Powering the Future: A Scientist's Guide to Energy Independence
Page 37
Chandran, M. R., 190
Charles, Prince of Wales, 225
Chase, Heman, 174
Chernobyl, 106-108
China
Three Gorges Dam, 80-81
underground fires in coal bed, 62
Chinese Academy of Forestry, 194
Cinergy Corporation, 4
The City in History (Mumford), 236
Claude, Georges, 170
“clean” coal technologies, 52-53, 69-70
climate and energy use, 232-233
The Climate Near the Ground (Geiger), 232
Clooney, George, 212
Clostridium phytofermentans, 188
CO2 (carbon dioxide), 22
burying, 69
carbon offsets, xix
coal
air pollution resulting from burning coal as fuel, 62-65
coal-bed methane, 45-46
corporate and government support for, 67-68
financial costs of environmental damage, 65
formation of, 53-54
future of coal power, 66-67, 258-259
key facts, 52
strip mining, 57-60
technologies to make coal cleaner, 52-53, 69-70
U.S. energy use 2007, 15
underground mining, 60-62
worldwide consumption of, 56
coal-bed methane, 45-46
Commoner, Barry, 161
competition for energy, 32
Con Edison, 157
conservation of endangered species, 34-36
conserving energy
energy-efficient buildings
active methods, 231
climate/ecology and energy use, 232-233
costs of, 234-235
explained, 228-230
geothermal energy, 239-243
green buildings, 237-239
modern-age buildings, 235-236
passive methods, 231
radiant heating, 233-234
key facts, 228
Consolidated Edison, 87
consumer electronics, energy consumption of, 256
conventional energy sources
coal
air pollution resulting from burning coal as fuel, 62-65
coal-bed methane, 45-46
corporate and government support for, 67-68
financial costs of environmental damage, 65
formation of, 53-54
future of coal power, 66-67, 258-259
key facts, 52
strip mining, 57-60
technologies to make coal cleaner, 52-53, 69-70
underground mining, 60-62
worldwide consumption of, 56
disadvantages of, 276-277
economically recoverable fuel, 18, 57
energetically recoverable fuel, 18, 57
natural gas
coal-bed methane, 45-46
fueling autos with, 38-39
future of, 262, 272
gas hydrates, 45
key facts, 38
shale-bed methane, 46-49
U.S. consumption and reserves, 40-43
worldwide consumption and reserves, 43-45
nuclear power
case study: Brookhaven National Laboratory irradiated forest, 108-111
case study: Indian Point Power Plant, 87-88
case study: Washington Public Power Supply System (WPPSS), 104-105
costs of, 95
estimated uranium ore deposits, 90-92
future of, 260-261, 272-273
geographic distribution of uranium ore deposits, 94
key facts, 86
lifespan of nuclear power plants, 98
nuclear disasters, 105-108
popularity of, 89-90
production of, 111-113
radioactive waste, 97-103
safety of, 96-97
U.S. energy use, 90
worldwide use of, 93-94
Yucca Mountain waste storage facility, 100
oil
energy provided by, 23
environmental effects of, 33-34
geographic distribution of petroleum, 27-29
impact on culture, 20-21
international competition for, 32
key facts, 20
oil from oil shales and tar sands, 30-32
origin of, 21-23
petroleum exploration versus conservation of endangered species, 34-36
search for additional oil reserves, 29-30
shrinking petroleum reserves, 24-27
use in manufacture of petrochemicals and plastics, 33
U.S. energy consumption
output of typical large electrical power plant, 17-18
table of U.S. energy use 2007, 15
water power
case study: breaching of Edwards Dam, 74-76
case study: Three Gorges Dam, 80-81
energy provided by dams, 77-78
environment and social effects of dams, 79
future of dams, 81-82
hydrokinetic devices, 82
key facts, 74
potential energy production, 83-84
U.S. hydroelectric power capacity, 76-77
conventional nuclear reactors, 112
Cosmos Ignite, 155
crops, biofuel, 179-180
Cullinan, Tim, 138
Cumberland Mountains, coal mining in, 58
currents, utilizing power from, 168-169
D
Damon, Matt, 212
dams. See water power
Denmark, wind power in, 132
Department of Transportation (DOT), 214
Design with Nature (McHarg), 238
Detroit Edison, 7
Diaz, Cameron, 212
Diesel, Rudolf, 189
dismantling nuclear power plants, 98
Domingo, Placido, 212
Dow Chemical, 33
E
ecology and energy use, 232-233
economic incentives for reducing per-capita energy use, 266-269
economically recoverable fuel, 18, 57
Edison, Thomas, 152
Edwards Dam, 74-76
Electric Power Research Institute, 83, 165, 171
electrical grid systems
case study: blackout of 2003, 1-8
explained, 205-206
independence from grid, 209-210
microgrids, 225
problems with, 7
smart grid, 207-209
electrical power plants, typical output of, 17-18
endangered species, conservation of, 34-36
energetically recoverable fuel, 18, 57
energy conservation
energy-efficient buildings
active methods, 231
climate/ecology and energy use, 232-233
costs of, 234-235
explained, 228-230
geothermal energy, 239-243
green buildings, 237-239
modern-age buildings, 235-236
passive methods, 231
radiant heating, 233-234
key facts, 228
energy efficiency
of biofuels, 182-186
energy-efficient buildings
active methods, 231
climate/ecology and energy use, 232-233
costs of, 234-235
explained, 228-230
geothermal energy, 239-243
green buildings, 237-239
modern-age buildings, 235-236
passive methods, 231
radiant heating, 233-234
of transportation, 214-216
Energy Exchange in the Biosphere (Gates), 233
energy independence, need for, xvii-xix
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, 215, 265
Energy Policy Act of 2005, 68
energy solutions
future energy scenarios, 246-247
projected energy consumption if per-capita use drops 50%, solar/wind provides two-thirds, 255-257
projected ene
rgy consumption if U.S. energy use remains unchanged, 247-250
per-capita energy use, reducing, 263
by improving transportation energy efficiency, 264-266
with passive solar energy, 266
with social/economic incentives, 266-269
proposed energy program for federal and local governments, 269-271
questionable strategies, 273
requirements for, 246, 275-276
restricting energy use, 245
successful strategies, 274-275
unsuccessful strategies, 272-273
energy transportation systems
electrical grid systems. See electrical grid systems
key facts, 200
pipelines, 200-205
energy use in U.S., 15-16
energy, definition of, 10
Engelder, Terry, 48
Entergy, 87
environmental effects
biofuels, 189-190
coal, 62-65
dams, 79
petroleum, 33-34
solar energy, 161
wind power, 136-139
Eskimos, 20
ethanol. See biofuels
exajoules, 11
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 33-34, 200
F
F-76 Naval Distillate fuel, 269
Farris, Glenn, 178
fast reactors, 92
Federal Emergency Relief Act, 267
federal government, proposed energy program for, 269-271
Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, 218
Ferrera, America, 212
Ferroequus Railway Company Limited, 216
firewood for home heating, 174-177
Fischer, Franz, 70
Fisher, Joely, 212
fission reaction, 113
Florida Power & Light
Mountaineer Wind Energy Center, 123
Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS), 149
Turkey Point nuclear power plant, 96
fossil fuels, 18
coal
air pollution resulting from burning coal as fuel, 62-65
coal-bed methane, 45-46
corporate and government support for, 67-68
financial costs of environmental damage, 65
formation of, 53-54
future of, 66-67, 258-259
key facts, 52
strip mining, 57-60
technologies to make coal cleaner, 52-53, 69-70
underground mining, 60-62
worldwide consumption of, 56
disadvantages of, 276-277
economically recoverable fuel, 18, 57
energetically recoverable fuel, 18, 57
natural gas
coal-bed methane, 45-46
fueling autos with, 38-39
future of, 262, 272
gas hydrates, 45
key facts, 38
shale-bed methane, 46-49
U.S. consumption and reserves, 40-43
worldwide consumption and reserves, 43-45
oil
energy provided by, 23
environmental effects of, 33-34
geographic distribution of petroleum, 27-29
impact on culture, 20-21
international competition for, 32
key facts, 20
oil from oil shales and tar sands, 30-32
origin of, 21-23
petroleum exploration versus conservation of endangered species, 34-36
search for additional oil reserves, 29-30
shrinking petroleum reserves, 24-27
use in manufacture of petrochemicals and plastics, 33
U.S. energy consumption, 15
Foster, Robert, 155
FPL. See Florida Power & Light
France, nuclear waste disposal in, 102-103
free-market approach to energy solutions, 267
Friends of the Earth, 190
fusion reactors, 112
future energy scenarios, 246-247
projected energy consumption if per-capita use drops 50%, solar/wind provides two-thirds, 255-257