major (mahāpātaka): enumeration of, 9.235, 11.55
punishments for, 9.236–42 See also drinking liquor; guru, adultery with wife of; priest, offences against; restoration; theft of gold
minor (upapātaka), enumeration of, 11.60–67, 108. See also restoration
crossroads, 4.131, 9.264, 11.119
cruel, cruelty (krūra, nṛśaṃsya) 1.29, 3.41, 4.212, 216, 246, 10.58, 12.33, 58. See also harm; mercy; sadist
cūḍā, see haircut
cuñcu caste, 10.48
custom, source of the law, 2.6, 12, 18, 8.41–2, 46 of conquered country, to be upheld, 7.203
cyu, slip, deviate, tumble, 1.109
dadhi, see yogurt
daily fire sacrifice (agnihotra), see sacrifice
daitya (‘son of Diti’), see anti-god
daiva marriage, see marriage of the gods
Dakṣa, a Lord of Creatures, 9.128–9, 314n
dākṣāyaṇa sacrifice, 6.10
dakṣiṇa, see south
dakṣiṇā, see sacrificial gift
dakṣiṇāgni, see fire
dama, see self-control
damage done by boatmen, 8.408–9
done by livestock, 8.240–42
to person, 8.287. See also injury
punishment for, 8.285, 288–9, 9.279, 281, 285, 289, 291
dāna, see giving
dānava (‘son of Danu’), see Titan
dancing, 2.178, 4.64, 7.47, 12.45
daṇḍa, rod; the rod of punishment wielded by a king, 7.14–19, 25, 102–3, 9.245; a fine, see fine; punishment, see punishment; the staff given to a twice-born man on initiation, see staff;
a formation of a marching army, 7.187;
the army, 7.157
tridaṇḍin, definition of, 12.10–11
darada caste, 10.44
darbha, see grass, sacrificial
darkness (tamas), 1.5, 49, 55, 77; darkness of hell, 4.81, 242;
one of the three qualities or strands (guṇas) of matter, 1.5, 15–20, 12.24, 29, 33, 35, 38–40, 42–4, 95, 115
conditions produced by, 1.49, 12.40, 42–4
darśa, darśamāsa, see moon, new
dāsa, see slave
dasyu, see alien
dātṛ, see donor
dattaka, see son, adopted
daughter (duhitṛ, kanyā, strī), 2.215, 3.27–30, 48–9, 51 appointed (putrikā), 3.11, 9.127;
inherits, 9.130;
husband of, inherits, 9.135;
son of, inherits from maternal grandfather, 9.131–4, 136;
offers funeral cake, 9.140
of wife of priestly class inherits from co-wives, 9.198
to choose husband, 9.90–93
daughter of, inherits from maternal grandmother, 9.193
inherits from mother, 9.192, 195
to be married at proper time, 9.4, 88–9, 94
position and treatment of, 4.180, 185, 9.130
sale of, forbidden, 3.51–4, 9.98–100;
rule regarding 8.204.See also bride-price; marriage, of the demons
son of, entertained at ceremony for the dead, 3.148, 234–5;
inherits from maternal grandfather, 9.136, 139
unmarried, inherits fourth share from father, 9.118
unmarried, inherits separate property of mother, 9.131
dāya, see inheritance; legacy
day and night, 1.64–8, 72–4
death (mṛtyu), 2.113, 4.4–5, 137, 5.1–4, 7.53, 8.17, 12.16–22, 80
debt, 9.229 non-payment of or recovery of, 8.4, 47–60, 139–43, 151–5, 158–67, 176–7, 11.66
renewal of, 8.154–5
debts, three, to gods and others, 4.257, 6.35–7, 94, 9.106–7
deed bad, or misdeed (duṣkṛta), 3.191, 230, 4.201, 248, 6.79, 7.94
good (sukṛta), 3.37, 100, 6.79, 7.95, 8.256, 318 See also karman
deer (mṛga), 2.23, 157, 3.268–9, 11.69, 12.67
defilement (mala), dirt, 2.102, 4.220, 5.132–5, 6.71, 8.308, 318, 11.71, 94, 102, 108, 126, 251
degraded castes, 10.41–9, 61, 11.94, 102, 108, 126, 251
deha, see body
deity (devatā), 2.176, 189, 3.56, 84, 117, 192, 4.39, 124, 130, 152–3, 7.8, 9.317, 319, 11.85, 12.119 household, 3.117
delusion (moha), 3.52; infatuation, 3.15
demon (asura), 1.37, 3.21, 24–5, 31, 225, 11.20
deposit (nikṣepa), 8.4, 149, 179–96
desire, see kāma
Deuce, Age of the (dvāpara yuga), 1.85–6, 9.301–2
deva, see god
devatā, see deity
dhana: property, 2.31; riches, 3.40;
wealth, 2.155
Dhanvantari, physician of the gods, 3.85
dhānya, see grain
dharaṇa (measure), see ‘support’
dhāraṇā, see rule
dharma: duty, 1.2, 85, 114–16, 118, 2.3, 7–9, 25, 150, 217, 229, 234–5, 237, 3.3, 30, 248, 4.80–81, 107, 138, 147, 187, 227, 5.1–2, 98, 146, 6.36, 66, 86, 91–4, 97, 158, 7.1, 15, 17, 35, 87, 93, 98, 135, 144, 8.7, 272, 335, 348, 390–91, 9.1, 6, 11, 25, 28, 61, 76, 86, 94, 96, 101, 103, 107–8, 188, 251, 273, 333–4, 10.41, 53, 63, 77–8, 81, 85, 97–8, 11.22, 28, 32, 12.31, 71–2, 105–6;
law, 1.93, 108, 115, 2.14, 35, 45, 61, 109, 128, 150, 154, 159, 238, 240, 245, 3.27, 149, 173, 232, 262, 265, 4.61, 175, 187, 192, 5.55, 167, ▓7.203, 8.33, 41, 49, 63, 141, 179, 218, 9.18, 46, 55–6, 117, 120, 133, 145, 152, 154, 167, 179, 220, 10.7, 68, 101–2, 115, 11.3, 31, 84, 121, 191, 12.1, 108–13, 115;
religion, 1.81, 98–9, 107, 110, 2.1, 6, 10, 12–13, 20, 25, 112, 3.40, 4.8, 155, 171, 174, 195, 198, 239, 243, 5.3, 6.64, 79, 8.212, 226, 9.64, 238, 273, 10.90, 117, 11.9, 12.2, 50, 52, 117;
religion as one of the three human goals, 2.112, 224, 4.92, 176, 7.26, 46, 151, 12.38
uman goals, 2.112, 224, 4.92, 176, 7.26, 46, 151, 12.38; justice, (in contrast with injustice, adharma), 7.7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 28, 141, 209, 8.7, 12–18, 20–21, 24, 41, 44, 58–9, 78, 83, 86, 103, 122–3, 164, 174–5, 228–9, 261, 265, 306, 349, 9.233, 236, 249, 251, 270, 11.21;
religious merit, 2.121, 3.131, 4.238, 242, 7.136, 8.74, 304, 9.111, 121, 11.23, 12.19
(cf. puṇya, merit, 2.57, 106, 11.39);
right (in contrast with adharma, wrong), 1.26, 29, 3.22–5, 9.160, 10.106, 108, 12.20–23;
manner, way, 3.111–12
incarnate, 9.315n
in extremity, see extremity
personified, 1.81–2, 4.239–41, 7.14
(justice), 8.15–16, 9.129
sources of, 2.6–25
the ten-point, 6.91–2
dharmaśāstra, see teachings
dharmātman, one who is the ‘soul’ or perfect representative of religion, 5.3, 12.2
dharmika, dharmin: religious, 2.109, 3.40, 263, 4.153, 7.201; just, 7.16, 8.24, 29, 46, 57, 123, 127, 174–5, 221, 244, 306, 9.152, 233, 236, 270, 10.119, 11.11, 21
dhigvana caste, 10.15, 40
dhvaja, see flag
dice, see Age; gambling
didhiṣūpati, agredidhiṣūpati, a man who marries his older brother’s widow, 3.160, 173
dikṣā, dīkṣita, see consecration
direction, cardinal (diś), 1.13. See also east, north, south, west
dirt, see defilement
diś, see direction, cardinal
disapprove, see nind
disease, illness (roga, vyādhi), 1.83, 2.138, 3.114, 4.60, 157, 179, 184, 207, 5.50, 6.62, 8.64, 9.78, 167, 11.1, 12.77 born of one’s evil, or people whose evil deeds have made them ill (pāpavyādhi, pāparogin), 3.92, 159, 177, 5.164, 9.30, 79, 308n, 11.48–54
excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.151, 153–5, 159, 165, 177
as punishments for crimes, 11.49–53
disengagement (nivṛtti), 5.56, 12.88–90
disputes between owners of cattle and herdsman,
see herdsman regarding boundaries, see boundary
‘Distancing’ (parāka) vow, see vow
distr
ess (ārti), physical distress, pain or suffering, 2.161, 4.15, 6.16, 8.67, 163, 216–17, 286–7, 313, 395, 10.106–8, 11.36, 203; provocation, 2.225, 4.236. See also extremity
divākīrti (‘notorious by day’), an Untouchable caste, 5 85
division of inheritance, 1.115 of acquisitions by brothers, 9.204–8, 215
after parents’ death, 9.104,
or made by father, 9.215
between brothers of equal caste, 9.104, 156–7;
shares, 9.112–19, 213
between natural and subsidiary sons, 9.162–5
between son and appointed daughter, 9.134
between sons by different fathers, 9.191
between sons of elder and younger wives, 9.122–6
between sons of wives of different classes, 9.148–55
between twins, 9.126
between younger brother and son begotten on widow of elder, 9.120
final once made, 9.47
meritorious, 9.111
of property afterwards discovered, 9.218
of property of reunited brothers, 9.210–12 See also inheritance; property, indivisible, self-acquired of father, separate of sons
dog (śvan), 2.201, 3.92, 115, 164, 230, 239, 241, 4.4–6, 115, 126, 208, 5.130–31, 6.51, 7.20, 8.90, 232, 239, 298, 371, 375n, 10.51, 91, 106, 108, 11.132, 160, 200, 12.55, 62
‘Dog-cooker’ (śvapāca), a caste of Untouchables, see śvapāca
domestic priest (purohita), see priest
domestic sacrificer (gṛhamedhin), 4.8, 31–2
donkey (khara), 2.201, 4.115, 120, 298, 8.370, 375n, 10.51, 11.69, 119, 123, 137, 155, 157, 200, 202, 12.55
donor (dātṛ), 3.97, 128, 142–3, 176–8, 191, 242, 259
doṣa: fault, 1.104, 5.3, 6.61, 71–2, 95, 8.101, 355, 9.243, 10.103, 12.9, 18, 101; flaw, 8.205, 224, 9.73, 10.6, 14;
mistake, 2.93, 8.64;
stain, 3.71, 8.351;
vice (opposite of guṇa, virtue), 1.107, 117, 2.212, 3.22, 8.338, 9.221, 262;
duṣyati, to do something bad, 5.40, 43, 8.349. See also corruption
dragon, see nāga
draviḍa caste, 10.22, 44
‘Dreaded’ (ugra), a mixed caste, 4.212, 10.9, 13, 15, 19 food of, forbidden for priest, 4.212
occupation of, 10.49
origin of, 10.9
‘Drinkers-of-Melted-Butter’ (ājyapas), a class of ancestors, 3.197–8
drinking liquor (madira, intoxicating drink; madya, wine) a major crime, 9.235, 10.89, 11.55, 151 consequences of, 3.34, 159, 4.207, 5.56, 11.94–8
errors equal to, 11.57
punishment for, 9.237, 11.91–5, 147–50;
in another life, 11.49, 12.56
a vice, 7.47, 50
women addicted to, 5.90, 9.13, 80, 84, 11.67
See also restoration for drinking liquor
droha, see harm; malice
droṇa, see bucket
Dṛṣadvatī river, 2.17
drunk (madyapa, matta), 3.34, 159, 4.207, 8.67, 163, 9.78, 11.97, 12.45
duhitṛ, see daughter
duḥkha, see unhappiness
duṣkṛta, see deed
dūta, see ambassador; messenger
duties, on traders, 8.398, 400. See also taxes; tolls
duty, see dharma
dvāpara yuga (Age of the Deuce), see Deuce
dveṣa, see hatred
dvija (‘twice-born’), passim; sometimes priest in particular; ‘best of the twice-born’ (dvijottama), priest
dyūta, see gambling
earth (bhūmi, pṛthivī), 1.78, 99, 105, 2.20, 226, 9.37 creation of, 1.13
king behaving like, 9.303, 311
east, 2.21–2, 51–2, 61, 75, 3.87n, 274
eating of gods through priests, 1.95, 101
of men, punished, 11.157
purification after, 5.145
rules of, 1.113, 2.51–7, 3.116–17;
for student, 2.52–7;
for graduate, 4.43, 45, 55, 58, 62–3, 65, 74–6
See also food
eclipse, solar, 4.37
edicts, royal, 9.232
egg, cosmic (aṇḍa), 1.9–13, 44
ekāgni, see fire
ekaśapha, see equine
ekoddiṣṭa, ceremony for one dead person, 3.247, 4.110–11
element, of nature, see bhūta; of politics, see prakṛti
elephant (hasthin, kuñjara, varaṇa), 2.157, 3.10, 162, 274, 4.120, 7.96, 192, 8.34, 296, 11.69, 137, 12.43, 67
embryo (garbha), 2.36, 6.63, 9.8 establishing (garbhādhāna), rite of conception, 2.16, 26, 142
killing of, see abortion
emergency, see extremity
emission, created universe (sarga, sṛṣṭi), 1.8, 22, 24–25, 61
enas, see guilt
enemy (amitra, ari, vairin), 2.239, 3.138, 144, 230, 4.133, 139, 7.32, 73, 104–5, 154–211, 8.64, 9.227
energy: ojas, 1.4, 6, 16, 19, 36, 61;
rajas (one of the three guṇas or qualities of matter), 12.24, 26, 28, 32, 36, 38, 40, 45–7;
tejas (brilliant energy), 1.36, 63, 3.93, 4.41, 44, 186, 189, 218, 6.39, 7.5, 11, 14, 28, 9.310, 318, 321, 11.122, 247, 12.120
engagement in life (pravṛtti), 5.56, 12.88–90. See also disengagement
envy, 7.48
equine: ekaśapha (‘with a whole, solid hoof’), 5.8, 11, 18, 9.119, 10.89, 11.169;
ubhayodant (‘having two rows of teeth’), 1.39, 43
error (agha), 2.79, 3.118, 9.19, 91, 10.111, 11.86, 104, 123, 190, 227, 242, 248, 250, 253, 255–7, 260–62, 12.1 secret, 11.249–57
‘Error-erasing’ hymn (aghamarṣaṇa), 11.260–61
ether (ākāśa), 1.7–76, 4.184
etymologist (nirukta), 12.111
evidence punishment for refusal of, 8.107
what is admissible as, 8.74 See also perjury; restoration for giving false evidence; witness
evil (pāpa), 3.52, 190, 4.171, 181, 192, 198, 7.25, 8.318, 372, 10.104, 11.45–6, 227, 230–32, 246, 12.19; evils that make one ill, see disease
evil-hearted (durātman, pāpātman), 11.26
exclamation (vyāhṛti), (‘Bhūḥ! Bhuvaḥ! Svaḥ!’, or ‘Om’), 2.76, 77n, 78, 81, 6.70, 11.223, 249
exclusion from caste, see caste
from ceremony for the dead, see ceremony for the dead
from inheritance, see inheritance
excommunicated (bahiṣkṛta), 2.11, 103
excrement (purīṣa, viṣṭha, viṭ), 3.180, 250, 4.48–51, 56, 77, 109, 132, 220, 222, 5.123, 134–5, 6.76, 9.282, 10.91, 11.151, 155, 12.56, 121 punishment for emitting in public, 9.282–3
excretions, treatment of, 4.45–52
existence, ultimate level of, see level
expedient (upakrama, upāya), 7.107–9, 214–15
‘Extra-painful’ vow, see vow
extremity (āpad), a situation when normal rules do not apply, 1.116, 2.40, 113, 241, 3.14, 4.2, 100, 5.33, 43, 7.213–14, 8.62, 9.56, 103, 168, 282–3, 313, 336, 10.101–24, 130, 11.27–30, 228, 12.70. See also adversity; distress; hunger
eye (cakṣus), eyesight, gaze, 2.8, 90–91, 178, 4.24, 41, 77, 189, 8.125, 12.94. See also blind; blink
faith (śraddhā), 2.238, 3.202, 259, 275, 4.158, 225–6, 11.39
fallen (patita), 3.16, 92, 157, 4.79, 204, 9.79, 144 associating with, forbidden, 3.150, 157, 4.79, 213, 9.238–9, 11.180–90;
a major crime, 11.55;
punishment for, in next life, 12.60. See also restoration for associating with fallen person
food laid on the ground for, 3.92
marriage with daughter of, 2.238, 240
purification on touching, 5.85
treatment of woman, 11.189 See also caste, exclusion from, readmission into
fame (yaśas), 1.106, 2.52, 121, 3.40, 106, 263, 4.13, 94
family (kula), 1.118, 2.34, 184, 238, 243, 3.6, 15, 57, 60, 62–6, 274, 3.57, 60; family name, 3.109;
kulayoṣit, spinster, or woman of the family, 3.245
law of, authori
tative, 8.41
farmer, farming (kṛṣi), 1.90, 3.64, 165, 4.5, 46, 9.38 called ‘deadly’, 4.4–5
excluded from ceremonies for the dead, 3.165
food of lawful for priests among servants, 4.253
forbidden, 3.64, 6.16, 10.83–4
negligent, punished for loss of crop, 8.243
obligatory for commoners, 1.90, 8.410, 10.79
one of the ten modes of subsistence, 10.116
shares crop, 9.53 See also boundary; damage by livestock
fasting (kṣapana, upavāsa), 2.188, 4.222, 5.20, 69, 71, 155, 157, 11.167, 196, 204
fate (daivam), 3.98, 7.166, 197, 8.409
father (pitṛ) distribution of inheritance by, 9.215
gives daughter in marriage, 5.151, 9.4, 88–9
inherits from childless son, 9.185;
from childless daughter, 9.197
keeps recovered property, 9.209
loses power over daughter, 9.93
offences against, 3.157, 159, 11.60
polluted on birth of child, 5.62–3
punishment for defaming, 8.275;
for abandoning, 8.389 See also daughter; son
reverence towards, and venerability of, 2.145–8, 225–37, 4.162, 179–80, 182
sale of children by, 9.160, 164, 11.62 See also guru; son
father-in-law (śvaśura) entertained at ceremony for the dead, 3.148
how greeted, 2.130
receives the honey-mixture, 3.119
fault, see doṣa
fellow-student, pollution on death of, 5.71
field (kṣetra), 9.330 acceptance of, as gift, 2.246, 10.114
metaphor for the body: knower of the field’ (kṣetraja), the individual soul that knows the body, the knowing soul, 8.96, 12.12–14
metaphor for wife: ‘born in the field’ (kṣetraja), son born of a man other than his mother’s husband, 3.175, 9.31–56, 145, 162, 164–7, 180, 220, 10.69–73 See also appointment;
son settlement of boundaries of, 8.262
‘Fierce’ Untouchable (caṇḍāla), the paradigmatic Untouchable, often used as the generic term for any Untouchable, 3.239, 4.79, 5.131, 8.373, 9.87, 282n, 10.12,26,37–9, 51, 108, 11.24, 176, 12.55 castes descended from, 10.26–31,37–9
The Laws of Manu Page 44