Eureka: The Unfinished Revolution
Page 66
Wurundjeri clan
Ximenes, Sub-Inspector Maurice
Yarrow, James
Yarrowee Creek
Yorkey’s Corner
Young Ireland
Young Italy
Yuille, Archibald
Yuille, William Cross
Yuille’s Run
Notes and References
PROLOGUE
1. The British Critic, Volume I, No. 62, 1793, p. 80.
2. Rusden, p. 159.
3. Ibid.
4. Whitaker, p.97.
5. McBrien, p. 60.
6. Horne, Donald, p. 35.
7. Batman, p. 29, SLV, MS13181.
8. Ibid., p. 31.
9. Ibid., pp. 33-5.
10. Ibid., pp. 36-9.
11. Author’s note: This was the Saltwater River, now known as the Maribyrnong River.
12. Batman, John, p. 53, SLV, MS13181.
13. Van Toorn, p. 82.
14. Batman, p. 62, SLV, MS13181.
15. Ibid., pp. 63-4.
16. Ibid., p. 67.
17. Ibid., p. 70.
18. Shillinglaw, p. 111.
19. The Courier, 9 August 1851, p. 2.
20. Morgan, p. xiv. Author’s note: There are alternative explanations for the origin of the expression.
21. John Batman to John Montagu, 30 November 1835, Historical Records of Victoria, p. 21.
22. Billot, John Batman, p. 105.
23. Billot, Melbourne’s Missing Chronicles, p. 10.
24. Clark, p. 109.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. MacDougall, p. 136.
28. Strange, pp. 6-8.
29. Withers, p. 8.
30. Toghill, p. 273, p. 280.
31. Launceston Advertiser, Thursday, 31 October 1839, p. 1S.
32. Strange, pp. 6-8.
33. The Argus, 1 October 1851, p. 2.
34. Cochrane, p. 93.
35. Marx, Engels, Manifesto, p. 5.
36. Marx, Engels, Werke, p. 21.
37. Lovett, People’s Charter, p. 11.
38. Napier, p. 30.
39. Farwell, pp. 27-31.
40. Napier, p. 40.
41. Lovett, Life and Struggles, p. 252.
42. Section III, An Act for the Better Security of the Crown and Government of the United Kingdom, p. 127.
43. Hansard’s, pp. 1175-76.
44. The Irish Felon, 24 June 1848, p. 65.
45. The Irish Felon, 1 July 1848, p. 85.
46. Ibid.
47. The Irish Felon, 24 June 1848, p. 57.
48. The Irish Felon, 22 July 1848, p. 111.
49. Ibid., p. 115.
50. O’Brien, p. 40.
51. The Observer, 16 October 1848, p. 6.
52. Mayer, p. 95.
CHAPTER ONE: FROM GOLDEN FLEECE TO GOLD ITSELF …
1. Withers, p. 18.
2. The Sydney Morning Herald, 23 December 1848, p. 3.
3. La Trobe letter from Jolimont en Murs to sister Charlotte, 2 March 1840. SLV, HS279.
4. McCrae, p. 236.
5. Ibid.
6. The Melbourne Morning Herald, 11 November 1850.
7. King, p. 7.
8. Davison, p. 52.
9. Hargraves, p. 114.
10. Ibid., p. 115.
11. Ibid., p. 116.
12. Ibid., p. 117.
13. Ibid., p. 140.
14. Ibid.
15. Davison, p. 469.
16. Hargraves, p. 116.
17. Davison, pp. 480-1.
18. Ibid., p. 470.
19. Ibid., p. 471.
20. King, p. 6.
21. Hargraves, pp. 119-20.
22. Author’s note: The full title was Secretary of State for War and the Colonies. In 1854 the office was divided into Secretary of State for War and Secretary of State for the Colonies. For readability I have abbreviated this to Secretary of State throughout.
23. Tom, p. 4.
24. The Sydney Morning Herald, 2 May 1851, p. 3.
25. Bathurst Free Press, 10 May 1851, p. 5.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., p. 4.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid.
31. The Sydney Morning Herald, 15 May 1851, p. 3.
32. Ibid.
33 Ibid., p. 2.
34. Ibid., p. 4.
35. Stutchbury to Colonial Secretary, 19 May 1851, Correspondence Relative to the Discovery of Gold in Australia, 3 February 1852, p. 2.
36. Bathurst Free Press, 28 May 1851, p. 3.
37. Supplement to the NSW Government Gazette, 22 May 1851, p. 831.
38. The Sydney Morning Herald, 24 May 1851, p. 5.
39. Mundy, p. 316.
40. Ibid.
41. The Maitland Mercury, 28 May 1851.
42. FitzRoy to Grey, 22 May 1851, Correspondence Relative to the Recent Discovery of Gold in Australia, 3 February 1852, p. 1.
43. Stutchbury to the Colonial Secretary, 25 May 1851, Correspondence Relative to the Recent Discovery of Gold in Australia, 3 February 1852, p. 1. The Hobart Town Courier, 14 June 1851, p. 3.
44. Stutchbury to the Colonial Secretary, 25 May 1851, Correspondence Relative to the Recent Discovery of Gold in Australia, 3 February 1852, p. 20.
45. The Sydney Morning Herald, 28 May 1851, p. 2.
46. The Sydney Morning Herald, 7 June 1851, p. 2.
47. Ibid.
48. The Perth Gazette, 22 August 1851.
49. Blainey, p. 20.
CHAPTER TWO: VICTORIA
1. Peach, p. 43.
2. The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 June 1851, p. 3.
3. Bonwick, p. 25.
4. The Argus, 11 June 1851, p. 4.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid.
13. The Argus, 17 June 1851, p. 1.
14. The Argus, 8 July 1851, p. 2.
15. Author’s note: While most accounts, including that of Manning Clark and the newspapers of the day, credit one Tommy Kerr with finding the nugget, I think this account more likely, as it originates from an eye witness who was there on the day, and was published in a book called Australian Stories Retold by W. H. Suttor, who was none other than the brother-in-law of Dr Kerr.
16. The West Australian, 13 August 1938, p. 3; Suttor, p. 36.
17. Bathurst Free Press, 19 July 1851, p. 2.
18. Geelong Advertiser, 7 July 1851. Author’s note: Further investigation would show that there were many other contenders for being the first discoverer of gold in Victoria - including William Campbell, Louis John Michel and a Dr Bruhn - and there would even be later claims that Esmond himself had discovered gold many months earlier but had kept it secret so as to have it to himself. It is, however, broadly agreed that howsoever it might have happened, Esmond was the first to discover gold that led to the establishment of a productive goldfield.
19. The Argus, 10 July 1851, p. 2.
20. Ibid.
21. The Argus, 1 July 1851, p. 4.
22. Ibid.
23. The Sydney Morning Herald, 18 July 1851, p. 2.
24. Geelong Advertiser, 25 July 1851.
25. Ibid.
26. The Argus, 22 July 1851, p. 2.
27. The Sydney Morning Herald, 23 July 1851, p. 2.
28. The People’s Advocate, 9 August 1851, p. 8.
29. The Southern Cross, 19 August 1851, p. 2.
30. Ibid.
31. Ibid.
32. The Argus, 18 August 1851, p. 2.
33. La Trobe Despatch to Earl Grey, 25 August 1851, Correspondence Relative to the Discovery of Gold, 3 February 1852, p. 50.
34. Supplement to the Victorian Government Gazette (No. 6), 16 August 1851, p. 209; The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 August 1851, p. 3.
35. The Victorian Government Gazette (No. 8), 27 August 1851, p. 307.
36. Geelong Adver
tiser, 26 August 1851, p. 2.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Bate, p. 2.
42. Ibid., p. 9.
43. Stacpoole, p. 11.
44. Ibid.
45. The Argus, 27 August 1851, p. 2.
46. Author’s note: The going rate for gold at this time was around 65 shillings for an ounce in the city, and around 60 shillings an ounce if sold at the goldfields.
47. The Argus, 27 August 1851, p. 2.
48. The Argus, 30 August 1851, p. 2.
49. Ibid.
50. Gold, p. 10.
51. Withers, p. 31.
52. Bathurst Free Press, 20 September 1851, p. 7.
53. Scott, p. 253.
CHAPTER THREE: THE GOLDEN GLOBE
1. Sharkey, p. 282.
2. Earp, The Gold Colonies of Australia, p. 2.
3. The Times, 2 September 1851, p. 4.
4. The Argus, 8 September 1851, p. 2.
5. Geelong Advertiser, 9 September 1851.
6. Ibid.
7. Bates, p. 8.
8. Hall, p. 10.
9. The Argus, 24 September, p. 2; Sutherland, Tales of the Goldfields, p. 44.
10. Sutherland, p. 44.
11. Gold, p. 13.
12. Geelong Advertiser, 26 September 1851.
13. The Argus, 25 September 1851, p. 2.
14. Clacy, p. 205.
15. Mayer, p. 104.
16. The Argus, 25 September 1851, p. 2.
17. The Argus, 8 November 1851, p. 2.
18. The Argus, 19 September 1851, p. 2.
19. Westgarth, p. 135.
20. Ibid.
21. Withers, p. 31.
22. Launceston Examiner, 11 October 1851, p. 3; The Argus, 13 October 1851, p. 2.
23. La Trobe to Earl Grey, 10 October 1851, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Recent Discovery of Gold in Australia’, 14 June 1852, p. 45.
24. La Trobe to Earl Grey, 3 December 1851, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Recent Discovery of Gold in Australia’, 14 June 1852, p. 51.
25. Flannery, p.171.
26. Cochrane, p. 93.
27. La Trobe to Earl Grey, 3 December 1851, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Recent Discovery of Gold in Australia’, 14 June 1852, p. 52.
28. Goodman, p. 42.
29. Elliott, Walter Woodbury to Ellen Woodbury, 20 June 1853, letter no. 6, p. 1.
30. Thomas Pierson Diary, 26 August 1853, SLV, MS 11646, Box 2178/4, p. 154.
31. Withers, p. 55.
32. Ibid.
33. Clacy, p. 56.
34. Ibid., p. 259.
35. The Argus, 10 November 1851.
36. Ibid., p. 2.
37. Ibid.
38. The Argus, 10 November 1851, p. 2.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. The Illustrated London News, 22 November 1851, p. 620.
42. Craig, p. 1.
43. The Argus, 14 July 1904, p. 5.
44. The Argus, 29 November 1851, p. 3.
45. Sturt to Colonial Secretary, 15 December 1851, VPRS 1189, 51/1396, Box 8.
46. Shaw, p. 15.
47. La Trobe to Lord Grey, 3 December 1851, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Recent Discovery of Gold in Australia’, 14 June 1852, p. 53.
48. The Argus, 12 December 1851, p. 2.
49. La Trobe to Earl Grey, 3 December 1851, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Recent Discovery of Gold in Australia’, 14 June 1852, p. 52.
50. Howitt, p. 166.
51. Victoria Government Gazette (No. 22), 3 December 1851, p. 825.
52. The Argus, 12 December 1851, p. 2
53. The Argus, 10 December 1851, p. 2.
54. Bate, p.26.
55. The Argus, 18 December 1851, p. 2.
56. Ibid.
57. Ibid.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Victoria Government Gazette (No. 24), 17 December 1851, p. 864.
CHAPTER FOUR: EXODUS
1. W. Forlonge to C. Barnes, 30 December 1851, pp. 3-4, SLV, MS Box 111/5.
2. Blake, p. 12.
3. Dickens, Household Words, pp. 405-6.
4. Dickens, David Copperfield, pp. 814-15.
5. Capper, p. 6.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid., p. 62.
8. Earp, p. 9.
9. Sidney, p.11.
10. MacFarlane, p. 74.
11. Geelong Advertiser, 10 September 1852, p. 2.
12. Gold, Eureka, p. 25.
13. The Times, 17 June 1852, p. 7.
14. Hugill, pp. 524-25.
15. La Trobe to Earl Grey, 8 July 1852, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Recent Discovery of Gold in Australia’, 28 February 1853, p. 210.
16. William Peters to the Earl of Malmesbury, 30 August 1852, Enclosed in: ‘Pakington to La Trobe, Despatch from Downing Street’, 30 September 1852, SLV, MS 7662, Box 74/3, no. 501.
17. Ibid.
18. Craig, p. 248.
19. Otago Witness, (Sydney Bulletin), ‘In the Early Days’, 9 Poututerangi 1904, p. 65.
20. Craig, p. 250.
21. Craig, p. 250.
22. Ibid., p. 251.
23. Serle, p. 103.
24. The Argus, 28 October 1852, p. 3.
25. Craig, p. 4.
26. Ibid., p. 5.
27. Ibid., p. 6.
28. Ibid., pp. 7-8.
29. Ibid., p. 8.
30. Hill, p. 153.
31. Kelly, p. 29.
32. Ibid., p. 30.
33. Howitt, p. 6.
34. Carboni, p. 3.
35. The Argus, 20 October 1852, p. 4.
36. Kelly, p. 30.
37. Clacy, p. 17.
38. Fauchery, p. 22.
39. Howitt, p. 11.
40. Fauchery, p. 27.
41. Ibid.
42. Craig, p. 15.
43. Ibid.
44. Clacy, p. 23.
45. Foster, J. F. Leslie, p. 10.
46. Clacy, p. 23.
47. Ibid.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid., p. 135.
50. Ibid., p. 23.
51. Howitt, p. 43.
52. Ibid., p. 201.
53. Ibid., p. 43.
54. Clacy, p. 127.
55. Goodman, p. 42.
CHAPTER FIVE: TO THE DIGGINGS
1. Sherer, p. 10.
2. Howitt, p. 25.
3. Kelly, p. 180.
4. The Argus, 25 June 1852, p. 3.
5. Ibid.
6. Empire, 22 October 1851, p. 2.
7. The Sydney Morning Herald, 27 December 1851, p. 2.
8. The Argus, 4 June 1852, p. 3.
9. The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 April 1851, p. 3.
10. Clacy, p. 51.
11. Craig, p. 36.
12. Sir John S. Pakington to Governor-General Sir Charles FitzRoy, 15 December 1852, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Alterations in the Constitutions of the Australian Colonies’, 14 March 1853, p. 44.
13. Sir John S. Pakington to La Trobe, 15 December 1852, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Alterations in the Constitutions of the Australian Colonies’, 14 March 1853, p. 57.
14. Author’s note: The formal name of the Act is An Act for the better Government of the Australian Colonies (5th August 1850).
15. Waugh, p. 331.
16. Carboni, p. 3.
17. Author’s note: While several of these institutions had not started construction by this date, La Trobe has been working towards their establishment. The foundation stones for the Melbourne Public Library, now become the State Library of Victoria, and the University of Melbourne were laid the same day, 23 July 1854, by Lieutenant-Governor Sir Charles Hotham.
18. Author’s note: Known as the Melbourne Athenaeum since 1873, it is one of the oldest public institutions in Victoria.
19. Author’s note: Established in 1853, it is reportedly Australia’s oldest surviving cultural organisation.
20. B
leissbarth, p. 28.
21. Hancock, p. 151.
22. Abbott, pp. 280-28. Author’s note: The author, Edward Abbott, reports that, ‘This was a Colonial beverage in use in the earlier days of Tasmania, and was named and drank by an eccentric governor, who had a stronger head than most of his subordinates. A wattle hut used to be improvised within a few miles of the capital, and temporary chairs and a strong table being fixed, the governor would take the seat of honour, having in front of him a barbecued pig, and on his honour’s right hand, a cask of “blow my skull” - sufficient for all comers - no special invitation being necessary … “No heeltaps!” called out the governor in a voice of authority, and the unfortunate stranger was at once hors de combat; while the governor having an impenetrable cranium, and an iron frame, could take many goblets of the alcoholic fluid …’
23. Read, p. 172.
24. Craig, p. 219.
25. Clacy, p. 83.
26. Carboni, p. 4.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Hancock, p. 151.
30. Ibid.
31. The Manchester Guardian, 11 June 1853, p. 9.
32. Ibid.
33. Fauchery, p. 77.
34. Potts, p. 362.
35. Samuel Lazarus Diary, 24 September 1853-21 January 1855; Monday, 13 November 1853 [Monday November 21], SLV, MS Box1777/4, p. 61.
36. Howitt, p. 185.
37. Clacy, p. 65.
38. Lang, The Australian Emigrant’s Manual, p. 5.
39. Carboni, p. 4.
40. Ibid., p. 14.
41. Craig, p. 214.
42. Withers, p. 75
43. Ibid.
44. The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 December 1852, p. 4.
45. The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 February 1853, p. 1S.
46. Cahir, p. 123.
47. Ibid.
48. Bonwick, Notes of a Gold Digger and Gold Digger’s Guide.
49. Empire, 12 February 1853, p. 5.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid.
52. The Sydney Morning Herald, 12 February 1853, p. 1.
53. Empire, 12 February 1853, p. 5.
54. Ibid.
55. Howitt, p. 378.
56. Clacy, p. 54.
57. Ibid.
58. Craig, p. 300.
59. Ibid., p. 301.
60. Ibid., p. 303.
61. Ibid., p. 195.
62. Ibid., p. 196.
63. Gold, p. 23.
64. La Trobe to Newcastle, 1 June 1853, Letter Book, 1851 June 30-1854 Apr. 7, p. 17, SLV, MS 12618.
65. Ibid.
66. Ibid., pp. 18-19.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
CHAPTER SIX: TROUBLE BREWS
1. Hill, p. 42.
2. Carboni, p. 6.
3. Younger, p. 264.
4. Clacy, p. 113.
5. La Trobe to Newcastle, 3 May 1853, ‘Further Papers Relative to the Discovery of Gold’, February 1854, p. 81.