The Miraculous Fever-Tree
Page 33
in World Wars 284–91, 294
Maldonado, Pedro 115–16
Mamani, Manuel Incra 236, 238–44, 248–9, 305
Mamani, Santiago 242–3, 248
Mancini, Giulio 48, 49
Manson, Dr Patrick 255–59, 260–4, 266–7, 270–2, 276–8
Tropical Diseases 271
Marchiafava, Ettore 254
Maremma, Tuscany 6–7
Mariquita, New Granada 135
Markham, Sir Clements 206–7, 213–20, 228–36, 238, 241–3, 246, 281, 283, 314
Cuzco and Lima 215, 229
Peruvian Bark 206, 235
Markham, Minna 228, 229, 234
Marmaduke, Meredith Miles 183
Marquis, Don: archy and mehitabel 23
Martel, Manuel 231, 233
Martyn, John 159
May, Daniel 162
Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Rebellion 178
Mellini, Cardinal 45–6
Merck & Co. 282
Mercuriale, Girolamo 71
Mercurius Politicus 99
Mexican-American War 176
Middle Ages 35
Miguel de Heredia, Pedro 61
military medicine 142, 152, 175–6, 178–9, 287, 289
Mill Hill Fathers 15–17, 66
Miller, Philip: Gardeners Dictionary 110
Miquel, Prof. F.A.W. 246
Miravál, Nicolás de 79
Mississippi River 177, 186
Mobutu Sese Seko, President 304, 308, 309
Molière: Le Malade Imaginaire 103–4
Molina, Juan Basilio de 84
Mombasa, Kenya 2, 5, 10
Money, J.W.B. 246–7
Monte Cavallo, Rome 36–7
Moore, George 283
mosquito 164, 170, 177–8, 192–3, 197, 221–2, 255, 287
Aedes 193, 201, 261
Anopheles 11, 23, 32, 171, 193, 204, 251, 279, 284
Culex 261–2
eradication campaigns 7, 200–4, 292, 301
study of 258–67, 270–80
and yellow fever 201–4
Mudwanga, Elisé 313–14
Murchison, Sir Roderick 157, 166, 215
Mussolini, Benito 7
Mutis, José Celestino 129–38, 139
Herbarium 138
Nairobi, Kenya 9, 10, 12
Naivasha, Kenya 9, 11, 19–21
Naples 24, 28
Napoleon I, Emperor of France 140, 141, 145
Napoleonic Wars 139–41, 145, 176
Naylor Kendall & Co 237–8
Nederlandsche Kininefabrik 282
Nelson, Donald 292
New Granada 129–30, 132, 134–5, 137
Newton, Sir Isaac 111–12
Nicaragua 199–200
Niger, River 155, 157–60, 162–3, 166, 211
Nile, River 158
Nilgiri Hills, India 212, 247, 262
North, Lord 107
North America, see United States
North Carolina 171
Octave, George 196
Olviedo, Luis de: Methodo de la Colección y Reposición de las Medicinas Simples …71
Oratorians 82
Oregon 199
Orinoco River 221–2
Orrantia, Domingo de 81–2
Orsini, Virgilio 36
Osler, Sir William 1, 102, 254, 269, 278
Ospedale Santo Spirito, see Santo Spirito
Paco, Angelino 233
Palacios, Felix: Palestra Farmacéutica 71
Panama 78, 186–205, 217, 228
malaria in 6, 187–8, 204–5
Panama Canal 6, 24, 186–7, 189, 191–2, 195, 198–200, 202
Panama City 187, 203–4
Paris 103
Park, Mungo 158, 159
Pasteur, Louis 174
Paul V, Pope 44, 45
Pavón, José Antonio 121, 125, 126, 129, 134, 136
Paz, Felipe de 78
Pelletier, Joseph 182, 297, 306
Pemán, José María: The Saintly Vicereine 56
Pepys, Samuel 97
Perkin, William 297
Peru 52, 54, 55–83, 84, 213, 217, 230
cinchona tree 111, 117
expeditions to 113–18, 120–6
Jesuits in 62–81, 218
plant collecting 220, 221, 228–34
Peruano 82, 120
Peruvian bark, see cinchona bark
Pharmaceutical Society 246
pharmacopoeias 71
Pharmakina 303, 305–14
Philadelphia Medical College 182
Philip II, King of Spain 131
Philip V, King of Spain 113–14
Philippines 289–90, 293–5
Phytophtora fungus 307, 313
Picard, Jean 112
Pizarro, Francisco 63, 73
plant hunting 206–12, 219–34, 236, 239–45
Plasmodium 257, 258–9, 263, 264, 276, 279
life cycle 277, 280
P. falciparum 18, 22, 150, 170, 174, 193, 279–80, 287, 289, 291, 301, 305, 312
P. malariae 170, 174, 279
P. ovale 279
P. relictum 272, 279
P. vivax 170, 174, 279, 287, 297
Pleiad 157, 158, 159, 160–5, 211
Plempius, Vopiscus Fortunatus 93–4
Polytechnique de Paris 189
Prescott, W.H.: Conquest of Peru 216
Price, William 184
Pringle, Sir John 142
Pritchard, Captain J.A. 180–1
Protestantism 94, 96
Prujean, Sir Francis 99
Puccerini, Pietro Paolo: Schedula Romana 90–1
Puente de Ibanez, Jose 81
Puno, Peru 240, 242
Qoya, Beatriz Clara 85
quartan fever 33, 36, 61, 62, 90, 91, 98, 102
quinine 107, 128, 159, 161–3, 167, 175, 196, 212, 222, 287–96, 302–12
content of cinchona bark 248–9, 311
first use of 51–4, 281
industry 182, 282, 285–6, 287–8, 293, 306
price of 197–8, 205, 285–6, 307
as prophylactic 164, 181, 183, 204–5, 214, 284, 289
quinine bark, see cinchona bark; side-effects 60, 100, 181, 296–7
sulphatè 4, 9, 22, 155, 178, 181, 182–4, 204, 303, 306, 311
synthesised, see drugs, anti-malarial; tonic water 205
trade in 133–4
unpopularity of 181
quinine tree, see Cinchona
Quirinale, Rome 26, 37
Quito, Peru 61, 62, 115, 135
Raleigh, Sir Walter 98
Renquifo, Francisco 124
Richelieu, Cardinal 44, 45
Rimac river 62, 63, 122
Rocco, Mario 1–3, 5, 6, 8–11, 13, 15
Roche 308
Rodman, Robert 292
Rogers, Ginger 179
Roman Catholic Church 49, 67, 96, 99, 101, 103, 105
College of Cardinals 39–48
counter-Reformation 43
papal conclaves 39–47, 78, 89
papal schism 28, 29
see also Jesuits
Roman Empire 35, 184
Roman marsh fever 32, 52–3, 86, 89
Rome 24, 25–54, 59
Campagna Romana 7, 8, 32, 301
cinchona use in 78, 86
Jesuits in 65–6, 87–90
malaria in 32–7, 40, 46–8, 52, 89
Roosevelt, Franklin D. 293
Roosevelt, Theodore 199, 201, 202
Rosengarten & Sons 182, 281–2
Ross, Sir Ronald xviii, 250, 255–68, 270–80, 284–5
Memoirs 261
paper on mosquitoes 266–7
Ross, Rosa 266
Royal Botanic Gardens, see Kew Gardens
Royal College of Physicians 99, 102–3
Royal Geographical Society 158, 166, 215, 216, 235–6
Royal Navy 140, 157, 162, 216, 229
Royal Society 95
Royle, John Forbes 214, 219
Ruiz Lopez, Hipólito 120, 121–7, 134, 136
Quinología 127–9, 135
Runge, Friedlieb 297
Rwanda 303–4, 309
St Joseph’s Foreign Missionary Society 16–17
St Louis, Missouri 281–3, 286
Saio, Dr Mauro 12, 20
Salado Garcés, Miguel 62
Salmon, Thomas 171
Salumbrino, Agustino 54, 63, 66, 69–71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 82, 86, 218, 237
San Pablo, Lima 64–82, 90, 218
distribution of cinchona 77–80, 86–7
pharmacy (botíca) 54, 69–72, 76, 79–80, 82
San Pedro de Alcántara 126
San Xavier, Peru 65
Santa Fe Trail 183
Santander, Manuel 208
Santiago, Chile 76
Santo Spirito hospital, Rome 25, 33, 47–54, 60, 184
apothecary 50–2, 78, 90
Sappington, Dr John 179–86, 281
Fever Pills 179, 184–6
The Theory and Treatment of Fevers 182
Sappington, Lavinia 183
Sauli, Cardinal 43, 48
Savoy, Cardinal of 41, 47
Scheldt estuary 140, 141
Schweppe, Johann Jakob 205
scurvy 142, 162
Seaman’s Hospital Society 256
Second Quinine Convention 286
Secunderabad, India 260, 264
Serra, Cardinal 41, 48
Sévigné, Madame de 104
Seville, Spain 60, 62
Seymour, Rear-Adm. Sir George 216
Short, Dr 102
sickle-cell anaemia 174
Sierra Leone 155, 166
Sixtus V, Pope 36
Slim, Gen. William 287
Sloane, Sir Hans 108, 109
Smyrna, Asia Minor 164
Society of Jesus, see Jesuits
South America 49, 51, 62–3, 120
expeditions in 113–18, 120–6, 134–5
plant collecting 208, 212, 213
Spain 43, 87, 103, 110, 114, 118–19, 126, 131–2, 212
cinchona use 60, 61, 78, 82, 86
Spanish-American War 199, 201
Spanish Empire 57–8, 63, 80, 110, 111, 113, 137, 217
Spruce, Richard 206, 207–10, 213, 220–7, 236, 241, 245, 247
Stanley, Henry Morton 19, 163
Stevens, John 202
Stevenson, Augustus 185
Suardo, Antonio 57, 59
Surrey 156
Swift, Jonathan: The Journal to Stella 97
Sydenham, Thomas 100–1
Observationes medicae 101
Tacna, Peru 238
Tafur, Father Bartholomé 78, 90
Talbor, Sir Robert 99–100, 102–5, 107, 136
Pyretologia 100–1
Talismano della Felicità, Il 13
Taparelli, Massimo, see Azeglio, Marchese d’
Taylor, James 224
Taylor, Thomas 162
Teasdale, John 223
tertian fever 33, 55, 58, 61, 62, 86, 90, 91, 95, 98, 107, 161, 172, 259
Thirty Years’ War 88
Thompson, James 99
Tiber, River 32, 36, 48
Tidewater, Virginia 171
Toledo, Alejandro 67
tonic water 205
Torres Bollo, Father Diego de 62–3, 65–6
Torti, Francesco 136; ‘Tree of Fevers’ xvi, xvii, xviii, 71
Tralliano 33
Tugot, Anne Robert Jacques 118
Tuscany, Grand Duke of 45
Tutsi people 3, 304, 308
Ulloa, Captain Antonio de 113–14
United States 170–86, 286, 291–3
armed forces 6, 200–1, 289–92, 294–6, 298
Department of Agriculture 296
malaria in 16, 170–4, 176–9, 278
and Panama Canal 187, 198–200
Union Army 176–8
Urban VIII, Pope 47, 48–50, 60, 88, 90
Usambara, SS 2
Vargas Ugarte, Father Rubén 68, 72
Varro, Marcus Terentius 32
Vatican 25, 27, 36, 42, 88
Vega, Garcilaso de la 217, 230
Veitch, Harry James 245
Venegás, Father Alonso Messia 78
Venezuela 221
Verga, Giovanni: ‘Malaria’ 7–8
Verne, Jules: L’Île mystérieuse 5
Versailles, Treaty of 285
Vicksburg, Mississippi 177–8, 284
Victoria, Lake 10
Victoria, Queen 211
Vigo, Spain 96
Virginia, USA 171
Voltaire 113
Wainwright, Gen. Jonathan 295
Walcheren, Holland 139–54, 284
Walpole, Horace 35
War of the Austrian Succession 143
Washington, George 172
Washington, SS 188
Watts, John 108–9, 110
Webb, John 143
Weddell, Hugh Algernon: Histoire naturelle des quinquinas 239
Weir, John 228, 229, 230, 232–4
Wellington, Duke of 152, 154
West Africa 155–67
West Indies 164, 211
Wilder, Laura Ingalls: The Little House on the Prairie 168–70, 183
Winthrop Stearns 298–9
Witch, Father Juan Julio 67
Wood, Gen. Leonard 293
Woodlock y Grant, Elena 85
World Health Organisation (WHO) 22–3
World War I 283–5
World War II 10, 286–96, 301, 306
Worshipful Company of Apothecaries 108
yellow fever 18, 177, 193, 195, 196, 197, 200–4, 261
Zaire 304
Zeeland 142–3, 152
Zeiss, Carl 252
Zimmer, Conrad 306
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
If The Miraculous Fever-Tree had two godparents, they were Roy Porter, Professor of History of Medicine at the Wellcome Institute in London, and Bill Hamilton, Royal Society Professor in the Department of Zoology at Oxford University. Both died before this book was published, Roy while out cycling shortly after his retirement in 2002, and Bill two years before that, of cerebral malaria contracted during a trip to the forests of the Congo, proof of just how dangerous this disease still can be. No one could have been more patient or more encouraging of a non-scientist than these two academics, each a giant in his field and a prince among men. They continue to be deeply missed.
Many chapters of the malaria story have been told before. The challenge of finding something new to say begins with the primary sources – the diaries, letters, notes and inventories that are collected with such care the world over. The librarians of the following institutions deserve a special mention: in London The British Library, The London Library, the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, the Wellcome Institute, the Royal Geographical Society and the Oriental & India Office Collections; in Paris the Bibliothèque Nationale de France; in Spain the Real Jardín Botánico in Madrid, Archivo General de Indias in Seville and Instituto de la Historia de la Medicina in Salamanca; in Rome the Biblioteca Vaticana, Biblioteca Lancisiana, Archivio di Stato di Roma La Sapienza, and Archivio della Compagnia di Gesú; in Trevuren, Belgium, the Musée Royale de l’Afrique Centrale; in Panama the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Ancón, Balboa, and the Panama Canal Museum in Panama City; in Lima the Archivo General de la Nacion; in Columbia, Missouri, the J. Otto Lottes Health Sciences Library, and in Nairobi the Kenya National Archives.
Many individuals also offered anecdotes, helped me track down sources or read parts of the manuscript. Jaynie Anderson, Richard Pau and Valeria Rocco in Australia; Simona Bertolli, Father Joseph de Cocq SJ and Dott. Marco Fiorilla in Rome; John Francis Lane in Reggio Calabria; Jane Holligan and Father Juan Julio Witch SJ in Lima, Peru; Dr Saul Jarcho in New York; Etienne Emry, Dirk Gebbers, Horst Gebbers and Elisé Mudwanga in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo; Stanley Munyua, Dr Ma
uro Saio, Emilio Santasilia and Dr Sally Weekes Seifert in Nairobi, Kenya; Helen Vesperini in Kigali, Rwanda; Jill Watson in Edinburgh; and Rosamund Bartlett, Richard Dowden, Father Francis Edwards SJ, Stephen Fay, Anthony Gottlieb, Steve King, Kyela Leakey, Natasha Loder, Manfred Meysenberg, Eva Monley, Sir Christopher Ondaatje, Mirella Ricciardi, Miranda Seymour, Dr Janice Taverne, Suzanna Taverne and Ann Wroe in London. Some of these are friends, some colleagues; all were unfailing in their generosity.
Particular thanks go to a former colleague at The Economist, Edmund Fawcett, from whom I learned so much in the years we worked together, and to Bill Emmott, the editor of The Economist, for offering me the nicest job in London. Michael Fishwick made a gesture of great confidence in buying this book on the basis of a five-page letter. I hope I have lived up to his expectations. Robert Lacey’s suggestions and advice were those of a peerless editor and a true professional. Brave, generous Toby Eady is a Gurkha of an agent; never had a writer a more faithful friend than he. My last thank you is to my family, especially my husband Dan and my daughter, Tosca, who was just two when this project started and who never stopped asking when it was all going to be stuck together with the picture on the front. Well, here it is.
Fiammetta Rocco,
London, April 2003
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
THE MIRACULOUS FEVER-TREE
Fiammetta Rocco’s family moved to Kenya in 1929. Her grandfather, her father and she herself all suffered from malaria. Her investigative journalism has won a number of awards in America and in Britain.
Fiammetta Rocco is the literary editor of the Economist. This is her first book.
PRAISE
From the reviews of The Miraculous Fever-Tree:
‘This engrossing, beautifully crafted history is a parable for our times, I believe, underscoring the foolishness of men, with some rare exceptions, and the munificence of Nature’
ADRIAN HARTLEY, Spectator
‘Absorbing and superbly researched’
MIRANDA SEYMOUR, Sunday Times
‘A fascinating account of quinine’s key role in the making of the modern world. Many have tried to tell this tale, and it is a testament to Rocco’s flair and sheer hard work that she has found new things to say’
GAIL VINES, Independent
‘Fiammetta Rocco’s wonderfully elegant book, drawing on previously undiscovered documents, attacks its subject as hungrily as a mosquito detecting its next meal’