by Jim Ring
Harrison, Ada, 1
Hastings, Max, 1, 2, 3
Henderson, Sir Nevile, 1, 2
Hepburn, Audrey, 1
Hepner, Ruth, 1
Herzogenburg, 1
Heslop, Lieutenant Colonel Richard, 1
Hess, Rudolf, 1, 2, 3
Himmler, Heinrich: in Berlin bunker, 1; death, 1;
establishes Mauthausen, 1;
and extermination of Jews, 1;
plans retreat to Alps, 1;
suggests V-2 slave workforce, 1;
surrender talks with Allies, 1;
threatens Wolff over Operation Sunrise, 1
Hitler, Adolf: and arrest of Mussolini, 1; attends Oberammergau Passion Play, 1;
attitude to Britain, 1, 2;
attitude to Switzerland, 1;
and Barbarossa legend, 1;
Brenner Pass meetings with Mussolini, 1;
briefs Rommel on Operation Achse, 1;
Chamberlain meetings, 1, 2;
as chancellor, 1;
D-Day hunches, 1;
death, 1, 2, 3;
directs war from Berlin, 1, 2;
distrusts Switzerland, 1;
effect of Obersalzberg on, 1;
and Gustloff’s funeral, 1;
Halifax meeting, 1, 2, 3;
and industrial production, 1, 2;
invasion of Switzerland plans, 1, 2;
Kehlsteinhaus gift, 1;
looted photo album, 1;
on loss of Tunisia, 1;
marries Eva Braun, 1;
on Obersalzberg, 1;
orders end to Seelöwe, 1;
orders Operation Achse to start, 1;
pessimism at war’s outcome, 1;
Pétain meeting, 1;
physical deterioration, 1;
racial theories, 1;
rails against generals, 1;
re-energising Mussolini, 1, 2;
Röhm purge, 1;
‘scorched earth’ policy, 1, 2, 3, 4;
seen as liberator in Austria, 1;
South Tyrol dispute with Mussolini, 1;
succession to, 1, 2, 3;
tactics of intervention, 1;
20 July bomb plot, 1, 2, 3;
Vienna speech, 1;
and V-2 rocket, 1, 2, 3;
wants Mussolini to rule Alpine Italy, 1;
White Rose on, 1;
Wolff meeting in bunker, 1;
and young Irmgard Paul, 1;
and Yugoslavia, 1, 2
Hitler, Paula, 1
Hitler Youth, 1
Hoepner, Generaloberst Erich, 1, 2, 3
Hofer, Franz, 1, 2
Hood, Cordelia, 1
Huber, Kurt, 1, 2
Huet, François, 1, 2, 3, 4
Huningue, 1
IG Farben, 1
India, 1
Innsbruck: Allies enter, 1; as ‘capital’ of Alpenfestung, 1, 2;
as gateway to Italy, 1;
Mauthausen subcamp, 1;
O5 cell, 1;
O5 seizes Wehrmacht HQ, 1;
three armies converge on, 1;
USAAF bombs, 1;
White Rose leaflets, 1
Interlaken, 1
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 1, 2, 3, 4
Ironside, General Edmund, 1
Isère, river, 1
Italian Alps: Alexander’s appeal for resistance, 1, 2, 3; Alexander’s winter lull, 1, 2;
Allied POWs escape through, 1, 2;
Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale Alta Italia (CLNAI), 1, 2;
as cradle of resistance, 1;
economic miracle, 1;
French fail to seize Cuneo, 1;
Hitler wants Mussolini to rule, 1;
Jewish deportation, 1;
Jews flee to, 1;
Mussolini’s arrest, 1, 2;
Ossola republic, 1, 2;
OZAV, 1;
Savoia’s armies in, 1;
as scene of national rivalries, 1;
strategic role of passes, 1;
see also Dolomites; South Tyrol
Italian Army armies: First, 1; Fourth, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
corps: II, 1; XXXV, 1
divisions: Acqui, 1; Assietta, 1;
Cosseria, 1, 2;
Pusteria, 1, 2, 3
regiments: Folgore, 1
Italian partisans: Alexander on, 1; Allied support, 1;
in Bulmer-Thomas’s estimation, 1;
call for general rising, 1;
capture and kill Mussolini, 1;
combatant numbers, 1;
Comitato de Liberazione Nazionale (CLN), 1;
Kesselring on, 1;
liaison with OSS and SOE, 1, 2, 3, 4;
mountain republics, 1, 2, 3;
RAF airdrop, 1;
release of Parri and Usmiani, 1;
surrender to Germans, 1;
see also Apennines; Italian Alps
Italian Social Republic (RSI), 1, 2
Italy: Abyssinian ambitions, 1; armistice with France, 1, 2, 3;
Badoglio Declaration and armistice, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7;
Churchill on government of, 1;
coal supplies from Germany, 1;
declaration of war, 1;
as fascist state, 1;
in First World War, 1;
Greek campaign, 1, 2;
lenient anti-Semitic laws, 1, 2;
Manifesto della razza, 1;
Pact of Steel with Germany, 1;
post-war Jewish escape to, 1;
rumoured invasion of Switzerland, 1, 2;
separate German surrender in, 1, 2, 3, 4;
SOE’s record in, 1;
wartime setbacks, 1;
‘Winter Line’, 1
Jakob, Karl Theodor, 1
Jeangrand, Chief Warrant Officer, 1
Jews: deported from Austrian Alps, 1; escape from French Alps, 1;
Évian-les-Bains conference, 1, 2;
in French Alps, 1, 2, 3, 4;
Grossaktion Warschau, 1;
Italian leniency, 1, 2;
Kristallnacht, 1;
Manifesto della razza, 1;
Movement of Zionist Youth, 1;
Nuremberg Laws, 1, 2;
Operation Sunrise release plan, 1;
post-war escape to Italy, 1;
pursued in OZAV, 1;
Statut des Juifs, 1, 2, 3;
Swiss Alps, and Jewish refugees, 1, 2;
Swiss anti-Semitism, 1;
Swiss veto of ICRC proposal, 1;
treatment of, post-Anschluss, 1;
see also individual camps
Jodl, Generaloberst Alfred, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
Joller, Arthur, 1
Joyce, William (‘Lord Haw Haw’), 1
Junge, Traudl, 1
Jura mountains, 1, 2, 3
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 1
Kammler, SS-Obergruppenführer Hans, 1, 2, 3
Kästner, Erich, 1
Kehlstein, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Keitel, Generalfeldmarschall Wilhelm, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Kelly, Sir David, 1
Kennedy, Joseph P., 1
Kesselring, Generalfeldmarschall Albert: as commander in west, 1; defends Gothic Line, 1, 2, 3;
defends ‘Winter Line’, 1;
and Hitler’s succession, 1;
peace feelers with Allies, 1, 2;
permits Berchtesgaden surrender, 1;
as self-styled ‘V-3’, 1;
surrenders, 1, 2
Kimberley, HMS, 1
Kimche, Jon, 1
King, Andrew, 1, 2
Kitzbühel, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Klagenfurt, 1, 2, 3
Kleist, Generaloberst Ewald von, 1
Kochel am See, 1
Kocherthaler, Dr Ernst, 1, 2
Koenig, General Marie-Pierre, 1, 2
Koestler, Arthur, 1
Kolbe, Fritz, 1, 2, 3
Koniev, Marshal Ivan, 1
Korda, Alexander, 1
Krauch, Carl, 1
Kriegsmarine, 1
Krimmler Tauern Pass, 1
Kufstein, 1, 2
Kursk, Battle of, 1
Ladame, Paul, 1, 2
Lammers, Dr Hans, 1
Landesgruppe Switzerland, 1
Landsberg, 1
Larche, Col de, 1, 2, 3, 4
Latsch, 1, 2
Lattre de Tassigny, General Jean de, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Lausanne, 1, 2
Laval, Pierre, 1, 2
Le Carré, John, 1
Le Ray, Lieutenant Colonel Alain, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
League of Nations: closes Geneva offices, 1, 2; and foreign spies, 1;
German withdrawal, 1
Lech, 1
Leeb, Generaloberst Wilhelm Ritter von, 1
Legge, Brigadier General Barnwell, 1, 2, 3–2
Leipheim, 1
Lenin, Vladimir Ilich, 1, 2
Les Allobroges (Maquis new-sheet), 1
Leuna, 1
Ley, Robert, 1
Leysin, 1
Lienz, 1
Ligne Alpine, 1
Little St Bernard Pass, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Lloyd George, David, 1, 2
Locarno, 1
Lockstein, 1
Löhr, Generaloberst Alexander, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Lospinoso, Guido, 1, 2, 3, 4
Lucas, James, 1
Lucerne, 1, 2, 3
Lucerne, Lake, 1, 2
Luftwaffe: Battle of Britain, 1, 2, 3, 4; Blitz, 1, 2;
demands Swiss blackout, 1;
fights Swiss Me 109s, 1;
first Me 262 victory, 1;
lands Vercors troops, 1;
razes Belgrade, 1;
strafes Vercors resistance, 1;
use of slave labour, 1
Lugano, 1, 2, 3, 4
Lunn, Arnold, 1, 2, 3
Lunn, Henry, 1, 2
Lüters, Generalleutnant Rudolf, 1, 2
Lyons, 1
Lytton, Neville, 1
McCaffery, John ‘Jock’, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Maclean, Donald, 1
Maclean, Brigadier Fitzroy, 1, 2
Macolin, 1
Maginot Line: cost, 1; Germans outflank, 1, 2, 3;
role of Switzerland, 1, 2, 3;
see also Ligne Alpine
Magletsch, 1
Mahaffy, Lieutenant James D., 1
Man Who Never Was, The (Montagu), 1
Mann, Thomas, 1, 2
Manstein, Generalfeldmarschall Erich von, 1, 2
Marais, William ‘Billy’, 1
Marrakesh meeting, 1, 2
Marseilles, 1, 2
Marshall, General George, 1, 2
Marshall Plan, 1, 2, 3
Martin, Thaer (Vercors priest), 1
Marzabotto, 1
Masefield, John, 1
Masson, Brigadier General Roger, 1
Matterhorn, 1, 2, 3, 4
Maugham, W. Somerset, 1
Mauterndorf Castle, 1, 2, 3
Mauthausen concentration camp, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Megève, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Mehringer, Karl, 1
Mein Kampf (Hitler), 1, 2, 3
Menges, Captain Otto Wilhelm von, 1, 2
Menton, 1
Menzies, Sir Stewart (‘C’), 1
Merano, 1
Merkers, 1
Messerschmitt, Wilhelm Emil ‘Willi’, 1, 2
Messerschmitt aircraft: Bf 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; Me 1, 2;
Me 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9;
other types, 1
Meyer, Hans, 1
Mihailović, Colonel Dragoljub, 1, 2, 3, 4
Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw, 1
Milan, 1, 2
Milch, Generalfeldmarschall Erhard, 1
Minger, Rudolf, 1
Miniconi, Ange-Marie, 1
Ministry of Economic Warfare (UK), 1, 2
MI6: contact with Canaris, 1; creation of, 1;
dismissive of Americans, 1;
distrusts SOE, 1;
failure before Fall of France, 1;
liaison with Foreign Office, 1;
Nachrichtendienst penetrates, 1;
Organisation Z, 1;
Section D (sabotage), 1;
staff in Switzerland, 1;
success of Swiss section, 1;
supports Italian partisans, 1
Misuraca, 1
Mittelbau-Dora subcamp, 1, 2
Mittenwald, 1, 2
Modane, 1
Model, Generalfeldmarschall Walter, 1
Molden, Ernst, 1
Molden, Fritz, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Molesworth, Ena, 1
Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, 1
Monaco, 1
Mont Agel, 1
Mont Blanc, 1, 2, 3
Mont Cenis, Col du, 1, 2, 3
Mont Chaberton, 1
Mont Froid, Battle of, 1, 2
Montgenèvre, Col de, 1, 2
Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Montoire-sur-le-Loire, 1
Montreux, 1
Moorhead, Caroline, 1
Morel, Lieutenant Théodose ‘Tom’, 1, 2
Morell, Dr Theodor, 1
Morgan, Bill, 1, 2
Morgarten Pass, Battle of, 1
Morgenthau, Henry, 1, 2
Mors, Major Otto Harald, 1
Moscow Conference, 1
Moscow Declaration, 1
Moulin, Jean, 1
Mount Pilatus, 1
Mount Rigi, 1, 2
mountain warfare: advantage with defender, 1, 2, 3, 4; benefit of mobility, 1;
and resistance fighting, 1, 2
mountaineering: and escaped British POWs, 1; first ascents, 1, 2;
and French resistance, 1;
ideological use of, 1
Munich: Beer Hall Putsch anniversaries, 1, 2; BMW works, 1;
Chamberlain in, 1;
as Nazi centre, 1;
White Rose movement, 1
Murrow, Ed, 1, 2
Mussolini, Benito: arrested and imprisoned, 1, 2, 3; Brenner Pass meetings with Hitler, 1;
Dansey watches, 1;
death, 1;
declares war, 1;
as Dictator No. 1, 2;
Hitler re-energises, 1;
humiliated in Alpine campaign (1940), 1, 2;
offers to aid invasion of England, 1;
postpones German mobilisation, 1;
proclaims Italian Social Republic, 1;
Ribbentrop meeting on Jews, 1;
Skorzeny rescues, 1;
South Tyrol dispute with Hitler, 1;
Swiss perception of, 1
Nachrichtendienst (Swiss intelligence service): enables Allied–German peace meetings, 1, 2, 3; impartiality of, 1;
and Molden, 1;
‘Wiking line’, 1
Neretva, Battle of, 1, 2
Nice: Italian claim on, 1; Italian leniency towards Jews, 1, 2, 3;
Italians seize, 1;
Jewish deportation, 1;
Jews flee to, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
resistance in, 1;
US paratroopers liberate, 1
Norby, Sergeant Clinton, 1
Norton, Sir Clifford, 1, 2
Nuremberg rallies: 1933, 1;
1934, 1;
1938, 1
Nuremberg War Crime Trials, 1
Oberalp Pass, 1, 2
Oberammergau, 1, 2; subcamp, 1, 2
Oberjoch, 1
Obersalzberg: air-raid protection, 1, 2; Allied looting, 1;
amenities, 1;
Bormann’s clearing and rebuilding, 1;
effect of, on Hitler, 1;
Hitler on, 1;
hotel converted to hospital, 1;
Kehlsteinhaus, 1;
Mooslahnerkopf teahouse, 1;
Nazi residences, 1, 2, 3;
post-war fate, 1;
RAF bombs, 1;
see also Berghof; Kehlstein
O’Brien-ffrench, Conrad, 1
O’Daniel,
Major General John, 1, 2
Oder, river, 1
Office of Strategic Services (OSS): creation of, 1; disbanded, 1;
funds French resistance, 1, 2;
liaison with Italian partisans, 1, 2, 3, 4;
network of European agents, 1;
relationship with USAAF, 1;
and Special Projects Operations Centre, 1;
supports Italian partisans, 1;
see also Dulles, Allen Welsh
O5, see Austrian resistance
Ohain, Hans von, 1
Olry, General René, 1, 2, 3
Olten, 1
Olympic Games (winter): Cortina d’Ampezzo (1956), 1; Garmisch-Partenkirchen (1936), 1, 2;
St Moritz (1928), 1
Onassis, Aristotle, 1
Operation Achse: and arrest of Mussolini, 1, 2; and British POWs, 1;
codeword, 1;
consequences for Jews, 1;
Germans reach Bolzano, 1;
Germans seize French Alps, 1;
Hitler briefs Rommel, 1
Operation Anton: closes Swiss frontiers, 1, 2; consequences for Jews, 1;
execution of, 1;
provokes resistance, 1
operations Allied: Dragoon, 1, 2, 3, 4; Hydra, 1;
Market Garden, 1, 2, 3;
Mincemeat, 1;
Montagnards, 1, 2;
Overlord, 1;
Sunrise, 1, 2, 3, 4;
Torch, 1, 2, 3;
Uranus, 1
German: Adlerangriffe, 1; Avanti, 1;
Barbarossa, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5;
Citadel, 1, 2, 3;
Eiche, 1;
Fall Gelb, 1, 2, 3, 4;
Fall Rot, 1, 2, 3;
Fall Schwarz, 1, 2, 3;
Kugelblitz, 1;
Marita, 1;
Seelöwe, 1, 2, 3;
Tannenbaum, 1;
Wacht am Rhein, 1, 2;
Wartegau, 1;
Weserübung, 1
Operationszone Alpenvorland (OZAV), 1
Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), 1
Organizzazione per la Vigilanza e la Repressione dell’Antifascismo (OVRA), 1, 2
Osia, Colonel Jean Vallette d’, 1, 2, 3
Ossola, republic of, 1, 2
Oyonnax, 1, 2