by Foster, R E
185 The Times, 3 & 6 July 1815, 9 October 1817.
186 The Times, 2 August 1816, 14 January & 5 June 1817, 27 November & 2 December 1818; P. Hofschröer, Wellington’s Smallest Victory, pp. 19–22, 27–9.
187 The Times, 21 July 1815; Morning Chronicle, 24 August 1815.
188 The Times, 6 October 1815; Caledonian Mercury, 5 October 1815; Morning Chronicle, 15 January 1829; S. Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past’, Representations, 2000, pp. 9, 21.
189 The Times, 8 November 1815.
190 Leeds Mercury, 9 September 1815.
191 H. Grierson (ed.), The Letters of Sir Walter Scott, pp. 78–85.
192 Morning Chronicle, 24 August 1815; Liverpool Mercury, 22 December 1815; The Times, 8 November 1815 & 16 June 1933; Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past’, pp. 11–2.
193 Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past’, p. 21; Morning Post, 3 October 1818.
194 The Times, 10 May 1816; Marquis of Anglesey, One Leg, p. 151.
195 Liverpool Mercury, 22 December 1815; Hull Packet, 5 August 1817.
196 Mercer, Journal, p. 189.
197 Scott, Paul’s Letters, pp. 495–504 was amongst many who reproduced Decoster’s testimony.
198 Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past’, p. 12; Stanhope, p. 84; The Times, 18 June 1934.
199 Morning Chronicle, 27 June 1815; Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past’, pp. 19, 28.
200 Owen, Waterloo Papers, pp. 35–6, T. Sydenham to B. Sydenham, 11 August 1815; Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, pp. 68–9.
201 Lord Byron, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, p. 67 & passim.
202 L. James, The Iron Duke, p. 268.
203 The Times, 11 December 1817.
204 J. Wellesley, Wellington, p. 305; Croker, I, pp. 32–3; Grierson, Letters, pp. 91–6.
205 Morning Chronicle, 23 February 1816.
206 Hampshire Telegraph, 13 November 1815.
207 Grierson, Letters, pp. 78–9; Scott, Paul’s Letters, pp. 171–6.
208 Owen, Waterloo Papers, pp. 33–5, T. Sydenham to B. Sydenham, 15 July 1815; The Times, 18 June 1934 wrongly ascribes the letter to General Allan. ‘Padrone’ was a sobriquet Wellington had acquired in the Peninsula.
209 Croker, I, p. 70; C. Parker, Sir Robert Peel, I, p. 182; WD, XII, pp. 578–9, 617, Wellington to Norcross, 31 July & 24 August 1815.
210 Curry, Southey, pp. 124–7, Southey to Wynn, 15 December 1815; Quarterly Review, XXVI, July 1815, pp. 448–526.
211 WP1/478/25 & WP1/478/54 for Wellington’s letters to Croker of 8 & 17 August 1815. Most writers, probably following Sir Herbert Maxwell, erroneously ascribe the recipient as being Walter Scott.
212 Sir J. Sinclair, The Correspondence of the Right Honourable Sir John Sinclair, I, pp. 218–9.
213 WS, X, pp. 507–8, letters from Wellington to Sinclair & Mudford of 13 April & 2 May 1816 respectively. Mudford’s history was a popular success; Sinclair contented himself with an edition of Müffling’s account of the campaign.
214 WS, X, pp. 507–9, letters from Wellington to Sinclair & Mudford of 28 April & 8 June 1816.
215 Scott, Paul’s Letters, pp. 500–1.
216 The Times, 29 July 1815; Derby Mercury, 16 November 1815.
217 The Times, 27 October, 4 & 17 November 1818; Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, pp. 215–9.
218 Gourgaud, Campaign of MDCCCXV, pp. 108–9, 122–31.
219 The Times, 24 April 1818.
220 Anglesey, One Leg, p. 153.
221 The Times, 23 June 1815; Morning Chronicle, 1 July 1815.
222 Caledonian Mercury, 5 October 1815.
223 In 1859 & 1875 respectively. Before then, they lay buried in London.
224 The Times, 1 July, 7 August, 8 November 1815 & 16 June 1933; F. Hope Pattison, Personal Recollections of the Waterloo Campaign, p. 54.
225 E. de Selincourt (ed.), The Letters of William and Dorothy Wordsworth, II, pp. 670–4, D. Wordsworth to C. Clarkson, 28 June 1815.
226 Owen, Waterloo Papers, pp. 38–44, Barlow to his father, 7 July 1815. A failure to reflect the popular mood probably explains the ambivalent reception afforded J. M. W. Turner’s The Field of Waterloo when it was first exhibited in 1818. With dead bodies strewn across the dark foreground, one reviewer preferred to see it as ‘an allegorical representation’ of war’s suffering as opposed to the ‘delineation of a particular battle’.
227 Morning Post, 3 November 1815.
228 Morning Post, 27 June & 12 July 1815, 15 January 1818.
229 Morning Post, 8 July & 8 August 1815, 14 October 1816, 12 April 1817; J. Barker, The Brontës, pp. 63–4; WD, XII, pp. 650–1, Wellington to Rowcroft, 28 September 1815.
230 The Times, 2 August 1815.
231 WD, XII, p. 636, Wellington to Bathurst, 17 September 1815.
232 Royal Cornwall Gazette, 16 October 1817; The Times, 15 January & 19 October 1818.
233 J. Austen, Sanditon, pp. 335–6.
234 Morning Post, 26 October 1815.
235 PD, 1st series, XXXI, 29 June 1815, cols. 1048–57. Wynn (1775–1850) generally espoused popular causes before 1832 but later became a moderate Conservative and Father of the House. WS, X, p. 554, York to Wellington, 22 June 1815.
236 The Times, 26 June & 11 July 1815, 4 May 1816; Morning Post, 3 & 29 July 1815.
237 The Times, 6 February 1816.
238 The Times, 30 May, 3 & 6 June 1817.
239 The Times, 19 June 1817. See also 8 June 1816 & 20 June 1817. The same day (18 June 1817), the people of Anglesey and Caernarvonshire dedicated a hundred foot column ‘in grateful commemoration of the distinguished military achievements of their countrymen’.
240 The Times, 9 January 1816; Morning Post, 31 October 1817.
241 The Times, 2 December 1817; E. Longford, Wellington. Pillar of State, pp. 44–5.
242 R. Foster, ‘The Duke of Wellington at Home’, The Historian, Summer 1985, pp. 8–9. He also acquired Walmer Castle, his favourite home, on becoming Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1829.
243 The Times, 12 July 1816 & 19 June 1817.
244 The Times, 22 November & 13 December 1815, 17 February 1816; Creevey, I, p. 246.
245 The Times, 14 March & 23 December 1818.
246 The Times, 5, 28 & 31 December 1818.
4. Heroes and Villains: Wellington, Waterloo and other Battles 1819–1832
247 Fraser, p. 41; The Times, 29 September & 6 October 1819, 27 October 1822, 26 February 1827; Oxford Journal, 22 December 1827.
248 Arbuthnot, I, pp. 36, 39, 55–6; Morning Post, 9 March 1821.
249 Creevey, I, p. 289.
250 In Canto nine of Don Juan (1819).
251 The Times, 27 July & 30 September 1819; J. Marlow, The Peterloo Massacre, pp. 13, 53–4, 84–5, 173–6.
252 R. Foster, The Politics of County Power, pp. 108–9; PD, 1st series, XLI, 2 Dec 1819, cols. 663–76; Ellesmere, pp. 122–3.
253 The Times, 29 August 1820; Bury and Norwich Post, 6 December 1820; Thompson, Wellington after Waterloo, pp. 33–6.
254 R. Foster, The Politics of County Power, p. 109; Creevey, II, p. 6; PD, 2nd series, IV, 25 January 1821, cols. 107–15; The Times, 19 April 1832.
255 Gaunt, ‘Wellington in Petticoats’, pp. 158–61; The Times, 3 & 7 September 1822.
256 Arbuthnot, I, pp. 116, 121–2; Creevey, II, p. 189; Stanhope, p. 184.
257 Morning Post, 15 July 1824; Morning Chronicle, 26 October 1825; Hampshire Telegraph, 23 December 1822; P. Hawker, The Diary of Colonel Peter Hawker, I, pp. 211–2.
258 Hampshire Telegraph, 23 December 1822; Morning Post, 15 July 1824, Morning Chronicle, 26 October 1825; Hull Packet, 24 November 1829.
259 Morning Post, 21 November 1826.
260 Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past’, p. 9.
261 Hampshire Telegraph, 23 December 1822; Morning Post, 15 July 1824; Hull Packet, 24 November 1829.
262 I am grateful to Alan Lindsey for this reference. See also Sheffield Independent, 17 March 1832.
2
63 Morning Chronicle, 22 November 1825; Illustrated London News, 25 September & 27 November 1852. Shakespeare was reputed to have planted a mulberry tree at New Place, Stratford. It was felled in the mid-eighteenth century.
264 The Times, 22 September 1822; The Standard, 10 June 1830; W. Lovett, Life and Struggles, pp. 25–6.
265 Lancaster Gazette, 30 January 1819; Chad, p. 7.
266 Morning Post, 15 July 1824 & 23 June 1826; Oxford Journal, 18 November 1826; Uffindell & Corum, Fields of Glory, pp. 32–3.
267 Morning Chronicle, 26 October 1825; Arbuthnot, I, p. 413.
268 Bristol Mercury, 16 November 1830; Uffindell & Corum, Fields of Glory, pp. 33–4; Semmel, ‘Reading the Tangible Past’, p. 2; Hull Packet, 24 November 1829.
269 Morning Post, 21 November 1826; The Times, 2 August 1819.
270 Morning Post, 19 June 1821. Byron’s lines are from Don Juan.
271 The Times, 9 July 1818 & 16 February 1819; Morning Chronicle, 29 January 1820; A. Lambert, Nelson, chapter 16.
272 Freeman’s Journal, 30 March 1831.
273 The Times, 23 August 1825, 23 April & 3 July 1828; The Examiner, 10 June 1821; Oxford Journal, 6 July 1822.
274 Morning Post, 19 June 1827; The Times, 21 May 1828.
275 Morning Post, 19 & 20 June 1828; The Times, 18 June 1829; J. Flanders, Consuming Passions, pp. 317–9.
276 Glasgow Herald, 29 December 1820; Morning Post, 9 June 1831.
277 Lancaster Gazette, 12 June 1819; Liverpool Mercury, 24 June 1825; Morning Chronicle, 7 February 1821; Hampshire Telegraph, 22 June 1829.
278 Hampshire Telegraph, 28 June 1819; Derby Mercury, 17 August 1825; Royal Cornwall Gazette, 28 June 1828.
279 Aberdeen Journal, 12 June 1816; Bury & Norwich Post, 19 June 1816; Leeds Mercury, 24 July 1819.
280 Morning Post, 6 October 1825, 24 June 1826 & 25 June 1832.
281 Morning Post, 20 June 1825.
282 The Times, 19 June 1816; Hampshire Telegraph, 19 February 1827. Of the remainder, 189 died in the campaign, 268 had died since and 178 had either resigned or sold out.
283 The Standard, 27 June 1829.
284 Leeds Mercury, 24 June 1826.
285 The Times, 19 June & 12 July 1816; Morning Post, 27 June and 4 July 1821.
286 The Times, 23 June 1823.
287 Stanhope, p. 14.
288 Ipswich Journal, 17 December 1825; Worcester Journal, 21 June 1827.
289 Freeman’s Journal, 26 June 1821; Morning Post, 28 June 1822 & 24 September 1828.
290 Derby Mercury, 21 March 1821; Morning Post, 1 December 1823 & 27 July 1829; Oxford Journal, 25 November 1826.
291 WP1/478/25, Wellington to Croker, 8 August 1815; The Times, 21 March 1818, 7 September 1819 & 4 February 1829; Morning Post, 19 April 1820; York Herald, 19 April 1823; Worcester Journal, 16 September 1824; Leicester Chronicle, 31 March 1827.
292 Morning Chronicle, 11 November 1827; Belfast Newsletter, 7 May 1830; The Standard, 7 November 1830.
293 Bristol Mercury, 26 August 1822; Morning Chronicle, 19 October 1824; Morning Post, 2 June & 14 December 1825.
294 The Times, 6 April 1831.
295 Caledonian Mercury, 24 June 1819.
296 Morning Post, 21 June 1821 & 20 June 1825; Morning Chronicle, 19 June 1822 & 7 June 1823.
297 Morning Post, 19 June 1829; Royal Cornwall Gazette, 25 June 1831.
298 Morning Post, 1 January 1821.
299 Morning Post, 14 May 1825.
300 Morning Chronicle, 3 September 1828.
301 The next five paragraphs draw on C. Greville, Memoirs 1818–1837, I, pp. 39–40, 71–2; Chad, pp. 2–7; Shelley, II, p. 33; Arbuthnot, I, pp. 234–5, 361–2; Ellesmere, p. 126; Stanhope, pp. 9, 15.
302 For this controversy see M. Adkin, The Waterloo Companion, pp. 415–6.
303 Shelley, II, p. 33; Arbuthnot, I, pp. 234–5, 361–2.
304 B. O’Meara, Napoleon in Exile, I, pp. 112–4, 299–301 & II, p. 233.
305 Arbuthnot, I, pp. 234–5; A. Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, pp. 244–7.
306 Morning Post, 25 November 1829 & 14 April, 1830; Liverpool Mercury, 17 February 1832; Morning Chronicle, 15 January 1829.
307 J. Barker, The Brontës, p. 160.
308 The Times, 27 July 1827.
309 Roberts, Napoleon and Wellington, pp. 258, 260–1; W. Scott, The Life of Napoleon Buonaparte, VIII, pp. 478–518.
310 The Times, 20 July 1819 & 30 July 1821; Morning Post, 9 May 1825 & 15 June 1825.
311 S. Jenkins, ‘Sir Thomas Lawrence and the Duke of Wellington’ in Woolgar (ed.), Wellington Studies IV, pp. 126–39.
312 The Examiner, 16 June 1822.
313 H. Miles, ‘Sir David Wilkie’, ODNB, LVIII, pp. 965–70. See also Morning Post, 4 May 1822.
314 J. Black, Waterloo, p. 181; Morning Chronicle, 2 January 1819; The Times, 16 January 1819; Morning Post, 3 April 1819.
315 Morning Post, 28 June 1827; Hull Packet, 5 July 1831.
316 Creevey, II, pp. 112–3, 121–2; The Times, 14 April, 4 & 10 May 1827. It has become conventional to label politicians as either Protestant or Catholic according to where they stood on Catholic Emancipation, the most divisive issue in British politics in the generation after 1800.
317 Arbuthnot, II, pp. 126–7; Morning Chronicle, 19 June 1827; Bury & Norwich Post, 4 July 1827; Thompson, Wellington after Waterloo, pp. 63–4.
318 The Standard, 22 June 1827; PD, 2nd series, XVII, 18 June 1827, col. 1,317.
319 The Times, 1 October 1827; The Standard, 29 September 1827.
320 The Times, 2 & 9 October 1827; A. Heesom, ‘Wellington’s friend? Lord Londonderry and the Duke of Wellington’ in Woolgar (ed.), Wellington Studies III, pp. 1–34.
321 PD, 2nd series, XVIII, 29 January 1828, cols. 66–7; Political Register, 23 February 1828.
322 K. Bourne (ed.), The Letters of the third Viscount Palmerston to Laurence and Elizabeth Sulivan, pp. 212–3; The Examiner, 1 June 1828.
323 Thompson, Wellington after Waterloo, pp. 82–96; K. Noyce, ‘The Duke of Wellington and the Catholic question’ in Gash (ed.), Wellington, pp. 139–58.
324 The Standard, 7 February 1829; The Times, 28 March & 19 June 1829.
325 Leicester Chronicle, 18 April 1829; The Standard, 18 June 1829; The Times, 4 March 1830.
326 Thompson, Wellington after Waterloo, pp. 91–3.
327 Arbuthnot, II, pp. 269–72.
328 The Times, 4 February 1829; Political Register, 28 November 1829, 13 March & 28 August 1830; PD, 2nd series, XXII, 4 February 1830, cols. 34–41; Thompson, Wellington after Waterloo, pp. 98–100.
329 Greville, Memoirs 1818–1837, II, p. 53; PD, 3rd series, I, 2 November 1830, cols. 44–53; Thompson, Wellington after Waterloo, pp. 105–7.
330 Ellesmere, p. 64 & note 1; The Standard, 22 November 1830.
331 Arbuthnot, II, p. 251; WP4/1/3/4/26, Wellington to Fleming, 27 May 1831.
332 The Times, 5 September & 13 October 1831; Thompson, Wellington after Waterloo, pp. 115–9. Wellington’s London home had also been attacked on 27 April.
333 Hampshire Advertiser, 29 October 1831.
334 The Times, 23 May 1832; D. Rowe (ed.), London Radicalism, p. 82; Creevey, II, pp. 246–7.
335 Worcester Journal, 28 June 1832; North Wales Chronicle, 26 June 1832; Fraser, pp. 23–4.
336 J. A. Froude, Thomas Carlyle, II, p. 282; The Times, 4 June 1832.
337 Hampshire Chronicle, 25 June 1832; The Times, 15 May & 1 December 1832.
5. Wellington and Waterloo Despatched 1832–1852?
338 Essex Standard, 10 May 1839.
339 For overviews see Longford, Wellington. Pillar of State and Thompson, Wellington after Waterloo.
340 The Times, 19 June 1832; Greville, Memoirs 1818–1837, II, pp. 372–3.
341 Morning Post, 27 June 1832; The Standard, 20 June 1833.
342 Greville, Memoirs 1818–1837, III, pp. 92, 222–3; Ellesmere, pp. 45, 74; Morning Chronicle, 22 October 1834.
343 Sheffield In
dependent, 6 December 1834; Stanhope, p. 62.
344 Derby Mercury, 11 February 1835; Glover, Letters, p. 94, note 5.
345 Morning Post, 4 June 1835 & 15 June 1837; The Standard, 2 November 1839; Glasgow Herald, 21 June 1844.
346 The Era, 13 June 1841; Morning Post, 19 June 1841; The Standard, 29 July 1841.
347 Greville, Memoirs 1837–1852, I, pp. 18–9; A. Kriegel (ed.), The Holland House Diaries, p. 259.
348 The evidence of the passing years suggested that he could have qualified that judgement. That he chose not to made it akin to his line on the contribution of the Prussians at Waterloo.
349 Stanhope, p. 160; Greville, Memoirs 1837–1852, I, pp. 18–9; PD, 3rd series, XLIX, 16 July 1839, cols. 373–5.
350 Morning Chronicle, 31 July 1839. R. Foster, The Politics of County Power, pp. 29–31.
351 Bradford Observer, 13 June 1839; Greville, Memoirs 1837–1852, I, pp. 102–3; Morning Chronicle, 21 June 1838.
352 Greville, Memoirs 1837–1852, I, p. 296.
353 Morning Chronicle, 30 June 1838 & 20 November 1839.
354 Hampshire Advertiser, 26 December 1835 & 26 August 1837; Morning Post, 11 March 1845.
355 Morning Post, 5 November 1832; C. Woolgar, ‘Wellington’s Dispatches’ in Woolgar (ed.), Wellington Studies I, pp. 189–210.
356 WP2/1/39–40, Gurwood to Wellington, 8 January 1833; WP2/1/60, same to same, 15 January 1833.
357 WP2/36/119, Wellington to Gurwood, 9 December 1835; Chad, Conversations, p. 19.
358 Morning Chronicle, 25 December 1845; Chartist Circular, 22 May 1841. Sir Thomas Munro, the letter’s recipient, had earlier published it in 1830.
359 Blackburn Standard, 18 March 1835.
360 The Times, 6 April 1847; T. Raikes, Journal, IV, p. 203.
361 Freeman’s Irish Journal, 23 November 1838, Liverpool Mercury, 23 November 1838 & Aberdeen Journal, 5 December 1838.
362 Raikes, Journal, IV, p. 203.
363 Hampshire Advertiser, 3 July 1847; The Times, 17 November 1848.
364 Morning Post, 11 March 1845. Maxwell (1791–1850), of Scots-Irish descent, later took holy orders but was deprived for non-residence.
365 Morning Post, 8 July 1842 & 27 September 1843; Aberdeen Journal, 23 November 1842.
366 Glover, Letters, pp. 326–7 & 334–5, for J. Gordon to Somerset, 1 November 1834 & Somerset to Siborne, 7 March 1837. See also M. Balen, A Model Victory & P. Hofschröer, Wellington’s Smallest Victory.