lu Ming, Gen., 223

  Tunis, 379

  Tunisia, 375, 377

  Tuominen, Arvo, 31

  Turin, Italy: bombed, 491

  Turing, Alan, 368

  Turkey: neutrality, 398

  Turner, Rear-Adm. Kelly, USN, 255–6

  Tutt, Gunner Len, 115

  Tzannetakis, George, 122

  U-boats: as threat, 270, 272–3; war against, 272–3, 280; numbers, 273, 282; campaign, 274–5; types and equipment, 274; and Ultra intercepts, 275–6, 278, 283; employe
d in Mediterranean and Norway, 278, 294; sinkings, 278, 280–1, 283; successes on US east coast, 278–9; conditions and crews, 279; ‘wolf packs’, 279, 282–3; attacks on Atlantic convoys, 280–1; attacks on Arctic convoys, 293; new models, 483

  Ukraine: in German strategy, 144–5; anti-Russian actions, 145; young women deported to Germany, 153; guerrilla fighters in, 156; welcomes Germans, 158, 405; Russians reoccupy, 392; and extermination of Jews, 511

  Ultra intercepts: and Crete operation, 123; in Pacific war, 237, 244, 265, 267, 369, 566; of U-boat positions, 275–6, 278, 283; and PQ17 convoy, 290; in Mediterranean campaign, 298; aids Allies in North Africa, 367, 372, 378; as critical influence for Allies, 367–8; on German intentions in Italy, 443; on German evacuation of Sicily, 449; inadequate intelligence on effect of bombing of Germany, 483; and Hitler’s counter-attack plan in Normandy, 554; and German pessimism in autumn 1944, 577; on German strength at Arnhem, 579; on German Ardennes offensive, 591; and Slim’s Burma campaign, 633

  Umberto, Crown Prince of Italy, 459

  Umezu, Gen. Yoshijiro, 648

  Unit 731 (Japanese biological warfare), 428–9, 672

  United States of America: total casualties, xviii, 324–5, 670; shipping freed from British contraband searches, 39; industrial strength, 101, 663; enters war (December 1941), 165, 190, 197–8; view of war in Europe, 182–9; rearmament and conscription measures, 184; destroyers-for-bases deal with Britain, 186; isolationism, 186–7, 189–90; material aid for Britain, 186; embargoes on Japan, 188, 194; Japan attacks, 188, 191, 195–6; industrial disputes, 189; opposition to admitting foreign refugees, 189; and Japanese threat, 194; domestic values, 197–8; North African landings (November 1942) and campaign, 198, 282, 361, 366, 377–8; remoteness from conflict and privations, 198; gives priority to defeat of Germany, 199, 254; military assessments and plans, 199–200; shipbuilding, 199, 275, 284, 361; supplies China by Burma Road, 222; economic output, 228–9; popular response to war, 228–31; racketeering and profiteering, 229–30, 339; atrocities on Guadalcanal, 257–8; convoy escort duties, 276; shipping losses on east coast, 280; aid to Russia, 284, 293, 323; satisfaction with society, 335; food availability, 348–9; declines to send food to Europe, 351; women workers, 353–4; armaments production, 361; military build-up, 362–3; lacks faith in British Eighth Army, 365; intelligence sharing with Britain, 368; setbacks in North Africa, 377–8; detains Nisei Japanese, 400–1; readiness to make separate peace with Germany, 400; heterogeneity and national groups, 401–2; racism, 401–2; anti-imperialism, 407–8, 420, 664; behaviour of servicemen in India, 420–1; conduct of Pacific campaign, 432–8; supports Nationalist China, 432; commitment to war against Japan, 433; contribution to victory, 441, 663; favours early landings in France, 442; casualties in Italy, 453, 456; anti-Semitism, 516; popular view of Germans, 518; presses for invasion of Europe, 532; infantry weapons, 539–40; non-cooperation with Britain in Asia, 560; closes ring on Japan, 564; army’s behaviour in Europe, 587; army faces Ardennes offensive (winter 1944–5), 590–1; army meets Russians at Torgau, 612; war weariness, 641; develops atomic bomb, 647; low human cost of war, 662–3; operational relationship with British, 664

  United States Army Air Force (USAAF): strategy in Pacific, 433; bomber offensive against Germany, 471–2, 480–2, 484, 486–7, 493; losses, 475, 484, 487, 492; strength, 481; bases in England, 491; bombs Japanese mainland, 637–9

  United States Marine Corps: at Guadalcanal, 254–60, 263; strength increased, 260; casualties, 263, 644, 670; landing craft, 361; in Pacific, 363, 433, 436–7, 440, 565, 567–8, 570; qualities, 438; at Iwo Jima, 635–6; on Okinawa, 640–1, 644; achievements, 664

  United States Navy: in Pacific, 236, 268; power, 240; torpedo inaccuracies, 240–1; quality of crews, 241–2; officer corps, 242; defeat at Savo, 255–7; Pacific strategy, 433, 436; growth, 435; number of planes, 481; dominance in Pacific, 558, 564; submarine successes and losses, 558–9; Japanese kamikaze attacks on, 636–7, 641–2, 644; and damage control, 637; achievements, 664; casualties, 670

  VESSELS: Astoria (cruiser), 251, 255; Bagley (destroyer), 255; Bunker Hill (carrier), 644; Chicago (cruiser), 255; Enterprise (carrier), 196, 241, 244, 249, 253, 261, 644; Essex (carrier), 642; Franklin (carrier), 637; Hornet (carrier), 237, 242, 244, 247, 249, 251–3, 261; Intrepid (carrier), 644; Juneau (cruiser), 243, 262; Lexington (carrier), 237–40; Manila Bay (carrier), 573; Missouri (battleship), 652; North Carolina (battleship), 261; Paterson (destroyer), 255; Princeton (carrier), 658; Quincy (cruiser), 256; Saratoga (carrier), 261, 564; South Dakota (battleship), 262; Spearfish (submarine), 234; Vincennes (cruiser), 255; Wainwright (destroyer), 291; Washington (battleship), 262; Wasp (carrier), 261; Yorktown (carrier), 237–8, 240, 244–5, 249, 251–3

  Uprichard, Sgt. Bill, 475

  Uranus, Operation (Russia), 314–16

  Urbanowicz, Witold, 5, 22

  U Saw, 220

  Ushijima, Gen. Mitsuru, 640

  Ustaše (Croatia), 405, 465, 467, 469

  Utah beach, Normandy, 534

  V-weapons (Germany), 343, 486

  Vallicella, Vittorio, 134–5, 137–8, 370–2, 374, 377

  Vasilevsky, Marshal Aleksandr, 320, 383, 617, 668

  Vass, Dénes, 600

  Vatutin, Nikolai, 383, 405

  Vavin, Nikolai, 169

  VE-Day (8 May 1945), 630

  Vendetta, HMAS (destroyer), 203

  Veritable, Operation, 610

  Vértessy, Col. János, 603

  Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 448

  Vienna, 618

  Vierkom, Karl-Gottfried, 175

  Vietminh movement (Indochina), 407

  Vietnam, 407–8

  Vistula, river, 613–14

  Vlasov, Lt.Gen. Andrey, 300

  Volga Germans: deported in Russia, 151

  Volga river: freezes, 316

  Völkischer Beobachter (Nazi newspaper), 14

  Voronezh, 302–3, 315

  Voroshilov, Gen. Kliment, 168–9

  Vorster, John, 412

  Wacht (German army newspaper), 585

  Wade, Robert, 466

  Wagner, Gen. Eduard, 70, 163, 504

  Wainwright, Gen. Jonathan, 233–5

  Walcheren, 584

  Waldheim, Kurt, 671

  Waldron, Lt.Cdr. John, 247–8

  Wallenberg, Raoul, 602

  Wallis, Barnes, 481

  Walters, Anne-Marie, 406

  Walther, SS Panzergrenadier Herbert, 556

  Wannsee conference (1942), 519

  war crimes: punishments for, 671–2

  Warlimont, Gen. Walter, 98

  Warsaw: destroyed and occupied by Germans, 17–20; Hitler visits, 22; ghetto, 509, 515, 522; uprising (1944), 549, 588

  Washington summit (May 1943), 443

  Waskow, Capt. Henry, 458

  Watson, Lt. Robert, 639

  Waugh, Evelyn, 8, 102, 343, 441

  Wavell, Gen. Sir Archibald (later 1st Earl): Middle East command, 105; in Egypt, 107, 109; mounts offensive against Italians, 110–11; troops sent to Greece, 111; orders to Neame, 114; and evacuation of Greece, 122; and expedition to Iraq, 124; sends force to Syria, 125; failed offensive against Rommel, 128; loses Middle East command, 128; numbers of troops, 135; and defence and fall of Singapore, 212; and proposed shooting of Australian deserters, 213; dismisses army commanders in Burma, 222; unable to send reinforcements to Burma, 221; command in South-East Asia, 222; leaves Singapore, 236; on Bengal famine, 351; organises relief for Bengal famine, 424; offensive in Burma, 433

  Wayman, Corp. George, 636

  Weichs, Gen. Maximilian, Baron von, 303, 315, 551

  Weinburg, Gerhard: A World at Arms, xix

  Weinstein, Dr Alfred, 233

  Welchman, Gordon, 368

  Welles, Sumner, 665

  Wells, Corp. Ira, 471

  Wells, Rod, 413

  Wellum, Geoffrey, 82, 470

  Wenck, Gen. Walther, 623

  West, Frazer, 565

  West, Sgt. Hora
ce, 445

  West Africa: recruits from, 410; see also Dakar Weygand, Gen. Maxime, 35, 55, 61, 63, 70

  White, Lt. Peter, 327, 332, 607

  Whitehead, Don, 534

  Wick, Helmut, 83

  Widdicombe, Wilbert, 277

  Wiedling, Lt.Gen. Karl, 626

  Wigram, Lt.Col. Lionel, 450

  Wildcat fighters (US), 241, 248–9, 251

  Wilhelm Gustloff (liner), 622

  Willkie, Wendell, 181, 187

  Wingate, Maj.Gen. Orde, 434, 634

  Winn, Godfrey, 292

  Winstanley, John, 561

  Wissler, Denis, 86

  Wolff, Gen. Karl, 630

  Wolff-Monckeburg, Mathilde, 346, 450, 482, 489, 553, 576, 653

  women: in Soviet Russia, 309, 311, 354–8; mobilised, 352–4; sexually exploited, 355, 357, 360; as agents in SOE, 358; in combat, 358; as nurses, 358; romances and sexual freedom, 359–60; violated by Japanese, 429–31; violated in Italy, 461; violated by Russians in Germany, 619–20, 627–8

  Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF; Britain), 358–9

  Wood, Edwin, 577

  Wood, Jean, 345

  Wood, Gen. Robert, 186

  Woolrych, Col. Stanley, 406

  Wurzburg scanner (German): stolen in raid at Bruneval, 325–6

  Wylde, Maj., 213–4

  Yalta conference (February 1945), 595–6, 611

  Yamaguchi, Adm. Tamon, 252

  Yamamoto, Adm. Isoroku, 193–4, 237, 243–5, 252–3, 262–3, 669

  Yamashita, Gen. Tomoyuki, 209–10, 211, 213, 215–16, 235, 260, 574, 645, 669

  Yanovichl, Belorussia, 394

  Yokoyama, Lt.Col. Yosuke, 208

  Young, Catherine Renee, 348

  Yugoslavia: casualties, xvi, 465, 670; factions and ethnic conflicts, xix, 405, 465–9; Italy prepares to attack, 109; Germany occupies, 118–19, 465; women fighters, 358; conditions and people, 464; operations in, 464; partisan activities, 466–9; Axis atrocities in, 468–9; Tito gains control, 469; Russians occupy, 550; and retreat of German army, 608; Red Army excesses in, 629–30

  Yukina, Vera, 147

  Yushkevich, Lt., 168

  Zagari, Bianca, 340–1

  Zagari, Raffaele, 341

  Zero (Japanese fighter plane): in Battle of Midway, 243, 248–50, 253; qualities, 474

  Zhijia Shen, 428

  Zhukov, Marshal Georgy: and German invasion of Russia, 143; command, 159, 162; and defence of Moscow, 160, 162; doctrine of non-retreat, 166; reinforced, 166; advises Stalin against extending offensive operations, 167; replaces Voroshilov at Leningrad, 168–9; recalled from Leningrad, 173; favours narrow front, 177; defeats Japanese in Nomonhan Incident (1939), 192; appointed Deputy Supreme Commander, 307; takes command at Stalingrad, 307–8; revisits Leningrad, 313; Uranus offensive (November 1942), 315–16; promoted marshal, 320; offensive towards Dnieper, 383; counter-attacks at Kursk, 390–1; encircles Germans on Dnieper west bank, 525; Operation Bagration offensive, 527, 546; advance into Germany, 608; assault on Berlin, 615, 621–2, 623–5; qualities, 668

 

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