7 Ibid, p. 86.
8 Manuel de Oliveira Lima, D. João VI no Brasil, p. 174.
9 Warren Dean, A ferro e fogo, p. 140.
10 John Armitage, The History of Brazil, volume 1, p. 21.
11 Cited in Lília Schwarcz, A longa viagem da biblioteca, p. 253.
12 Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, p. 145.
13 John Mawe, Travels in the Interior of Brazil, p. 192.
14 Cited in Francisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen, História geral do Brasil, volume 5, p. 99.
15 Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 221.
16 Manuel de Oliveira Lima, D. João VI no Brasil, p. 170.
17 The building designed by Grandjean de Montigny to host the academy took ten years to be ready, inaugurated in 1826 during the reign of Pedro I.
18 Manuel de Oliveira Lima, D. João VI no Brasil, p. 171.
19 Cited in Luiz Norton, A corte de Portugal no Brasil, p. 145.
20 Teodor von Leithold and Ludwig von Rango, O Rio de Janeiro.
21 Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, p. 226.
22 Cited in Leila Mezan Algranti, D. João VI, p. 39.
23 Henry Brackenridge, Voyage to South America, volume 1, pp. 113–115.
24 For a description of the changes in Rio de Janeiro following the court’s arrival, see Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, p. 165ff; on the effects of the changes and the announcements in the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, see Delso Renault, O Rio antigo nos anúncios de jornais.
25 Francisco Gracioso; J. Roberto Whitaker Penteado, Propaganda brasileira.
26 Luiz dos Santos Marrocos, Cartas, p. 444.
27 Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, pp. 167–168.
28 Ernst Ebel, O Rio de Janeiro e seus arredores, p. 71.
29 Alexander Caldcleugh, Travels in South America, p. 64.
XIX
THE CHIEF OF POLICE
1 As with all statistics from this period, the figures remain controversial. Manuel de Oliveira Lima calculates a population of 110,000 in 1817. James Henderson estimates 150,000 in 1821, which Kirsten Schultz reduces to 80,000.
2 Luiz dos Santos Marrocos, Cartas, p. 163.
3 This expression comes from Francis Albert Cotta, “Polícia para quem precisa” in Revista de História of the National Library, December 2006, p. 65.
4 For a description of Paulo Fernandes Viana’s duties, see Kirsten Schultz, Tropical Versailles, p. 105; and Thomas Holloway, Polícia no Rio de Janeiro, pp. 46–47.
5 Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, p. 264.
6 Oliveira Lima, D. João VI no Brasil, p. 156.
7 Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, p. 132.
8 Ibid, p. 137.
9 Cited in Kirsten Schultz, Tropical Versailles, p. 106.
10 Cited in Maria Odila Leite da Silva Dias, A interiorização da metrópole, p. 134.
11 Leila Mezan Algrantri, O feitor ausente, p. 168.
12 Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, p. 134.
13 Leila Mezan Algranti, O feitor ausente, p. 169.
14 Kirsten Schultz, Tropical Versailles, p. 125.
15 James Henderson, A History of Brazil, p. 77.
16 Kirsten Schultz, Tropical Versailles, p. 111.
17 Leila Mezan Algranti, O feitor ausente, p. 76.
18 Kirsten Schultz, Tropical Versailles, p. 109.
19 Ibid, p. 108.
20 Cited in Leila Mezan Alegranti, O feitor ausente, p. 39.
21 Thomas Holloway, Polícia no Rio de Janeiro, pp. 48–49.
22 Domingos Ribeiro dos Guimarães Peixoto, Aos sereníssimos príncipes reais, p. 2.
23 Manuel Vieira da Silva, Reflexões sobre alguns dos meios, p. 12.
24 Guimarães Peixoto, Aos sereníssimos príncipes reais, p. 2. (The text has been modified to faciliate ease of reading.)
25 Manuel Vieira da Silva, Reflexões sobre alguns dos meios, p. 8.
26 Paulo Fenandes Viana, Abreviada demonstração dos trabalhos da polícia. Cited in Leila Mezan Alegranti, O feitor ausente, p. 37.
27 The urban reforms that Viana put into motion in Rio de Janeiro came nearly half a century later than similar initiatives in European capitals. In 1785, London, for example, already had a system of streetlamps, police stations, and a squad of sixty-eight men who patrolled the city on foot each night. See J. J. Tobias, Crime and Industrial Society in the Nineteenth Century.
XX
SLAVERY
1 For more information about the Valongo Slave Market and the archeological research in the Gamboa district, see PretosNovos.com.br.
2 The estimate comes from Sir Henry Chamberlain, Views and Costumes of the City and Neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, the chapter entitled “The Slave Market” (no page number). Mary Karash, in A vida dos escravos no Rio de Janeiro: 1808–1850, catalogued 225,047 who disembarked between 1800 and 1816, which gives an annual average of 14,000.
3 Maria Graham, Journal of a Voyage to Brazil, p. 227.
4 James Henderson, A History of Brazil, p. 74.
5 Henry Chamberlain, Views and Costumes, “The Slave Market” (caption to slide 11).
6 Ronaldo Vainfas, in Dicionário do Brasil colonial, p. 555, warns that figures on slave traffic in Brazil often vary, ranging from 3.3 million to 8 million. Robert Conrad, in Tumbeiros: o tráfico de escravos para o Brasil, estimates 5.6 million, distributed as follows: 100,000 in the sixteenth century, 2 million in the seventeenth, another 2 million in the eighteenth, and 1.5 million in the nineteenth. João Luis Ribeiro Fragoso, in Homens de grossa aventura, p. 181, says that between 1811 and 1830, 1,181 slave ships arrived in Rio de Janeiro from Africa, transporting 489,950 slaves. For more information on the topic, see Philip D. Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade, Wisconsin University Press, cited in Manolo Garcia Florentino, Em costas negras, p. 59; and Thomas Skidmore, Brazil, p. 5.
7 Manolo Garcia Florentino, Em costas negras, p. 59.
8 Alan Manchester, British Preeminence in Brazil, p. 164.
9 João Luis Ribeiro Fragoso, Homens de grossa aventura, p. 181.
10 Manolo Garcia Florentino, Em costas negras, p. 146.
11 This information comes from Henry Chamberlain, Views and Costumes. Monetary equivalents derive from Robert Twigger, Inflation.
12 Manolo Garcia Florentino, Em costas negras, p. 125.
13 Ibid, p. 154.
14 For calculations of the mortality rate during the slave trade, see Ronaldo Vainfas, Dicionário do Brasil colonial, p. 556, and Manolo Garcia Florentino, Em costas negras, pp. 149–154.
15 Manolo Garcia Florentino, Em costas negras, p. 149.
16 F. O. Shyllon, Black Slaves in Britain, p. 184.
17 Ian Baucom, Specters of the Atlantic.
18 For more information on the donations and remunerations made to Dom João by slave traffickers, see Manolo Garcia Florentino, Em costas negras, pp. 221–222; Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, pp. 231–250; and João Luis Ribeiro Fragoso, Homens de grossa aventura, pp. 288–294.
19 Equivalents based on Robert Twigger, Inflation.
20 Jean Marcel Carvalho França, Outras visões do Rio de Janeiro colonial, p. 277.
21 Luiz dos Santos Marrocos, Cartas, p. 35.
22 Ibid, p. 440.
23 André João Antonil, Cultura e opulência do Brasil por suas drogas e minas, p. 269.
24 Almeida Prado, Tomas Ender, p. 34.
25 Jean Marcel Carvalho França, Visões do Rio de Janeiro Colonial, p. 154.
26 James Tuckey, An Account of a Voyage, pp. 55–56.
27 Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, Raízes do Brasil, p. 59.
28 Ernest Ebel, O Rio de Janeiro e seus arredores, p. 29.
29 John Luccock, Notes on Rio de Janeiro, pp. 64, 106, 201.
30 Leila Mezan Algranti, O feitor ausente
, pp. 65–73.
31 Silvia Hunold Lara, Campos da violência, p. 45.
32 Ibid, pp. 73–77.
33 Cited in Eduardo Dias, Memórias de forasteiros, pp. 140–142.
34 James Henderson, A History of Brazil, p. 73.
35 Charles Boxer, The Golden Age of Brazil, pp. 158–59.
36 Leila Mezan Algranti, O feitor ausente, p. 181.
37 Francisco Gracioso and J. Roberto Whitaker Penteado, Propaganda Brasileira, p. 23.
38 Theodor von Leithold and Ludwig von Rango, O Rio de Janeiro, p. 44.
39 This estimate derives from research conducted by Silvia Hunold Lara into the registers of Vila de São Salvador dos Guaitacazes, a district in the north of the present-day state of Rio de Janeiro, in Campos da violência, pp. 295–322.
40 Leila Mezan Algranti, O feitor ausente, p. 106.
41 John Mawe, Travels in the Interior of Brazil, p. 224.
42 Silvia Hunold Lara, Campos da violência, p. 249.
43 Ronaldo Vainfas, Dicionário do Brasil colonial, pp. 31, 116.
44 Leila Mezan Algranti, O feitor ausente, p. 107.
XXI
THE TRAVELERS
1 Rubens Borba de Moraes; William Berrien, Manual bibliográfico de estudos brasileiros, pp. 592–627, Cited in Leonardo Dantas Silva, Textos sobre o Recife, at www.fundaj.gov.br.
2 Almeida Prado, Tomas Ender, p. 3.
3 Henry Brackenridge, Voyage to South America, volume 1, p. 113.
4 According to Leonardo Dantas Silva, Textos sobre o Recife, at www.fundaj.gov.br/docs/rec/rec02.html.
5 Luis Edmundo, Recordações do Rio Antigo, pp. 47–50.
6 Ibid, p. 64.
7 Such is the case with Robert Harvey, author of Cochrane, used as a reference here.
8 Information about Maria Graham here comes from the introduction to Journal of a Voyage to Brazil.
9 For more information on the life and work of Henry Koster, see Eduardo Dias, Memórias de forasteiros, pp. 30–50.
10 Cited in Warren Dean, A ferro e fogo, p. 132.
11 John Mawe, Travels in the Interior of Brazil, p. 189.
12 James Henderson, A History of Brazil, p. 76.
13 William John Burchell, Rio de Janeiro’s Most Beautiful, p. 8.
14 Warren Dean, A ferro e fogo, p. 141.
15 For more information about Saint-Hilaire’s voyage to São Paulo, see Roberto Pompeu de Toledo, A capital da solidão, pp. 269, 278.
16 Manuel de Oliveira Lima, D. João VI no Brasil, p. 71.
17 Alcide D’Orbigny, Viagem pitoresca atráves do Brasil, pp. 51–56.
XXII
NAPOLEON’S DOWNFALL
1 Cited in Charles Oman, A History of the Peninsular War, p. 500.
2 Charles Oman, A History of the Peninsular War, p. 8.
3 Patrick Wilcken, Empire Adrift, p. 10.
4 Maximilien Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p. 82.
5 According to Oman, A History of the Peninsular War, volume I, p. 206, some 25,000 soldiers went with Junot in the first wave in 1807, and 4,000 more went as reinforcements in 1808.
6 Maximilien Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p. 188.
7 Ibid, pp. 98–99.
8 Oman, A History of the Peninsular War, p. 106.
9 Gunther E. Rothenberg, The Napoleonic Wars, p. 141.
XXIII
THE REPUBLIC OF PERNAMBUCO
1 One American dollar in 1808 equals about fifteen dollars today according to the Economic History Service, a currency conversion simulator available at MeasuringWorth.com.
2 Humberto França, “Pernambuco e os Estados Unidos,” in Diário de Pernambuco, May 2, 2006.
3 Information about the four Bonaparte sympathizers recruited in the United States comes from historian Amaro Quintas, cited by Humberto França, “Pernambuco e os Estados Unidos,” in the Diário de Pernambuco of May 2, 2006.
4 Roderick Barman, Brazil, p. 61.
5 Cited by Rodolfo Garcia in the notes to Francisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen, História geral do Brasil, volume V, 1956, p. 150.
6 Manuel Correia de Andrade, A Revolução Pernambucana de 1817, pp. 4–5.
7 Francisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen, História geral, p. 152.
8 Cited in Eduardo Dias. Memórias de forasteiros, p. 41.
9 Maria Graham, Journal of a Voyage to Brazil, pp. 57–58.
10 Lília Schwarcz. A longa viagem, p. 321.
11 Humberto França. “Pernambuco e os Estados Unidos," in Diário de Pernambuco, May 2, 2006.
12 Like Cabugá in 1817, Manuel de Carvalho Paes de Andrade, leader of the Confederation of the Equator, went to the United States in 1824 to request support from President Monroe and for a fleet to defend the port of Recife. He returned empty-handed.
13 Henry Brackenridge, Voyage to South America, volume 1, p. 164.
14 Manuel Correia de Andrade, A Revolução, p. 19.
15 Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 240.
16 Francisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen, História geral, p. 164.
17 Tobias Monteiro, citing Tollenare in História do Império, p. 68.
18 Manuel Correia de Andrade, A revolução, p. 21.
19 Oliveira Lima, D. João VI no Brasil, p. 17.
20 Cited by Wilson Martins in the preface to Manuel de Oliveira Lima, D. João VI, p. 17.
21 Lília Schwarcz, A longa viagem, p. 321.
22 Pernambuco paid a similar price in 1824, during the Confederation of the Equator, and lost yet another district, São Francisco, divided up between the provinces of Bahia and Minas Gerais.
XXIV
TROPICAL VERSAILLES
1 The phrase “Tropical Versailles” is used by historians such as Manuel de Oliveira Lima and Kirsten Schultz to define the period in which the court relocated to Brazil, referring to the splendor of the royal palace built by Louis XIV on the outskirts of Paris.
2 Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, p. 91.
3 Ibid, p. 55. Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 178, citing data from the Correio Braziliense, claims that the expenses were even greater. According to him, the ball alone cost 2 million francs.
4 One French franc in 1808 today equals 4.07 euros, according to Global Financial Data, at www.globalfinancialdata.com.
5 Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 172.
6 Johann Moritz Rugendas, Viagem pitoresca pelo Brasil, p. 22.
7 Ernst Ebel, O Rio de Janeiro, p. 63.
8 John Luccock, Notes on Rio de Janeiro, p. 265.
9 Cited in Luis Edmundo, Recordações do Rio Antigo, p. 64.
10 Cited in Patrick Wilcken, Empire Adrift, p. 211.
11 The description of the preparations and the princess’s arrival in Rio de Janeiro come from Jurandir Malerba, A Corte no exílio, p. 68.
12 Cited in Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 183.
13 Cited in Lília Schwarcz, A longe viagem da biblioteca, p. 322.
14 Henry Brackenridge, Voyage to South America, volume 1, p. 121.
15 Lília Schwarcz, A longe viagem da biblioteca, p. 323.
16 Henry Brackenridge, Voyage to South America, pp. 149–151.
17 The description of João VI’s routine comes from Pedro Calmon, O rei do Brasil, p. 227.
18 Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 95.
19 Pedro Calmon, O rei do Brasil, p. 227.
20 Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 96. Monteiro bases his report on the descriptions of Américo Jacobina de Lacombe, whom Almeida Prado, in Tomas Ender, p. 102, calls a “rumor monger” and unreliable.
XXV
PORTUGAL ABANDONED
1 Maximilien Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p. 57.
2 Ibid, p. 48.
3 Cited in Fran
cisco Aldolfo de Varnhagen, História geral do Brasil, volume V, p. 59.
4 Luiz Norton, A corte de Portugal no Brasil, p. 38.
5 Maximilien Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, p. 72. Monetary conversion based on Global Financial Data, according to which a French franc of 1808, updated for inflation, today equal 4.07 euros; see GlobalFinacialData.com.
6 Charles Oman, A History of the Peninsular War, p. 28.
7 Cited in Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 188.
8 Maximilien Foy, Junot’s Invasion of Portugal, pp. 62–64.
9 Oliveira Martins, História de Portugal, p. 525.
10 Ibid, p. 527.
11 Cited in Lília Schwarcz, A longa viagem da biblioteca, p. 223.
12 Charles Oman, A History of the Peninsular War, p. 207, quoting Maximilien Foy.
13 Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, pp. 201–202.
14 Ibid, p. 208.
15 Ibid, p. 211.
16 Maria Odila Leite da Silva Dias, A interiorização da metrópole, p. 16.
17 Oliveira Martins, História de Portugal, p. 526.
18 Manuel de Oliveira Lima, D. João VI no Brasil, pp. 251–252.
19 Maria Odila Leite da Silva Dias, A interiorização da metrópole, p. 13.
20 Ibid, p. 22.
21 Pedro Calmon, O rei do Brasil, p. 183.
22 Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 241.
23 Mara Ziravello, Brasil 500 anos, pp. 334–335.
24 Lília Schwarcz, A longa viagem da biblioteca, pp. 348–349.
25 Ibid, pp. 349–350.
26 Cited by José Murilo de Carvalho, “O motivo edênico no imaginário social brasileiro,” in Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, volume 13, Number 31, October 1998.
27 Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 281.
XXVI
THE RETURN
1 Manuel de Oliveira Lima, D. João VI no Brasil, p. 686.
2 Tobias Monteiro, História do Império, p. 294.
3 Ibid, p. 297.
4 Lília Schwarcz, A longa viagem da biblioteca, p. 354.
5 Thomas Skidmore, Brazil, p. 31.
6 Cited in José Honório Rodrigues, Independência, p. 44.
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