Elizabeth

by Arlene Okerlund

  Mary, 18 May 1496–26 June 1533.

  Married (1) Louis XII of France.

  Married (2) Charles Brandon.

  Grandmother of Lady Jane Grey.

  Edmund, 20 February 1499–19 June 1500.

  Edward, unknown date of birth and death.

  Katherine, 2 February 1503–20 February 1503.

  4.Mary, born at Westminster, 12 August 1467. Died 23 May 1482.

  5.Cecily, born at Westminster, 20 March 1469. Died 24 August 1507.

  Married (1) John Viscount Welles before December 1487.

  Married (2) Thomas Kyme of Boston, Lincolnshire, between 8 February 1499 and January 1503.

  6.Edward V, born at Westminster Sanctuary, 2 November 1470. Died after July 1483.

  7.Margaret, born at Windsor, 19 April 1472. Died 11 December 1472.

  8.Richard, born at the Dominican Friary, Shrewsbury, 17 August 1473. Died after July 1483.

  9.Anne, born at Westminster, 2 November 1475. Died after 22 November 1511. Married Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk and Earl of Surrey, 4 February 1495.

  10.George, born at Windsor before 12 April 1477. Died March 1479.

  11.Katharine, born at Eltham, August 1479. Died 15 November 1527. Married William Courtenay, Earl of Devon, before October 1495.

  12.Bridget, born at Eltham, 10 November 1480. Died in Dominican convent at Dartford, 1517?

  Abbreviations

  Arrival

  Historie of the Arrivall of Edward IV, in England, and the Finall Recouerye of His Kingdomes from Henry VI. A.D. 1471.

  Bluemantle

  ‘The Record of Bluemantle Pursuivant,’ in Kingsford.

  CCR

  Calendar of the Close Rolls.

  CFR

  Calendar of the Fine Rolls.

  CP

  Complete Peerage.

  CPR

  Calendar of Patent Rolls.

  CL

  Chronicles of London.

  Croyland

  Ingulph’s Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland.

  CWR

  The Chronicles of the White Rose of York.

  DNB

  Dictionary of National Biography.

  GC

  The Great Chronicle of London.

  Letters

  Letters of the Kings of England.

  Mancini

  Mancinus, Dominicus. The Usurpation of Richard the Third.

  Milan

  Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, existing in the Archives Collections of Milan.

  Paston

  The Paston Letters.

  Rozmital

  The Travels of Leo of Rozmital.

  Stonor

  Kingsford’s Stonor Letters and Papers.

  Wills

  A Collection of all the Wills, now known to be extant, of the Kings and Queen of England…

  Wills… Doctors

  Wills from Doctors’ Commons

  Other references will be found in the bibliography, under the last name of the author or first word of the title.

  Notes and Citations

  The first reference to a source gives full citation; subsequent references cite the last name of the author or first word of the title.

  Chapter 1. The Widow and the King

  1Calendar of Patent Rolls: Edward IV 1461–1467 (London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1897), 35.

  2The Complete Peerage of England Scotland Ireland Great Britain and the United Kingdom, ed. George Edward Cokayne (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1984), XI: 20.

  3Mary Clive, This Sun of York: A Biography of Edward IV (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 14.

  4Thomas More, The History of Richard III, ed. Richard S. Sylvester (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963), II: 61-62.

  5More, II: 62.

  6I wish to thank my friend and colleague Sebastian Cassarino for his translation.

  7Dominicus Mancinus, The Usurpation of Richard the Third, trans. C.A.J. Armstrong, 2nd ed. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969), 61.

  8‘Hearne’s Fragment of an Old Chronicle, from 1460–1470’, The Chronicles of the White Rose of York (London: James Bohn, 1845), 15-16.

  9More, II: 61.

  10Alison Weir, The Wars of the Roses (New York: Ballantine, 1995), 323.

  11Anne Crawford, ‘Elizabeth Woodville, Wife of Edward IV’, Letters of the Queens of England 1100–1547 (Dover, N.H.: Alan Sutton, 1994), 130.

  12Charles Derek Ross, The Wars of the Roses (New York: Thames and Hudson, 1976), 72 and 94.

  13Michael Stroud, ‘Chivalric Terminology in Late Medieval Literature’, Journal of the History of Ideas 37 (1976): 324.

  14Weir, Wars, 18.

  15Agnes Strickland, Lives of the Queens of England, (Chicago: Belford, Clarke and Co., 1843), I: 385-6.

  16C.L. Grace, The Book of Shadows, (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1996), 196.

  17Grace, 28-9.

  18Bertram Fields, Royal Blood: Richard III and the Mystery of the Princes, (New York: HarperCollins, 1998), 34.

  19Fields, 35.

  20Fields, 72.

  21Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts, existing in the Archives and Collections of Milan, ed. Allen B. Hinds (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1912), I: 131.

  Chapter 2. Edward’s Decision to Marry Lady Elizabeth

  1Edward Hall, Hall’s Chronicle; Containing the History of England, during the Reign of Henry the Fourth, and the Succeeding Monarchs, to the End of the Reign of Henry the Eighth, 1548. (Reprint, New York: AMS Press, 1965), 264.

  2Strickland, 613-4.

  3The Paston Letters A.D. 1422–1509, ed. James Gairdner (London: Chatto & Windus, 1904), III: 267.

  4Milan, 65, 66, 68, 72, 77.

  5Milan, 68, 73.

  6CPR, Edward IV, 1461–68, I: 35.

  7Paston, III: 223.

  8Robert Fabyan, The New Chronicles of England and France, ed. Henry Ellis (London: Rivington, et al, 1811), 635.

  9‘Gregory’s Chronicle’, The Historical Collections of a Citizen of London, ed. James Gairdner (Camden Society. Westminster: Nichols and Sons, 1876), 206.

  10Paston, III: 203-4.

  11John Rous, The Rous Roll, ed. Charles Ross (Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1980), 56.

  12Milan, 100.

  13CPR, Edward IV, 1461-68, I: 97.

  14CPR, Edward IV, 1461-68, I: 97.

  15CPR, Edward IV, 1461-68, I: 169-70.

  16CPR, Edward IV, 1461-68, I: 81.

  17CPR, Edward IV, 1461-68, I: 188.

  18Hearne’s Fragment, 10.

  19Calendar of the Close Rolls: Edward IV 1461–68 (London: His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1949), I: 179.

  20Livia Visser-Fuchs, ‘English Events in Caspar Weinreich’s Danzig Chronicle, 1461-1495’, The Ricardian 7 (1986): 313.

  21More, II: 61-2.

  22More, II: 63.

  23More, II: 63-4.

  24More, II: 64.

  25More, II: 64-5.

  26Henry Ellis, Original Letters, Illustrative of English History. Second Series (New York: AMS Press, 1970), 4: 152.

  27Fabyan, 654.

  28Ellis, Original Letters, Vol. 1 (New York: AMS Press, 1970), 1: 10.

  29Bodleian MS 264, quoted from The Romance of Alexander, ed. M.R. James, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933), 5. I wish to thank my friend and colleague Danielle Trudeau for assistance with the translation.

  30Excerpta Historica, or Illustrations of English History (London: Samuel Bentley, 1831), 178.

  31Hall, 264.

  32Hall, 264

  Chapter 3. The Truth about the Wydevilles

  1David Baldwin, Elizabeth Woodville: Mother of the Princes in the Tower (Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 2002), 1; David MacGibbon, Elizabeth Woodville (1437–1492): Her Life and Times (London: Arthur Baker, 1938), 45, 225.

  2The Great Chronicle of London, ed. A.H. Thomas and I.D. Thornley (London: George Jones, 1938), 421n.

  3Marina Belozerskaya, Rethinking the Renaissance: Burgundian Arts Across Europe. (Cambri
dge University Press, 2002).

  4The Coventry Leet Book: or Mayor’s Register, ed. Mary Dormer Harris (London: Early English Text Society, 1907–13), 152.

  5CPR, Henry VI, 1429–1436: 516.

  6CPR, Henry VI, 1436–1441: 53.

  7CPR, Henry VI, 1436–1441: 53. Rotuli Parliamentorum, ed. John Strachey, et al. 6 Vols. (London: 1767–77), IV: 498.

  8CPR, Henry VI, 1436–144: 311; Henry VI, 1441–46: 46–7.

  9Foedera, ed. Thomas Rymer (London: J. Tonson, 1728–35), X: 677.

  10Calendar of the Fine Rolls, Henry VI, 1437–1445 (His Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1937), 90-91, 315; Henry VI, 1445–1452: 76, 198. See also CCR, Henry VI 1435–41: 91, 141-2, 395, 400-1, 405, 407 and Henry VI 1441–47: 414-5.

  11CPR Henry VI 1422–29: 13; CCR Henry VI 1435–41: 314.

  12CPR Henry VI 1422–29: 353.

  13Fabyan, 596.

  14CCR Henry VI 1441–47: 340.

  15Excerpta, 249-50.

  16CPR Henry VI 1429–36: 593.

  17CCR Henry VI 1422–29: 99, 102, 472; Henry VI 1429–35: 6.

  18George Baker, The History and Antiquities of the County of Northampton (London: J.B. Nichols and Son, 1841), II: 162.

  19Baker, 162.

  20CP XI: 19.

  21Chronicles of London, ed. Charles Lethbridge Kingsford (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1905), 138.

  22CPR Henry VI 1436–1441: 41.

  23CPR Henry VI 1436–1441: 72.

  24CPR Henry VI 1436–1441: 146, 369.

  25CPR Henry VI 1436–1441: 537.

  26CL, 146.

  27CPR Henry VI 1436–1441: 426.

  28CCR Henry VI 1435–41: 397.

  29CL, 148.

  30CPR Henry VI 1441–46: 453.

  31Paston II: 150.

  32CPR Henry VI 1446–52: 385.

  33CCR Henry VI 1447–54: 219, 221.

  34CPR Henry VI 1446–52: 414, 438, 444, 456, 462, 472, 476, 478.

  35Baldwin, 8.

  36CPR 1452–61: 394.

  37Coventry Leet, 300.

  38A.R. Myers, Crown, Household and Parliament in Fifteenth Century England (London: Hambledon Press, 1985), 212.

  39Myers, Crown, 184.

  40Myers, Crown, 217-8.

  41Proceedings and Ordinances of the Privy Council of England, ed. Harris Nicolas London: Commissoners on the Public Records, 1837), 276-7; Rotuli V: 297, 341.

  42James H. Ramsay, Lancaster and York: A Century of English History (Oxford: Clarendon, 1892) II: 210.

  43CPR Henry VI 1452–1461: 443.

  44CPR Henry VI 1452–1461: 555.

  45GC, 190.

  46Myers, Crown, 182.

  47CP, V, 361.

  48Baldwin, 5.

  49Beryl Richardson, ‘The Old Hall, Groby’, The Groby Book, ed. Allison Coates (Groby Village Society, 2000).

  50The Coronation of Elizabeth Wydeville: Queen Consort of Edward IV on May 26th, 1465, ed. George Smith (London: 1935. Reprint Gloucester, 1975), 29ff.

  51CCR Edward IV 1461–68: 179.

  Chapter 4. The Cousins’ Wars

  1Hall, 208.

  2Hall, 208.

  3Henry VI, Act 2, Scene 4.

  4James H. Ramsay, Lancaster and York: A Century of English History. 2 Vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1892), II: 216.

  5CL, 173.

  6GC, 194.

  7Milan, 49-50.

  Chapter 5. Consternation and Coronation

  1Milan, 69.

  2Milan, 102.

  3Coronation, 31-2.

  4Quoted from MacGibbon, 38.

  5The Travels of Leo of Rozmital through Germany, Flanders, England, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy 1465–1467, ed. Malcolm Letts (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1957), 56

  6Coronation, 61-5.

  7Glynne Wickham, Early English Stages, 1300–1660 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1959), 324-31.

  8Coronation, 8.

  Chapter 6. Setting Up Housekeeping

  1John Stow, A Survey of London Written in the Year 1598, ed. Antonia Fraser. (Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1994), 246.

  2CPR Edward IV 1461–1467: 433; CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 64.

  3CPR Edward IV 1461-1467: 525.

  4C.M. Woolgar, The Great Household in Late Medieval England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 9.

  5The Chronicles of the White Rose of York (London: James Bohn, 1845), lxiii; Fabyan, 207.

  6Woolgar, Great Household, 12.

  7The Household of Edward IV: The Black Book and the Ordinance of 1478 ed. A.R. Myers, (Manchester: University Press, 1959), 9.

  8Household… Black Book, 76ff.

  9Letters of the Kings of England, ed. James Orchard Halliwell (London: Henry Colburn, 1846), 101.

  10Myers, Crown, 254.

  11CPR Edward IV 1461–1467: 430

  12Myers, Crown, 280.

  13Davies, 81.

  14Myers, Crown, 147.

  15Myers, Crown, 252.

  16Myers, Crown, 154.

  17Myers, Crown, 146.

  18Myers, Crown, 252.

  19Myers, Crown, 144.

  20Myers, Crown, 288.

  21Myers, Crown, 287.

  22Myers, Crown, 300-14.

  23CPR Edward IV 1461-1467: 463, 464.

  24W. G. Searle, The History of the Queens’ College of St. Margaret and St. Bernard in the University of Cambridge, 1446–1560 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1867), 15.

  25CPR Henry VI 1446–1452: 144.

  26Searle, 69.

  27CPR Edward IV 1461–1467: 495.

  28Charles Henry Cooper, Memorials of Cambridge (Cambridge: William Metcalfe, 1860), I: 289.

  29Searle, 71.

  30CPR Edward IV, Edward V, Richard III 1476–1485: 34.

  31CPR Edward IV 1461–1467: 196.

  32CPR Edward IV 1461–1467: 446.

  33Maxwell Lyte, History of Eton College (Macmillan, 1910), 69.

  34Lyte, 80; Lipscomb, History and Antiquities of Buckinghamshire (London: J. and . Robins, 1867), 4: 485.

  35Lyte, 70.

  36Lyte, 70.

  37CPR Edward IV 1461–67: 516.

  Chapter 7. Marriages Made in Court

  1CCR Edward IV 1461–68: 162.

  2J.R. Lander, ‘Marriage and Politics in the Fifteenth Century: The Nevilles and the Wydevilles’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research 36 (November 1963), 119-52.

  3Lander, 121.

  4CPR Edward IV 1461–67: 462.

  5CPR Edward IV 1461–67: 421, 444, 483, ad infinitum.

  Chapter 8. The Queen’s Churching

  1Fabyan, 655.

  2David Cressy, ‘Purification, Thanksgiving and the Churching of Women in Post-Reformation England’, Past & Present, 141 (Nov. 1993), 112.

  3The Travels of Leo of Rozmital through Germany, Flanders, England, France, Spain, Portugal and Italy 1465–1467, ed. Malcolm Letts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957), 45.

  4Rozmital, 45-6.

  5Rozmital, 46-7.

  6Rozmital, 47-8.

  7Rozmital, 47n.

  8Milan, 19.

  9Cora L. Scofield, The Life and Reign of Edward the Fourth (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1923), I: 399.

  10Myers, Crown, 143.

  11Myers, Crown, 143.

  Chapter 9. Fun, Games and Politics at Court

  1Richard Vaughan, Philip the Good: The Apogee of Burgundy (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1970), 134.

  2Christine Weightman, Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy, 1446–1503 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1989), 79.

  3Excerpta, 197.

  4Excerpta, 204.

  5Stow, 353.

  6GC, 203.

  7Excerpta, 204.

  8Excerpta, 206.

  9Excerpta, 208.

  10Excerpta, 209.

  11Fabyan, 656.

  12Excerpta, 212.

  13MacGibbon, 65.

  14J.R. Lander, ‘Council, Administration and Councillors, 1461–85’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Re
search, 32 (1959), 138.

  15Weightman, 37.

  Chapter 10. Enemies Within

  1CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 110.

  2Coventry Leet, 336ff.

  3CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 25.

  4CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 39.

  5CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 41.

  6Ingulph’s Chronicle of the Abbey of Croyland with the Continuations by Peter of Blois and Anonymous Writers, trans. Henry T. Riley (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1854).

  7Excerpta, 228.

  8Excerpta, 228.

  9Excerpta, 239.

  10GC, 206.

  11Charles Derek Ross, Edward IV (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1974), 100.

  12GC, 206.

  13GC, 207.

  14Myers, Crown, 142.

  15Retha M. Warnicke, The Rise and Fall of Anne Boleyn: Family politics at the court of Henry VIII (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 133.

  16GC, 208.

  17GC, 213.

  18GC, 214.

  19GC, 207.

  20MacGibbon, 42-3, emphasis mine.

  21Goddard H. Orpen, ‘Statute Rolls of the Parliament of Ireland, 1-12 Edward IV’, English Historical Review 30 (1915): 342-3.

  22GC, 208.

  23Milan, 131.

  24Milan, 131.

  Chapter 11. War Within the Family

  1Paston, V: 34.

  2Henry Harrod, ‘Queen Elizabeth Woodville’s Visit to Norwich in 1469’, Norfolk Archaeology 5 (1859): 34.

  3Ross, Edward IV, 132.

  4GC, 310; Coventry Leet, 346.

  5John Warkworth, A Chronicle of the First Thirteen Years of the Reign of King Edward the Fourth, ed. James Orchard Halliwell (London: Camden Society, 1839), 46.

  6Warkworth, 47.

  7Warkworth, 47, emphasis mine.

  8Warkworth, 49-50,.

  9Milan, 132.

  10CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 190.

  11Three Fifteenth-Century Chronicles, ed. James Gairdner (Camden Society, 1880), 63.

  12Ralph A. Griffiths, King and Country: England and Wales in the Fifteenth Century (London: Hambledon Press, 1991), 252; CL, 149.

  13CPR Edward IV 1467–77: 190

  14Hearne’s Fragment, 28.

  15Milan, 139-40.

  16Quoted from M.A. Hicks, False, Fleeting, Perjur’d Clarence (Gloucester, Alan Sutton, 1980), 81.

  17Searle, 78.

  Chapter 12. Elizabeth in Sanctuary

  1CL, 182; GC, 211.