The Great War
Page 66
Milne, Lieutenant General Sir George 192, 194
Milner, Lord 423
Mitchell, Lieutenant Frank 436–7
Moltke (battlecruiser) 115, 264, 323
Moltke, General Helmuth von, the Elder 12, 15, 25, 32, 60, 428, 469
Moltke, General Helmuth von, the Younger
and the Schlieffen Plan 14
wants war as quickly as possible 15, 25–6, 469
strengthens German forces on Franco-German border 14–15
avoids invading Holland 15
attack on Belgian Liège forts 15
and alliance with Austria-Hungary 15
Austrian discussions with 20
Alsace-Lorraine offensive 40
despatches two corps east 64
changes plans in the Paris region 65
Battle of the Marne 67
replaced by Falkenhayn 67
Prittwitz replaced by Hindenburg 85
and Falkenhayn 125
Monash, Lieutenant General Sir John 447, 449, 459
Monastir (Bitola, Macedonia) 191
Monchy-le-Preux 331, 336, 337, 453
Monmouth (armoured cruiser) 110, 111
Monro, Lieutenant General Sir Charles 184–5
Mons, Battle of (1914) 53–7, 72, 463
Mons, retreat from 57
Mons-Condé Canal 54
Mont Kemmel 428, 431
Mont St Quentin 453
Montauban 222
Montdidier 441
Monte Hermada 384
Monte Podgora 380
Monte Sabotino 380
Monte San Daniele 381
Monte San Gabriele 381
Monte San Michele 381
Monte Santo 380
Montenegro 10, 165
Montreuil château 209
Mordacq, Colonel Henri 140
Morhange, Battle of (1914) 39, 40
Morin, Sergeant Émile 150–51, 443, 445
Morocco
First Moroccan Crisis (1905–6) 20–21
Second Moroccan Crisis (1911) 21
French protectorate 21
Morris, Lieutenant Lionel 237
Morritt, Captain William 56
Mort Homme ridge 203
Morval, Battle of (1916) 235
Moscow 165
falls to the Bolsheviks 303
Napoleon’s retreat (1812) 13
Mosul oil fields 293
Mouquet Farm, Battle of (1916) 230
Mousley, Lieutenant Edward 283, 284
Mulhouse 38, 39, 40
Mullins, Private Francis 192, 193
Murdoch, Keith 184
Murray, General Sir Archibald 63, 395, 397, 398–9, 400–401
N
Nahr Falik 407
Namur 51, 235
Napoleon Bonaparte 13, 124, 272
Napoleon III, Emperor 4, 11
Napoleonic Wars (1803–15) viii
Narew River sector 158
Nasiriyah 275
National Defence Act 411
nationalism
in fascism viii
rise of the concept x
in the colonies 8
Slav 9, 21
in Turkey 10
in Austro-Hungarian Empire 23
nationalistic minorities 471
naval race 97, 98
Navy Act (1898) 96
Navy Act (1900) 96
Nazi Party 470, 471
Nek, The 177, 179
Nettleton, Lieutenant John 440
Neufchâteau 41
Neuilly, Treaty of (1919) 471
Neuve Chapelle, Battle of (1915) 130–39, 153, 155, 173, 186, 197, 211, 213, 225, 232, 447
Neuville-St-Vaast 145
Neville, Colonel Wendell C. 440–41
New Zealand, troop convoys from 110
New Zealand (battlecruiser) 115
New Zealand Brigade 177, 179
Nibrunesi Point180
Nicholas, Grand Duke 84, 88, 162, 163
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia
autocratic rule 6, 296
political reform 7
orders Russian mobilisation 26
exchange of telegrams with the Kaiser 28
replaces Grand Duke Nicholas 163, 242
oblivious to popular discontent 297
abdication 298
Nicosian (steamer) 117, 123
Niemeyer, Senior Lieutenant 223
Nieppe 430
Nieuport 70–71, 77
Nightingale, Captain Guy 183–4
Nile Delta 396
Nivelle, General Robert 192, 204, 296, 328, 329–30, 338, 339, 341, 347, 359–60, 424
Nivelle Offensive 192, 296, 338, 338–45, 348
Nixon, Lieutenant General Sir John 271, 272, 275, 276, 279, 280, 281, 282
Norfolk Hill 273, 274
North Africa: colonialism 5, 10, 20
North Sea 99, 103, 108, 320
Germany’s freedom restricted 101, 109
and blockade 115, 118, 249
Britain defines as a military area 119
Scheer resumes sweeps 252
North-West Frontier 269, 272–3
Northern Barrage 318
Northern Group of Armies 69
Notre Dame de Lorette Spur 145, 151
Noyon 441
Noyon Salient, France 149
Nunan, Lieutenant Stan 408
Nunn, Captain 274, 275
Nürnberg (light cruiser) 110, 113
Nusrat (Turkish minelayer) 169
O
Obourg 55
Ocean (pre-dreadnought) 169
Odin (sloop) 274
Oise River 329
Oosttaverne Line 348, 351
Operations
Albion 302
Blücher 438–41, 443
George 415, 416, 428
Georgette 428–38
Gneisenau 441–42
Hagen 438
Mars 415, 416, 425
Michael 415, 416–27
Oram, Sub-Lieutenant Henry 256
Ors Communal Cemetery 463
Osowiec Fortress, siege of (1915) 158
Ostend 68, 312, 319, 323, 351, 363, 368
Otranto (auxiliary cruiser) 110, 111
Ottoman Empire, fall of viii, 3–6, 10, 11, 21, 93, 471
Ourcq River 66
Ouvrage de Thiaumont strongpoint 205, 206–7
Oven, Colonel von 36
Oversay island 316
Owen, Lieutenant Wilfred 462–3
‘Anthem for Doomed Youth’ 463
‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ 463
‘Strange Meeting’ 463
P
Pacific Ocean 110, 472
Palestine 461, 471
Palestinian Campaign 293, 308, 398–409, 413, 414
Pan-Slavism 5, 9
Paris
fall of (1871) 12
siege of (1870–71) 16
Moltke’s plan to drive the French from Paris 65
Pétain intent on defending 423
Parker, Corporal George 459
Pasic, Nicholas 25
Passchendaele 71, 367
Passchendaele, First Battle of (1917) 366–7
Passchendaele Ridge 77, 351, 356, 357, 361, 362, 363, 365, 459
Passchendaele-Gheluvelt Ridge 354
Pau, General Paul 39, 40
Peking: embassy staff besieged 103
Perry, Private Alfred 171
Pershing, General John 316, 412, 465
Persia, oil fields 271
Persian Gulf 268, 269
Perthes, Champagne, France 127
Pétain, General Henri 202–3, 341, 343, 344, 421, 423, 424, 465
Pétain, General Philippe 145, 148
Petit Couronné 192, 193
Petrograd 300, 302
Petrograd Soviet 298
Peuty, Commandant Paul du 214
Philippine-American War 412
Piave River 388, 391
Piave River, Battle of (1918) 389–90
&
nbsp; Picton Davies, Lieutenant H.G. 153
Pilchem Ridge 348, 352, 354, 357, 365, 430
Pilditch, Captain Philip 230, 236, 241
Pilica River 90
Plan XVII 17, 32
Alsace-Lorraine offensive 17, 38–41
Ardennes offensive 41–50
Platzr, Private 128
Plemmer, Private 128
Ploiesti oil fields 248–9
Plumer, General Sir Herbert 348, 351, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 366, 417, 429, 459
Po River 382, 389
Pochhammer, Commander Hans 112–13
Poelcappelle, Battle of (1917) 363, 365–6, 367
Pohl, Admiral Hugh von 116–17
Poincaré, Raymond 423
Poland
last partition of 18–19
German Ninth Army advances into
Russian Poland 88
occupied by German forces 303
German loss of Polish territory 470
Polish Salient 163
Polygon Wood, Battle of (1917) 362
Pommern (pre-dreadnought) 264
Port Stanley, Falkland Islands 111
Portuguese corps 428–9
Posen conference (1914) 90
Pound, Commander Dudley 109
Powell, Captain Ifor 190–91
Pozières, Battle of (1916) 229–30
Pozières Plateau 224
Pozières Ridge 229
Pozières 222
Princess Royal (battlecruiser) 111, 115
Princip, Gavrilo 24, 471
Pripyat Marshes 163, 243, 245
Prittwitz, Lieutenant General Max von 84, 85
Prussia 1, 4, 325
Przemyśl, Poland, siege of 87–8, 89, 90–91, 159, 160, 162
Pulteney, Lieutenant General Sir William 69
Putnik, Field Marshal Radomir 91, 92, 93, 165
Q
Queen Elizabeth class (super-dreadnoughts) 252
Queen Mary 254, 255
Quinton, Private William 73, 74–5, 78, 79, 142–3
Qurna 271, 273, 289
Qurna, Battle of (1914) 270, 275
R
Rabe (of 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment) 230–31
Rapallo, Italy: Allied conference (1917) 388, 415
Rasputin, Grigory 296
Rawa-Russkaya, Battle of (1914) 87
Rawlinson, Lieutenant General Sir Henry 69, 70, 131, 138, 139, 153, 210–11, 225, 226, 227, 232, 425, 446, 447, 451, 459
Raymond-Barker, Major Richard 433
Red Army 304
Red Guard 302, 303
Redan Ridge 224, 239
Rees, Herbert 58
Rees, Lieutenant Tom 237
Reinsurance Treaty (1887) 2, 4
Renault, Désiré 46
Rennenkampf, General Paul von 84, 85, 86, 87
Reynal, Commander Sylvain Eugène 204–5
Reynardson, Captain Henry Birch 273–4
Rhine River 18, 465, 469
Rhododendron Ridge 177, 179
Richthofen, Lieutenant Manfred von 237, 238, 332, 334, 422–3, 433–5
Rickenbacker, Captain Edward 454, 455
Riga, Latvia 162, 243, 300–301, 385
River Clyde (tramp steamer) 173
Robertson, General Sir William 191, 196, 290, 292, 341, 352, 405, 413, 415, 448
Rodman, Rear Admiral Hugh 316
Rogerson, Captain Sydney 439
Romani, Battle of (1916) 396
Rommel, Lieutenant Erwin 386–7
Rose, Private Geoffrey 449–50
Rossignol, Battle of (1914) 41–7
Rosyth 115, 316, 323
Roulers 68, 70, 351, 362, 363, 368
Roupell, Lieutenant George 54
Routh, Captain Eric 337
Rowland, Private Charles 450
Royal Air Force (RAF) 408, 448
Royal Flying Corps (RFC)
aerial photography reconnaissance 134–6, 364
relationship with the BEF 136
Battle of the Somme 214–16, 236–7
new generation of aircraft 215–16
harassment of Turkish steamer 290–91
aging aircraft 331–2
Battle of Arras 334, 335
Battle of Cambrai 371–2
Royal Navy
2nd Battle Squadron 114, 115
3rd Battle Squadron 115
5th Battle Squadron 252, 254, 255, 257, 259–60
6th Battle Squadron 316
1st Battlecruiser Squadron 104, 114, 115, 252, 254
2nd Battlecruiser Squadron 115, 254, 260
3rd Battlecruiser Squadron 253, 257
1st Cruiser Squadron 258
10th Cruiser Squadron 118, 318
1st Light Cruiser Squadron 115, 256
12th Flotilla 264
Channel Fleet 101, 109
Grand Fleet 102, 107, 111, 114, 169, 251, 305, 306, 309, 311, 315–16, 323
at Scapa Flow 101, 103, 117, 252, 253
Battle of Jutland 253, 256, 257, 258, 260, 262, 266, 267
risk from mines and submarines 94, 252, 253, 267, 305, 306
role of 103–4, 118
Harwich Force 104, 115
South American Squadron 110
supremacy under threat from Germany 7, 8, 95, 97, 102–3, 251
Naval Mission to Turkish Navy 22, 167
‘two-power standard’ 94–5
battleship design 97
naval race 97
battlecruisers 97–8, 255, 306
fixation on guns and speed 99
submarine service 100
blockade x, 101, 109, 115, 118–19, 120, 249, 309–10, 315, 318–19, 325, 327, 465
early mobilisation 101–2
Spithead Review 102
Battle of Coronel 110–11
Battle of the Falkland Islands 111–13
Battle of Dogger Bank 115–17
low standard of gunnery on battlecruisers 117
convoys issue 120–21, 311–15, 469
‘Q’ Ships 122, 310
Battle of Jutland 253–67, 305–6
protecting advance to El Arish 397
Ruffey, General Pierre 41
Rule, Lieutenant Edgar 447
Rumania
independence 10
resolves to stay out of the war 83
decision to participate in the war 191
joins the Allies 231, 247–8
declares war on Austria-Hungary 248
invades Transylvania 248
German invasion of 248
Mackensen enters Bucharest 248
Ploiesti oil fields 248–9
surrender of 303
Rumanian Army 191, 247–8, 295
Rupprecht, Crown Prince 40
Russia 5, 6, 7
population 5, 82
industrialisation 5, 7
French aid 5, 14, 81, 84
and Pan-Slavism 5, 9
relationship with Serbia 5–6, 27
autocracy 6, 296
Duma 7, 296, 297, 299
enmity towards Germany 7
threat to Turkey 10
Plan 19 produced (1910) 19
Plan 20 19
aims to secure Constantinople 19–20, 22, 27
mobilisation 26–27, 83
Germany declares war 29, 83
Austria declares war on 83
railways 84, 244
Joffre determined to support Russia 148
declares war on Turkey 168
apparently tamed by Germany 198
Tsarist government 296
spy scares 296
Rasputin cult 296
food riots 297
Provisional Government 297, 298, 299, 300, 302, 303
Council of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies (Soviet) 297
Tsar’s abdication 298
Soviet-style committees 298, 300, 302
Allies refuse to recognise Bolshevik government 303
loss of coal fields and industrial heartlands 303
civil war 304
Communist state 470–71
tyranny of the Tsars 470
Sykes-Picot Agreement 471
Falkenhayn favours peace with 125, 163
Russian Air Service 244
Russian Army
First Army 19, 84, 85, 86, 88
Second Army 19, 84, 85, 86, 89
Third Army 19, 84, 87, 160, 161
Fourth Army 19, 84, 87, 88
Fifth Army 19, 84, 87, 89
Seventh Army 243, 299
Eighth Army 84, 87, 243
Ninth Army 88, 243
Tenth Army 84, 87, 88, 158, 159
Eleventh Army 243, 299
Twelfth Army 158, 159
XX Corps 158
Stavka 88, 160, 162, 163, 295
size of 5, 81, 295
modernisation 7, 13, 14
mobilisation 81
weaponry 82
disaster at Tannenberg 86
lax wireless security 85–6, 88–9
withdrawal from Galicia 162
loss of territory 163
casualties 163
new defence line 163
Salonika Campaign 189
successful offensive against Austria-Hungary 191
Russian prisoners and casualties 242
rise in desertions 247, 298, 300
food rations 296–7
stands aloof from 1917 Revolution 297–8
demobilisation 303
Russian Empire viii, 5
Russian High Command 19, 163–4, 247
Russian Navy 7
Russian Revolution (1905) 7, 82, 297
Russian Revolution (March 1917) 292, 297–8
Russian Revolution (November 1917) 302–4, 342, 368, 392, 410
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5) 6, 7, 26–7, 84
Russo-Turkish War (1877–8) 6
Ruzsky, General Nikolai 158, 160, 164
S
Saalwächer, Lieutenant Commander Alfred 314
St Daniel 386
St Julien 140, 142, 354, 361
St Mihiel Salient 129, 144
St Omer 70
St Pierre Divion 212, 239
St Quentin 416
St Quentin Canal 369, 373, 459
Saint-Germain, Treaty of (1919) 471
Saint-Mihiel, Battle of (1918) 454–5
Sainte-Ménehould, France 344
Salisbury Plain 424
Salonika Campaign 184, 187–95, 288, 308, 409, 413, 414
first Allied troops disembark 188
French enthusiasm for 189
the port of Salonika 190
major health issues 190–91
Rumanian decision to participate 191
Sarrail’s failed offensive 192–3
abdication of King Constantine 193–4
Sarrail dismissed 194
Second Battle of Doiran 194–5
Bulgaria surrenders 195
casualties 195
Salonika Expeditionary Force (SEF) 188, 192, 195
Sambre Canal 463
Sambre River 41, 51
Samsonov, General Alexander 84, 85, 86, 87
San River 87, 89, 161
Sannayeh 269
Sanniyat 285, 290, 291
Sarajevo: assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 23, 24
Sari Bair Ridge 177, 178