aśvattha (the tree ‘under which horses stand’), Ficus Religiosus, see fig tree
artharvan, texts of, 11.33
Atharva Veda, 11.33; quoted, 7.42n
atheist (nāstika), 2.11, 3.65, 150, 4.163, 8.22, 309, 11.67, 12.33
atikṛcchra (‘Extra-painful’), see vow
ātman, see self; soul
atmosphere (antarīkṣa, vyoman) 1.13, 7.29. See also ether
Atri, one of the great sages, 1.35, 3.16, 196. Also, a law-maker, 3.16
attachment, emotional (sanga, sakta), 2.13, 6.33, 55, 57, 72, 75, 81, 7.30, 9.2, 12.18. See also addiction
aurasa, see son, natural
authority for knowledge (pramāṇa) 1.5, 2.8, 11.85, 12.107–15. See also canon; logic
auttami Manu, 1.62
avakīrṇin, one who has shed his semen in violation of a vow, see vow for shedding semen
āvantya caste, 10.21
āvṛta caste, 10.15
āyogava caste descendants of, 10.15, 26, 32,35 occupation of, 10.48
origin of, 10.12, 16
āyus, see lifespan
bahiṣkṛta, see excommunicated
bali, see propitiatory offering of food; taxes
ball (piṇḍa), rice-ball for the dead, 3.215–20, 260–62, 9.132, 136, 140–42, 186; piṇḍānvāhārya, ‘offering after the balls,’ 3.122–3. See also sapiṇḍīkaraṇa
bāndhava, bandhu, see relative
banyan tree (nyagrodha, vaṭa, Ficus Indica), 8.246
barbarian (mleccha), 2.23, 7.149, 10.45, 12.43
barber, food of, permitted for priest, 4.253
bard, travelling (kuśīlava) distrusted, 8.65, 102
excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.155
following profession of, a minor crime, 11.66
to be banished, 9.225 See also actor, strolling
barhis, see grass, sacrificial
‘Barley-middle’ (yavamadhyama) vow, see vow
basket-maker, food of, forbidden, 4.215
bathing (snāna), 2.176, 181, 209, 211, 3.4, 4.45, 82, 129, 132, 152 after graduation, 1.111, 2.245, 4.31
as a restoration, 4.69
rules of, 4.45, 129, 152, 201–37
See also washing
‘bean’ (māṣa), a measurement equal to one sixteenth of a penny, 3.267, 8.134; ‘small bean’ (māṣaka or māṣika), five grains, 8.135
bed (śāyana), 2.119, 192, 198, 220–21, 3.17, 107, 250, 4.29, 40, 74, 112, 202, 232, 250, 8.372, 9.17; marriage-bed (talpa), 9.167, 170
begging (bhaikṣya, bhikṣā, bhikṣu) a mode of subsistence, 4.4–5, 10. 116 rule of, for chaste student of the Veda, 2.48–50, 108, 182–5, 187;
for forest-dweller, 6.27–8;
for householder, 3.94–8;
for merit, 6.43, 50–51, 55–8;
when permitted to Vedic graduate, 4.33, 11.1–6
being, living (bhūta), 1.16, 18, 42, 50, 54, 65, 95–6, 99. See also creature
belt (mekhalā), initiatory, of student, 2.27,42–3, 64, 169–71,174
‘berry’ (kṛṣṇala), a small measurement in copper, silver, or gold, 8.134
bestiality, 10.72, 11.174
betting, 9.221–8
Bhadrakālī (‘Benevolent Kālī), a goddess, a benevolent form of Kālī, 3.89
bhaikṣya, see begging
bhakti, loving devotion, 2.233
Bharadvāja, a sage, 10.107
bhasma, see ashes
bhāva, nature, disposition, manner, 2.97, 124
bhikṣā (alms), see begging
bhikṣu (beggar), see begging
Bhṛgu, one of the great sages, 9.314n expounds Manu’s teaching, 1.59–60, 5.1–3, 12.2, 126
opinion of, quoted, 3.16
origin of, 1.35
bhrūṇa, learned priest or embryo, see embryo
‘Bhūḥ! Bhuvaḥ! Svaḥ!’ The three exclamations (vyāhṛtis) that are the names of the three worlds (earth, atmosphere, and heaven) and the essences of the three Vedas, 2.76
bhūmi, see earth
bhūta: disembodied spirit (‘has-been’ or ghost), 3.70, 74, 80–81, 90, 93, 4.21 (see also ghost); element, 1.6, 16n, 18, 20, 75–8, 12.12–21, 90, 126;
living being, see being, living
bīja, see seed
bird (pakṣin, śakuni, vayas, vihangama), 1.39, 44, 3.9, 92, 162, 261, 268, 4.208, 5.11, 130, 6.51, 78, 7.23, 8.328, 9.22, 10.89, 11.241, 12.9
birth: abhijanana, 1.100; adhijanana, 2.169;
janman, 1.42, 2.146;
jāti, 2.148, 4.141, 148–9;
sambhāva, 1.116;
sambhūti, 2.147;
samutpatti, 1.111;
utpatti, 1.98, 3.193
blacksmith, food of, forbidden for priest, 4.215
blame, see nind
‘Blind Darkness’, a hell, see andhatāmisra
blind man (andha), 3.141, 7.149, 8.93, 95, 11.52–3 excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.161, 177
excluded from inheritance, 9.201
exempt from taxes, 8.394
one-eyed man (kāṇa), 3.155, 177, 242, 8.274, 11.52, 119
b link of an eye (nimeṣa), 1.52, 64
blood (asrj, rakta, rudhira, śonita), 3.132, 180, 182, 4.56, 122, 167–9, 5.123, 135, 6.76, 8.44, 284, 11.208–9 menstrual (rajas, udakyā), 3.239, 4.41, 57, 132, 208 See also woman, menstruating
boat, 2.204; as metaphor, 4.190, 194, 9.161, 11.19
boatmen, 10.34 hire of, 8.406
liability for damage, 8.408–9
body (deha, śarīra, tanu, vapus), 1.8, 17, 30,53, 84, 2.26, 28, 66, 100, 192, 232, 243–4, 248, 4.3, 92, 111, 183, 189, 6.76–8, 8.125, 273, 279, 287, 334, 10.62, 11.230, 12.16–20,25, 81 astral (khaśarīra), 4.243
opening of (prāṇa), 4.143, 12.120
orifice of (khani), 2.53, 60, 4.144, 5.132–8
book (grantha), 12.103
bootlegger food of, forbidden for priest, 4.126
to be banished, 9.225
booty, distribution of, 7.96–7
boundary disputes, a cause of legal action, 8.6, 245–66
not lost by lapse of time, 8.149
punishment for destroying mark of, 9.291
Brahmā, the god of creation, 1.9, 11,50,2.58–9, 3.21, 27, 185 composed The Laws of Manu, 1.58
courts of, 8.11
day and night of, 1.51–73
moment of, 4.92
origin of, 1.2, 12.50
part of the hand, 2.58–9 See also puruṣa; Self-existent
Brahmā marriage, see marriage
brahmacārin, see chaste; student
Brahman, see priest; overseer
brahman: ultimate reality, 1.50, 98, 2.17, 28, 82–4, 226, 233, 244, 3.70, 89, 4.182, 232, 260, 6.32, 79, 81, 85, 7.14, 8.81, 11.266, 12.102, 123, 125; the Veda, 1.23,93, 97, 2.70–71, 74, 106, 116, 144, 146, 164, 170, 172–3, 3.3, 41, 4.99, 100, 110–11, 114, 149, 154, 186;
religion 3.157.
The brahman is the macrocosmic principle, the One, equated with the microcosmic true self ātman in Hindu philosophy beginning in the Upaniṣads. See also soul
brāhmaṇa, see priest
Brāhmaṇa, a class of Vedic texts, 4.100
brahmarākṣasa, 7.60
brahmarṣis, country and customs of, 2.19–20
brahmasattra, see sacrifice, extended
brahmavādin, expounder of the Veda, 2.113, 4.91, 199
brahmavarcas, the splendour of the Veda or of the brahman power or of priests, 2.37, 3.39, 4.94
Brahmāvarta, the Land of the Veda, 2.17
brahmodya, Vedic riddle, 3.231
brāhmyahuta, see offering
brand, see mark
breath, breath of life, vital breath (prāṇa), 1.22, 96, 2.120, 3.175, 4.23, 28, 51, 54, 117, 5.28–30, 8.359, 10.106, 11.81, 113, 147, 12.123; opening (of the body), see body
breath-suppression (prāṇāyāma), 2.75, 83, 3.217, 6.69–71, 11.142, 200, 202, 249
Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, quoted, 9.20 (BAU 6.4.12), 321
(BAU
1.4.11–14)
Bṛhaddevatā, quoted, 8.110
Bṛhaspati, guru of the gods, 11.120, 122
bride defamation of, 8.225
open declaration of blemishes required, 8.205;
fine for concealment of blemishes, 8.224
rejection of, 9.71–3
bride-giving binding, 9.47, 71;
except when bride is blemished, 9.72–3
by whom, 5.151
manner of, 3.35
source of husband’s power, 5.152
bridegroom receives honey-mixture, 3.119
way to be made for, 2.138
bride-price (śulka) 3.51, 53–4, 8.204, 366, 369, 9.93–100. See also daughter, sale of
brother (bhātṛ) begets son with predeceased brother’s bride or widow, 3.160, 173, 9.57–68, 120–21, 143–7
elder, honour shown to, 2.225–6, 4.80, 184, 9.110;
marrying or sacrificing after younger, 3.154, 170–72, 11.61;
punished for cheating his younger brother, 9.213;
punishment for defaming, 8.275
gives one-fourth share to unmarried sister, 9.118
gives sister in marriage, 5.151
joint male offspring through one son, 9.182
wife of, manner of greeting, 2.132
younger, marrying or sacrificing before elder, 3.154, 170–72, 11.61 See also division; inheritance; sons, eldest, second, younger, youngest
brother-in-law (devara), 3.55
bucket (droṇa), approximately a fifth of a bushel; 16x16 palas or ‘straws’ (each weighing 37.76g or 1.330z.), weighing 21.25lbs or 9.6kg, 7.126
buddhi: intellect, 5.109; intelligence, 1.96;
perception, 2.91, 192;
thoughts, 4.18
buffalo (mahiṣa), 3.270, 5.9, 9.48, 55, 11.69
bull, 8.16, 9.50, 123–4, 150
butcher (saunika), 4.86, 5.13, 51; slaughter-house (sūna), 3.68, 4.84–6, 11.156
butter, clarified (ghṛtra, ghee), 2.107, 3.226, 4.39, 5.37, 9.60, 10.88, 11.92, 144, 150, 213, 12.62; melted (ājya, sarpis), 7.131
Caitra, month, 7.182
cakṣuṣ, see eye
cākṣusa Manu, 1.62, 7.42n
calf (vatsa), 4.38, 5.130, 7.129, 8.239, 9.50, 11.135–7
cam, see rinse
camel (uṣṭra), 2.204, 3.162, 4.115, 120, 5.8, 18, 8.146, 239, 296, 9.48, 11.69, 138, 155, 157, 200, 202, 12.55, 67
caṇḍāla, see ‘Fierce’
cāndrāyaṇa (‘Moon-course’), see vow
canon, revealed (verbally, rather than visually, śruti), 1.108, 2.8–10, 35, 3.27, 284, 4.155, 6.29, 89, 7.97, 135, 8.273, 9.19, 32, 96, 11.22, 33, 45, 12.95, 109
cāraṇa, see actor, strolling
carmāvakartin, leather-worker, 4.218
carnivore, see animal
carpenter, food of, forbidden, 4.210
carriage, cart (yāna), 2.202, 204, 3.52, 64, 4.120
caste (jāti, ‘birth’), 1.118, 3.15, 4.99, 8.46, 10.97 change of, 7.42, 10.42–3, 64–5
excluded (bāhya), 10.8–31, 39, 45, 11.183–6. See also degraded; excommunicated; outcasts
particular law of, 8.41–2, 46
readmission to, 11.187–91, 196–7
rising from through virtue, 10.62–8
cat, 4.30, 126, 192, 195, 197, 11.132, 160
cāturmāsya, see sacrifice, four-monthly
centaur, see Gandharva
ceremony for the dead (śrāddha) causes interruption of Veda-recitation, 3.188,4.110–11, 117 daily, 3.70, 72, 74, 80–83, 283
description of, 3.187, 203–53, 256–65, 279, 282
for lately deceased person, see ekoddiṣṭa
materials for, 3.123, 267–72
number of guests at, 3.125–6, 129
offered by son of appointed daughter, 9.127, 132, 140;
by adopted son, 9.142;
to three ancestors, 9.186
persons not to be fed at, 3.150–67
persons to be fed at, 2.189–90, 3.128–49, 183–6
results of feeding unworthy guests at, 3.133, 168–82
rewards for performing, 3.127, 277, 281
times for performing, 3.122, 273–83
special kinds of, 3.254 See also antyeṣṭi; pollution
chandas, Vedic chant or meter, or chant of the Sāma Veda, 3.145, 188, 4.95, 98, 100, 11.34
chanting (japa), 10.111 efficacy of, 2.85–7. See also Veda-recitation, private
the verse to the sun-god, 2.74–87
character (śīla), 2.121
chaste (brahmacārin), 2.115, 3.2, 192, 4.128, 5.158–60, 6.26, 11.82, 225
child burial of, 5.68–9
disqualified to be witness, 8.66;
exceptions, 8.70–71
disqualified to sacrifice or recite Veda, 2.171–2, 11.36–7
no libations offered to, 5.70
special punishment for, 9.230
treatment of, 3.114, 4.179, 8.312
urinating or defecating in public, 9.283
‘Child’s Moon-course’ vow (śiśucāndrāyaṇa), see vow
cihna, see mark, distinctive
cīna caste, 10.44
circle, of neighbouring states, 7.154–8
classes (varṇas), 1.2, 7.35, 10.57, 61, 131, 12.97 confusion of (varṇasaṃkara), see confusion
creation of, 1.31–5
duties of all, 1.87–91, 10.63
four original, 10.4
mixed, enumeration, origin and livelihood of, 10.6–56;
signs for detecting them, 10.57–61
origin of, 1.87, 10.45. See also commoner; priest; ruler; servant
clean, cleansing (śuddha, śodhana, viśuddhi, etc.), 1.113, 4.11, 127, 5.21, 57–8, 61–88, 99, 101–26, 129, 146, 6.30, 39, 7.218–19, 9.9, 253, 11.46, 54, 87, 90, 104, 118, 124, 126, 139, 142, 144, 147, 150, 157, 161, 163–6, 182, 191, 194, 200–203, 227, 243, 250, 255, 258–9, 12.105. See also defilement; freedom; pollution; pure; purification; unpolluted
clothing of ascetic, 6.44, 53
of chaste student, 2.41, 64, 174
of forest-dweller, 6.6, 15
of Vedic graduate, 4.34–6, 66
indivisible property, 9.219
co-feeder (sapiṇḍa), see relative
Cola caste, 10.44
commoner (vaiśya), the third, or – worker, social class, 1.90, 116 ancestors of, 3.197
duties and occupations of, 1.90, 8.410, 418, 9.326–33, 10.78–80;
in extremity, 10.98
forcible appropriation of commoner’s property by priest, 11.12
guilt in cases of theft, 8.337
killing a, a minor crime, 11.67 See also restoration for killing
origin of, 1.31, 87
poor, to be employed by priest, 8.411–12
punishment of commoner for adultery, 8.375–7, 382, 384;
for defamation, 8.267, 269, 277;
for neglect of duty in next life, 12.72
seniority among, 2.155. See also sons by wives of several classes
special rules for: administration of oath, 8.113;
burial, 5.92;
examination as witness, 8.88;
final haircut, 2.65;
greeting, 2.127;
naming, 2.31–2;
pollution of, 5.83–99;
purification, 2.62;
student-ship, 2.41–6, 49, 190
visitor not a guest, but fed, 3.110–12
wives permitted to, 3.13
woman, punishment for adultery with, 8.381–3, 385
condemn, see nind
conduct (ācāra), 2.6, 12, 18, 69, 193, 3.167, 4.145–6, 155–8; rule of conduct, 1.107–8;
proper conduct, 1.109–10, 3.165, 5.4, 9.17, 12.126
of those who know Veda authoritative, 2.6, 18, 4.145
rule of, most important, 1.107–10, 4.145–6, 156–8, 175
confession, destroys guilt, 11.83–4, 123, 228–9
confusion (of classes) (saṃkara), 1.116, 8.172, 353, 9.67, 10.12, 24, 40, 60, 11.69
/> conquest duties after, 7.201–3
duty of king and ruler, 7.94–110, 9.251, 10.119
one of the modes of acquiring property, 10.115
consecration (dīkṣā), 6.29; one consecrated for a (Soma) sacrifice (dīkṣita), 2.128, 169, 4.130
constellation (nakṣatra, ṛkṣa), 1.24, 2.30, 101, 3.9, 162, 273, 277
contract, breach of, 8.5, 218–21 for crops, 9.52–3
for transportation of goods, 8.156–7
when null and void, 8.163–8 see also debt; deposit
corpse (śava), 4.108, 5.62, 64–5, 9.178, 10.55, 11.73
corruption (dūṣaṇa, dūṣita), 2.213, 3.164, 8.64, 225 of one’s nature, 2.97
of officials, 7.120–24, 9.232
of social classes, 7.24
of a virgin, 3.164, 9.72, 11.62;
punishments for, 8.367–70
of a woman’s mind, 5.108, 9.13
cow (go), 2.158, 3.3, 6, 64, 95, 141, 260, 4.39, 48, 59, 72, 142, 172, 191, 5.6, 8, 87, 124, 128, 133, 8.21, 112–13, 146, 239, 325, 9.48, 50, 55, 10.62, 107, 11.14, 174n, 197, 12.64 five products of (pañcagavya), 11.92, 166, 213
food smelt by, unclean, 4.209
gift of, 2.246, 3.29, 53, 95, 4.188–9, 231, 10.114, 11.136
killing, a minor crime, 8.296, 11.60. See also restoration for
reverence towards, 4.38, 45, 48, 52, 58–9, 72, 142, 162, 11.79–80
riding on, forbidden, 4.72
urinating on, forbidden, 4.52
co-waterers (samānodaka), see relative
cowdung (gomaya, gośakṛt), 2.182, 3.206, 8.326, 11.92, 213
cowherd (gopa), 8.231, 260
cowpen (goṣṭha, govraja), 3.254, 4.45, 58, 116
creation, account of, by Manu, 1.1–59; by Bhṛgu, 1.60–110
of creatures, 1.36–50
of innate activities, 1.21–30
of the social order, 1.31–5
of the universe, 1.5–20
creditor (dhanika, uttamarṇārtha), 8.47
cremation, cremation grounds (śmaśāna), 2.16, 4.69, 116, 9.318, 10.39, 50
crime (pātaka, ‘causing a fall’, 8.88, 113, 10.126. classification of, 11.55–71
The Laws of Manu Page 43