by Jeff Gillman
Soon, W. 2007. Implications of the secondary role of carbon dioxide and methane forcing in climate change: past, present, and future. Physical Geography 28(2): 97–125.
Spengos, K., A. Schwartz, and M. Hennerici. 2000. Multifocal cerebral demyelination after magic mushroom abuse. Journal of Neurology 247: 224–225.
Steitz, D. E., A. Buis, and C. Adriasola. 2003. South American glaciers melting faster, changing sea level. NASA News Release 03–336. http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/oct/HQ _03336_So_Amer_glaciers.html.
Stigarll, A., and E. Elam. 2009. Impact of improved landscape quality and tree cover on the price of single-family homes. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 27(1): 24–30.
Stone, D. 2002. Policy Paradox: The Art of Political Decision Making, 3rd ed. New York: W.W. Norton.
Struss, R. 2007. Report to the Minnesota legislature: effectiveness of the Minnesota phosphorus lawn fertilizer law. Minnesota Department of Agriculture: Pesticide and Fertilizer Management Division.
Sullivan, E. 2008. Man jailed for brown lawn gets help from neighbors. St. Petersburg Times, 13 October.
Swanson, K. L., and A. A. Tsonis. 2009. Has the climate recently shifted? Geophysical Research Letters 36: L06711, doi:10.1029/2008GL037022.
Tabashnik, B. E., A. J. Gassmann, D. W. Crowder, and Y. Carrière. 2008. Insect resistance to Bt crops: evidence versus theory. Nature Biotechnology 26: 199–202.
Tallamy, D. 2007. Bringing Nature Home. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press.
Theriault, S. M. 2008. Party Polarization in Congress. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Tierney, K., J. Sampson, P. Ross, M. Sekela, and C. Kennedy. 2008. Salmon olfaction is impaired by an environmentally realistic pesticide mixture. Environmental Science and Technology 42(13): 4996–5001.
Tillman, J. 2008. Brown lawn means jail time. St. Petersburg Times, 11 October.
Tilman, D. Causes, consequences and ethics of biodiversity. 2000. Nature 405: 208–211.
Tomida, I., R. Pertwee, and A. Azuara-Blanco. 2004. Cannabinoids and glaucoma. British Journal of Ophthalmology 88(5): 708–713.
Turner, J., S. Colwell, G. Marshall, T. Lachlan-Cope, A. Carleton, P. Jones, V. Lagun, P. Reid, and S. Iagovkina. 2005. Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years. International Journal of Climatology 25: 279–294.
Ulloa, S., and M. Owen. 2009. Response of Asiatic dayflower (Commelina communis) to glyphosate and alternatives in soybean. Weed Science 57(1): 74–80.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2009. Organic agriculture: organic market overview. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Organic/Demand.htm.
U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. 2009. Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S.: Extent of Adoption. http://www.ers.usda.gov/Data/BiotechCrops/adoption.htm.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 2008. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2008. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Energy. 2009. Annual Energy Review DOE/EIA-0384(2008).
U.S. Energy Information Agency. 2009a. Estimated consumption of vehicle fuels in the United States, by fuel type. April. http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/alternate/page/atftables/attf_c1.html.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2009. Litigation status: summary of litigation on status of TMDL establishment. March. www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/lawsuit.html.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2009 (updated). Report on the Food and Drug Administration’s Review of the Safety of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin. http://www.fda.gov/AnimalVeterinary/SafetyHealth/ProductSafetyInformation/ucm130321.htm.
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. 2005. General information concerning patents. http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/doc/general/index.html#ptsc.
U.S. Regulatory Agencies Unified Biotechnology Website. 2009. Frequently asked questions. http://usbiotechreg.nbii.gov/FAQRecord.asp?qryGUID=2.
Velimirov, A., C. Binter, and J. Zentek. 2008. Biological effects of transgenic maize NK603xMON810 fed in long term reproduction studies in mice. Report-Federal Ministry of Health, Family and Youth (Austria).
Violeta, K., O. Mathieu, J. Mathieu-Daude, P. Vainauskas, T. Casper, E. Baccino, and F. Bressolle. 2006. Distribution of ibogaine and noribogaine in a man following a poisoning involving root bark of the Tabernanthe iboga shrub. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 30(7): 434–440.
Vogel, D. 1995. Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Walker, R. C., and D. J. Merritts. 2009. Natural streams and the legacy of water-powered mills. Science 319(5861): 299–304.
Walter, C., M. Berridge, and D. Tribe. 2001. Genetically engineered Klebsiella planticola: A threat to terrestrial plant life? Presentation to the Royal Commission on Genetic Engineering, 1 February. www.biotech-info.net/ingham_rebuttal.pdf.
Warner, K., C. Ehrhart, C., A. deSherbinin, S. Adamo, and T. ChaiOnnand. 2009. In search of shelter, mapping the effects of climate change on human migration and displacement. Report for CARE international. U.N. University’s Institute for Environment and Human, CARE International and Columbia University’s Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN).
Warwick, S. I., A. Legere, M. J. Simard, and T. James. 2008. Do escaped transgenes persist in natre? The case of an herbicide resistance transgene in a weedy Brassica rapa population. Molecular Ecology 17(5): 1387–1395.
Webb, S. L., T. H. Pendergast, and M. E. Dwyer. 2001. Response of native and exotic maple seedling banks to removal of the exotic, invasive Norway maple (Acer platanoides). Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 128(2): 141–149.
Weeks, J. 2009. Regulating toxic chemicals: do we know enough about chemical risks? CQ Researcher 19(3).
Wendt, R., and R. Burwell. 1985. Runoff and soil losses for conventional, reduced, and no-till corn. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40(5): 450–454.
West, D. M., and B. A. Loomis. 1998. The Sound of Money: How Political Interests Get Want They Want. New York: W.W. Norton.
Westbrooks, R. G. 2004. Invasive plants. Coming to America. Overview of the FICMNEW National Early Detection and Rapid Response System for Invasive Plants. USGS.
Whiteman, D. 1995. Communication in Congress: Members, Staff, and the Search for Information. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
Whyatt, R., V. Rauh, D. Barr, D. Camann, H. Andrews, R. Garfinkel, L. Hoepner, D. Diaz, J. Dietrich, A. Reyes, D. Tang, P. Kinney, and F. Perera. 2004. Prenatal insecticide exposures and birth weight and length among an urban minority cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(10): 1125–1132.
Williams, C. 2002. Nutritional quality of organic food: shades of grey or shades of green? In Proceedings of the Nutritional Society 61: 19–24.
Wilson, J. Q. 1980. The Politics of Regulation. New York: Basic Books.
Wiser, G. M. 1999. PTO rejection of the “Ayahuasca” patent claim. The Center for International Environmental Law. http://www.ciel.org/Biodiversity/ptorejection.html.
Wolf, K. L. 2009. Strip malls, city trees, and community values. Arbori-culture & Urban Forestry 35(1): 33–40.
Worthington, V. Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables and grains. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 7(2): 161–173.
Wu, T., D. Tashkin, B. Djahed, and J. Rose. 1988. Pulmonary hazards of smoking marijuana as compared with tobacco. The New England Journal of Medicine 318(6): 347–351.
Xu, Z., L. Chang, W. Slikker, S. Ali, R. Rountree, and A. Scallet. 2000. A dose-response study of ibogaine-induced neuropathology in the rat cerebellum. Toxicological Sciences 57: 95–101.
Yu, H., F., Jin, X. Shu, B. D. L. Li, Q. Dai, J. Cheng, H. J. Berkel, and W. Zheng. 2002. Insulin-like growth factors and breast cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers, and Prevention, August, 705–712.
Yücel, M., N. Solowij, C. Respondek, S. Whittle, A. Fornito, C. Pantelis, and D. Lubman. 2008. Regional brain abnormalitie
s associated with long-term heavy cannabis use. Archives of General Psychiatry 65(6): 694–701.
Zhu, C., Q. Zeng, L. H. Ziska, J. Zhu, Z. Xie, and G. Liu. 2008. Effect of nitrogen supply on carbon dioxide-induced changes in competition between rice and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli). Weed Science 56: 66–71.
Ziska, L. H. 2003. Evaluation of the growth response of six invasive species to past, present and future atmospheric carbon dioxide. Journal of Experimental Botany 54(381): 395–404.
Ziska, L.H., and K. George. 2004. Rising carbon dioxide and invasive, noxious plants: potential threats and consequences. World Resource Review 16: 427–447.
Zuckerman, B., D. Frank, R. Hingson, H. Amaro, S. Levenson, H. Kayne, S. Parker, R. Vinci, K. Aboagye, L. Fried, H. Cabral, R. Timperi, and H. Bauchner. 1989. Effects of maternal marijuana and cocaine use on fetal growth. New England Journal of Medicine 320(12): 762–768.
Index
acid rain, 196
Agrobacterium, 116, 132
air pollution, 26, 92, 93, 96, 110, 203–204
Alar scare, 44, 68–69
algae for biodiesel, 102–103, 111
alternative energy, 98–113
automobiles fueled by, 100, 106, 112, 204
background on, 98–99
biofuels for transportation, 99–103, 110
bottom line, 113
for electricity production, 103–104, 110
geothermal power, 103, 104, 106, 112
government policy, 104–106
policy options/ratings, 110–113
political dynamics, 106–109, 205
solar power, 98, 103–104, 106, 109, 112
subsidizing, 107–111, 113, 204
tax breaks for, 104–105, 109
tidal power, 98, 103, 112
wind power, 98, 103, 104, 106, 112, 205
amphibians, 63–66
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 123, 156–159, 161–163
animals
antibiotics in livestock, 35, 40, 41, 49
effect of pesticides on, 58, 63–66
genetic engineering and, 119, 123–125, 129
growth hormones and, 40, 41, 49, 124–125, 126
nonnative species impact, 152, 155
Anslinger, Harry J., 28, 172
antibiotics in livestock, 35, 40, 41, 49
Anti Drug Abuse Acts, 173–174
apple growing, 37–38, 40, 53, 60, 68–69
Asian longhorned beetle, 157–158
atrazine, 63, 65, 66, 118
automobile emissions, 26, 27, 107–108, 110, 206
automobiles, alternative fuels for, 100, 106, 112, 204
Beltway bandits, 29
Big Ag, 90, 125, 127, 131, 145, 146
biodiesel, 99–103, 104, 111
biodiversity, 153
biofuels, 99–103, 106, 111–113. See also ethanol
biopiracy, 137–138, 146, 148, 149
biotechnology. See genetic engineering (GE)
biotechnology firms, 127, 128, 142–145, 148, 149
bipartisan politics, 14–17, 19, 20–21, 218–219
bluegrass patent, 135–136
Bosenberg, Henry, 134, 135, 146–147
BP’s 2010 Deep Horizon oil spill, 32
Brazilian ethanol, 99, 100
Brown, C. B., 84–85
Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis), 116, 120, 121, 132
BTU tax proposal, 108
buffer strips, 84–85, 87–88, 94, 95, 97
burden of proof, 25, 73
Bush, George H. W., 16, 203
Bush, George W., 89, 177, 203, 211
business
cap-and-trade systems, 204, 210, 214
greenhouse gas emissions, 207–208
influence of Big Ag, 90, 125, 127, 131, 145, 146
left-/right-wing views of, 17–18
political advantages of, 30, 32–33, 218
power of biotechnology firms, 127, 128, 142–145, 148, 149
regulation of pesticide manufacturers, 66–67, 70–73, 76
“sound science” movement, 28
California
greenhouse gas regulations, 203–204, 206
marijuana legislation, 174, 178
Million Solar Roofs initiative, 109
organic food industry, 42, 44, 45
campaign advertising, 31
Canadian pesticide ban, 56–57, 76
cancer, 27, 61–63, 67, 69–70, 74–75, 80
cap-and-trade systems, 204, 210, 214
carbon dioxide
alternatives to managing, 214–215
biofuels and, 101, 102–103
classification and regulation, 203–204, 211, 212
conservation to decrease, 108, 113
effects beyond global warming, 202–203, 216
global warming and, 197–201
tax on, 213, 214
Carson, Rachel, 26, 36, 47, 58–59
castor bean, 173, 180, 181
cellulosic ethanol, 102, 106, 111
Certificates of Protection (plants), 139
Certified Naturally Grown program, 54
Chesapeake Bay compact, 88
Clean Air Acts, 16, 26, 105, 203–204, 209
Clean Water Act (CWA), 86–87, 89, 92, 209
climate change. See also global warming
complexity/uncertainty of, 16–17, 207, 210, 212
Copenhagen summit, 204–205
farming and, 199, 201, 202, 205–206, 211–212, 216
impact on oceans, 202–203, 212
international dynamics around, 203, 204–205, 208–209, 213–214
invasive vs. native plants, 154, 155
poorer nations and, 205, 208–209, 212
social disruption potential, 208, 216
Clinton, Bill, 69, 89, 108, 159, 177, 203, 211
cocaine use, 173–174
“community standards,” 18
composted manure, 36, 38–39, 41
compromise, 218–219
concrete, for decarbonization, 214
Congress. See U.S. Congress
conservation, 98, 108, 112–113
conservation tillage, 84, 85, 94, 95, 97, 205–206
Controlled Substances Act, 172–173
copper sulfate, 37, 52, 58, 64
corn
and carbon dioxide, 199, 202
chemicals to grow, 60, 65, 83
ethanol from, 99–102, 105, 106–107, 109–112
genetically modified, 117, 119, 120, 127, 135
subsidized, 97
cotton, transgenic, 117, 118, 121
crop subsidies, 89–91, 96–97
dairy farming, 40, 42, 49, 117
DDT, 58–59, 63, 68
dead zones, 83–84, 94
decarbonization, 214
deforestation, 101, 199
Delaney Amendment, 67, 69–70, 72
Democrats, 15–16, 20–21, 210–211
DNA patents, 137, 141
Dodsworth, Asa, 185
Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), 173, 174
E. coli, 32, 38–39
electricity, alternative sources of, 99, 103–106, 110, 112, 205
emerald ash borer, 158, 164, 167
eminent domain, 187–188
Energy Policy Act, 205
energy tax, 108, 109
environmentalists
on fertilizer regulations, 88–89
on native/invasive species, 151, 158, 161–163
need to understand issues, 217
politics and, 15, 33
support of farm subsidies, 91
environmental policy, 14–19, 24, 32, 210–211
EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
ethanol
Brazil’s success with, 99, 100
cellulosic ethanol, 102, 106, 111
corn-based, 99–102, 105, 106–107, 109–113
drawbacks of, 99–102, 105–106
policy and politics of, 104–108
removi
ng tariffs on foreign, 109
from sugarcane, 100–101, 109, 111
European Union (EU) GMO bans, 123–125
farming. See also livestock
organic food
sustainable food production
Big Ag, 90, 125, 127, 131, 145, 146
buffer strips in, 84–85, 87–88, 94, 95, 97
climate change and, 199, 201, 202, 205–206, 211–212, 216
export bans on GMOs, 123–125
family farms, 41–42, 45, 47–48, 90, 97, 124–127
fertilizer dependency, 82–83
genetically engineered crops, 117–118, 125, 127, 129–130, 148
government subsidies, 89–91, 96–97
impact of plant patents on, 129–130, 144–145, 146, 148
invasive plants/pests and, 151, 162–163
pesticide use, 59, 60, 66–70
protecting image of conventional, 45, 47, 50, 54
reduced tilling/no-till practices, 84, 85, 94, 95, 97, 205–206
uncertified organic farming, 41–42
as unhealthy and dangerous, 34–35
use of fossil fuels, 51, 52–53, 101
water pollution from runoff, 83–84, 93
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act, 91
Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act (FEPCA), 68
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 67, 71
fertilizers, 81–97
avoiding in organic farming, 35, 36, 37, 41, 49–50, 53
bottom line, 97
enforcing regulations, 87–89
fraudulent use of, 43–45
government policy, 86–87
harvesting/safety concerns, 38–39, 51, 52
history of, 81–82
mining for, 38, 82, 94
mitigating the damage from, 84–85
policy options/ratings, 93–97
political dynamics of, 89–93
science behind, 82–83
sewage sludge, 41, 47
flex-fuel vehicles, 106
Florida native vegetation legislation, 189
Florida water regulations, 87–88
Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act, 66–67
food irradiation, 41, 47
food labeling, 41–42, 48, 122–123, 125–126, 130–131, 133
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), 70, 71–72
food safety, 34, 39, 119, 124–125, 129
food supply
advent of government inspections, 66