rebellions, slave, 82, 83, 164
Rio de Janeiro, 104–5, 110–13, 164–65, 169–72, 176, 181–83
runaway slaves, 180–81
statistics, 172
tigers (slaves involved in sanitation), 104–5
trafficking, slave, 172–75
Smith, Sidney
blockade, naval, 66–67
Brazil, 238
Brazil, departure for, 37–38, 39
Brazil, voyage to, 49, 50, 51
Carlota Joaquina and, 129
gifts to, 147
Portugal, invasion of, 20
Rio de Janeiro, 102
smuggling, 79
Society of English Merchants Trading in Brazil, 144–45
Souza, Anna Maria de São Thiago, 244, 249, 250, 252
Spain, 20, 200–201. See also Peninsular War
storm during voyage to Brazil, 50, 51–52, 57–58
Strangford, Percy Smythe, Viscount
blockade, naval, 66–67
Brazil, departure for, 37
Brazil, voyage to, 49, 50
England, return to, 51
João and, 246
Portugal, invasion of, 18, 20
treaty negotiation, 147
whipping of, 127
Sumpter, Thomas, 127
table manners, 108
Tailors’ Conspiracy, 82, 83, 237
Targini, Bento Maria, 135, 136–37, 234
Taunay, Auguste, 155–56, 214
Te Deum Laudamus, 62, 65, 92
territorial expansion attempts, 152
Thiebault, Paul, 22
tigers (slaves), 104–5
timeliness, personal, 115, 117
Tiradentes, 81, 83, 231, 237
Tomas, Manuel Fernandes, 229
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 69
trafficking, slave, 172–75
travelers to Brazil, 184–95. See also specific people
Travels in Brazil (Koster), 77, 189–91
Travels in the Interior of Brazil (Mawe), 185
Trazimundo, José, 34, 38
treaties
British-Portuguese, 147, 149
Fontainebleau, Treaty of, 20–21
Madrid, Treaty of, 69
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 69
Vienna, Treaty of, 152, 154
Tree Frog, Father. See Gonçalves dos Santos, Luis
trellises, 154–55, 163–64
Tuckey, James, 104, 105–6, 175, 176
turbans, 91
United States, 203, 206
University of Coimbra, 80, 198–99
Uranie (ship), 187–88
Vainfas, Ronaldo, 182
Valongo Market, 169–72
Varnhagen, Francisco Adolfo de, 79, 205
Viana, Paulo Fernandes, 142, 163–68, 183, 213, 216–17
Vidigal, Miguel Nunes, 166
Vieira, José Inacio Vaz, 140
Vieira da Silva, Manuel, 167, 168
Vienna, Treaty of, 152, 154
Vienna, 211–12
Villa Nova Portugal, Thomaz, 122, 232
violence, 165
von Leithold, Theodor, 121, 157, 161, 181
von Martius, Karl, 75–76, 175, 187, 193–95
von Spix, Johann Baptist, 187, 193–95
voyage to Brazil, 48–56
Walker, James, 51, 52, 53, 59, 147
Warren, Richard, 9
Waterloo, Battle of, 14, 200, 202, 203, 210, 225
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of, 14, 200, 201, 202
wet nurses, 244–45
whipping of slaves, 164, 165, 178–79
Wilcken, Patrick, 120
Willis, Francis, 9
woodsmen, 181
wool shawls, 145, 150
work ethic, 191–92
Zong (ship), 174
A drooping lip, fine hands, small feet, and a slight frame gave João a grotesque appearance.
Retrato de D. João VI by Jean-Baptiste Debret, Museu Histórico Nacional, Rio de Janeiro
The coronation of Napoleon, “the mightiest breath of life which ever animated human clay.”
Le Sacre de Napoléon by Jacques-Louis David, 1806–7
In the haste of departure, 60,000 books from the Royal Library and the Church’s silver were forgotten on the docks.
Embarque de D. João, Ministério das Relações Exteriores, Rio de Janeiro
While preparations for the flight were made on the eve of departure, the plan for the court's transfer to Brazil was an ancient one.
Embarque de D. João, príncipe regente de Portugal, para o Brasil, em 27 de novembro de 1807, painting by Nicolas Lowis Albert Delerive, 1807–1818, Museu Nacional dos Coches, Lisbon
The allegory of Prince João’s arrival in Rio de Janeiro: For the first time, a European sovereign sets foot on American soil.
Alegoria da chegada da família de D. João VI by Domingos Antônio Sequeira, Coleção duque de Palmela, Lisbon
João and Carlota Joaquina had a marriage of crisis, due to his indecision and her conspiracies.
Retrato de D. João VI e D. Carlota Joaquina by Manuel Dias de Oliveira, early 1800s, Museu Histórico Nacional, Rio de Janeiro
Dom João: an ugly and insecure prince, who lived apart from his wife and feared thunder and crabs.
Vista da Praça do Palácio, engraving by Jean-Baptiste Debret from Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil, Paris, 1834–1839, Lucia M. Loeb / Biblioteca Guita e José Mindlin
Palace Square in Rio de Janeiro, with the palace at the left. Painter Johann Moritz Rugendas called it a “vast and irregular edifice, of the worst type of architecture.”
Vista da Praça do Palácio, engraving by Jean-Baptiste Debret from Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil, Paris, 1834–1839, Lucia M. Loeb / Biblioteca Guita e José Mindlin
The hand-kissing ceremony, according to APDG. The corrupt and wasteful court thrived on the exchange of favors.
Court day at Rio, engraving from Sketches of Portuguese Life Manners and Costume and Character by APDG, London, 1826. Lucia M. Loeb / Biblioteca Guita e José Mindlin
Coaches and sedans transported the rich and the nobility. Only commoners walked.
The Chege and Cadeira, engraving from Views and Costumes of the City and Neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro by Henry Chamberlain, London, 1822, Lucia M. Loeb / Biblioteca Guita e José Mindlin
A hammock with poles carried by slaves was a common means of transport during longer voyages in the interior of the country.
The Rede or Net, engraving from Views and Costumes of the City and Neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro by Henry Chamberlain, London, 1822, Lucia M. Loeb / Biblioteca Guita e José Mindlin
William Carr Beresford, the British governor of Portugal during João’s absence, his left eye blinded by a musket shot.
William Carr Beresford, Viscount Beresford by Sir William Beechey, 1814–15, National Portrait Gallery, London
The infamous massacre of Spaniards resisting French troops during the Peninsular War.
El 3 de mayo de 1808 en Madrid: los fusilamientos en la montaña del Príncipe Pío by Francisco de Goya y Lucientes, 1814, Museo del Prado, Madrid
The return of the court from Rio de Janeiro to Lisbon in 1821. If it were solely up to him, King João VI would have remained in Brazil.
A partida da corte do Rio, engraving by Jean-Baptiste Debret from Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil
, Paris, 1834–1839, as in Rio de Janeiro, cidade mestiça, Companhia das Letras, 2001
The coronation of Emperor Pedro I: Within thirteen years, the colony of Brazil transformed into an independent nation.
Coroação de D. Pedro, engraving by Jean-Baptiste Debret from Voyage pittoresque et historique au Brésil, Paris, 1834–1839, as in Rio de Janeiro, cidade mestiça, Companhia das Letras, 2001
1808: The Flight of the Emperor Page 34