origin of, 10.12, 16
position and occupations of, 10.51–6
purification on touching, 5.85. See also outcast sexual union with female of,
restoration for, 11.176;
punishment for, 8.373
fig tree (aśvattha, ‘under which horses stand’), Ficus Religiosus, 8.246
fine (daṇḍa) amounts of three levels of, 8.138
how to be paid, 9.229
son not liable for unpaid, 8.159
fire (agni), 1.23; incarnate as a god, see Agni
āhavanīya, the fire into which oblations to the gods are usually made, 2.231
āhitāgni (‘one who keeps [three or five] sacrificial fires’), 3.100n, 282
dakṣiṇāgni, the southern fire, into which offerings to the ancestors are usually made, 2.231
ekāgni (‘one who keeps one sacrificial fire’), a ‘domestic’ sacrificer as opposed to the āhitāgni, 2.231n
gārhapatya (‘householder’s, fire), one of the three solemn sacrificial fires, 2.231
gṛhya (‘household’), 3.84
reverence to be shown towards, 4.48, 53–4, 58, 142
śrauta (public sacrificial), kindling rule for, 3.67;
keeper of fire, sanctifies company, 3.185;
neglecting or extinguishing, 3.153, 11.60, 66;
offerings to, 2.108, 176, 186–7, 4.145–6, 7.145;
transferring within oneself, 6.25, 38
‘Fire-burnt’, agnidagdha, a class of ancestors, 3.199
first-fruits sacrifice (āgrāyaṇa), see sacrifice
fish (matsya), 1.39, 44, 3.268, 4.250, 5.14–16, 7.20, 8.95, 328, 10.48, 11.69, 12.42
flag (dhvaja), 4.195, 9.237, 285, 11.73, 93 punishment for destroying, 4.285
flaw, see doṣa
flesh (āmiṣa), 3.123, 4.28, 112, 131, 5.52, 10.106. See also meat
flowers, 2.182, 5.10, 157, 7.131, 8.289, 330, 11.166
food: anna, particularly cooked food, in contrast with raw food; āśana, food, eating eating forbidden, a minor crime, 11.65;
punishment for, in next life, 7.59. See also restoration for eating forbidden food
in extremity, 5.22, 10.104, 106–8
forbidden and permitted, 4.205–25, 247–50, 253, 5.5–56
of hermits, see hermit
of the king, 7.216–20
from offerings, 3.76
indivisible property, 9.219
obtained by begging, always unpolluted, 5.129
permitted for forest-dwellers, 6.3, 12–21, 27–8
proper manner of eating, 2.51–57
foot or quarter (pāda), 1.31, 81–3, 87, 2.71–2, 90, 99, 132, 209, 212, 217, 3.229–30, 4.53, 65, 76, 112, 151, 207, 5.142, 6.46, 8.18, 125, 280, 325, 11.43; line of a verse, 2.77, 81
force, vitiates all transactions, 8.168
ford (tīrtha): fording place in a river, 3.130; ‘ford’ of the hand, 2.58–9, 61
forest-dweller (vanaprastha) clothing of, 6.6, 15 duties of: must not accept anything, 6.8;
may beg, 6.27–8;
may keep sacrificial fire and offer sacrifices, 6.4–5, 7, 9–12;
may give up both, 6.25;
must be hospitable, 6.7–8;
must generate inner heat, 6.8, 22–4;
must recite Veda and study Upaniṣads, 6.8, 29–30
food of, 6.3, 12–21, 27–8
may starve himself to death, 6.31
mode of personal purification, 5.137
forgery, 9.232
form, physical (mūrti), 1.19, 55–6, 98, 2.82, 226, 3.93, 9.27, 12.15, 124. See also rūpa
fortnight, lunar (pakṣa), 1.66, 3.276, 278, 4.25
fortress, royal, 7.70–76, 9.252
fortune-tellers, to be punished, 9.258
‘fragmentary’ oblations, see śākala
fraud (chadman), 4.195, 199 punishment for, 8.1
vitiates every transaction, 8.165
Freedom (mokṣa, mukta), 1.114, 2.243, 6.35–7, 40, 42–4, 58, 74–5, 78–81, 85, 12.83–104
friend: (mitra), 3.138–40, 144, 160; (śakha), 3.110, 113, 8.118, 120, 347
killing, 11.57
pollution on the death of, 5.82
wife of, adultery with, 11.171
fruit, see phala
funeral sacrifices, see ceremony for the dead
Gādhi, father of Viśvāmitra, 7.42
gambling, gambler (dyūta, kitava), 1.68n, 115, 2.179, 12.45 excludes from ceremony for the dead, 3.151, 159–60
forbidden for Vedic graduates, 4.74;
for kings, 7.47, 50
punishable, 9.220–28, 258
gaṇa: association, cluster, gang, group, horde, host, set, 1.22, 118, 2.92, 3.154, 194, 200, 4.61, 209;
groups of goblins, troops of often malevolent minor spirits, sometimes in the service of the gods Śiva or Gaṇeśa, 3.164
Gandharva, centaur, a demigod associated with horses, music, and fertility, the male consort of the celestial nymph, 1.37, 3.21, 26, 32, 35n, 196, 7.23, 9.196, 12.47
ancestors of, 3.196
origin of, 1.37, 7.47, 12.47
Gandharva marriage, see marriage
gaṇikā, see whore
garbha, see embryo; womb
garden boundaries of, 8.262 selling, a crime, 11.62
gārhapatya, see fire
gati, see level of existence
gātra, see limb
Gautama, a law-giver, quoted, 3.16; a sage, 8.110n, 10.106n
gāyatrιi, see sun-god, verse to
genie (yakṣa), servant of Kubera, the god of wealth, 1.37, 3.196, 11.96, 12.47
ghost (preta), 12.71–2. See also bhūta
ghoul (piśāca, ‘flesh-eater’), 1.37, 43, 3.21, 25, 34, 141, 5.50, 11.96, 12.57 origin of, 1.37, 43, 12.44
ghṛta, see butter, clarified
gift acceptance of, lawful for priest, 1.88, 10.75–6, 115; but dangerous, 4.186–91
of a cow, see cow destroys guilt, 11.228
duty to be generous with, 1.86, 9.333, 10.79
forbidden from wicked or low men, 3.179, 4.84–91, 11.24–5, 42, 70;
except when offered unasked or in extremity, 4.247–52, 10.102–14
of friends, on marriage, 9.206
made once only, 9.47
obligatory, 4.31–2, 226–8, 7.82, 11.1–6
rewards for making, 3.95, 4.229–35, 7.83–6, 11.23
sacrificial (dakṣiṇā), 8.206–10, 11.38–40
void, 8.159, 165, 168
worthy recipients of, 3.96–7, 128–37, 142–3, 149, 168, 4.31, 227, 7.99, 11.70
girl (kanyā, kumārī), 3.8, 31, 54, 114 See also virgin
giving (dāna), generosity, 1.86–90, 2.158, 11.228. See also gift
gleaning and gathering (uñchaśila), 3.100, 4.4–5, 10, 7.33, 8.260, 10.112
go, see cow; ox
goal, human, see puruṣārtha
goat (aja, chāga), 2.41, 3.6, 260, 269, 272, 8.235, 298, 9.119, 10.114, 11.69, 137, 12.55, 67
god (deva, tridaśa [‘the Thirty’], tridivaukasa [‘dwellers in the triple heaven’]), 1.22, 65, 67, 79, 95, 2.17, 152, 176, 189, 232, 3.18, 21, 28, 38, 117, 125, 149, 195, 201–5, 4.21, 39, 46, 124, 235, 7.29, 205 8.85, 103, 9.95, 315–16, 11.20, 83, 211, 12.40, 48, 90 act of, 8.409
age of, 1.71–9
creation or origin of, 1.22, 36, 3.201, 12.40, 49
daily offerings to and worship of, 3.70–90, 4.152, 6.24
day of, 1.65–7
debt due to, see debt
images of, see image
king made of, 7.5, 11
made non-gods, 9.315
marriage of, 3.20, 28, 38, 9.196
part of the hand of, 2.59
priests as, 3.213
property of, 11.20;
punishment for seizing, 11.26
rule of, eating meat, 5.31
goddess, see Anumati; Bhadrakālī; Sarasvatī; Śrī; Vāc
golaka, the son of a widow, 3.156
gold (hiraṇya, kāñcana), 1.9, 2.29, 239,2
46, 4.188–9, 5.112–13, 8.113, 10.114 punishment for stealing, see theft
weights of coins, see weights
‘gold ornament’ (niṣka), a measurement equal to four ‘gold pieces’ or gold pennies, 8.137
‘gold piece’ (suvarṇa), value of, 8.134, 137, 213
goldsmith, polluted, 4.215, 218, 7.61 punishment of fraudulent, 9.292;
of negligent, 9.286
goodness (sattva), see lucidity
goose (haṃsa), 3.10, 5.12, 11.136, 12.62
gotra, see lineage
government, see king; minister; officials; policy
graduate, Vedic (snātaka), 1.113, 2.138–9, 3.119, 4.13,33–4 definition of term, 4.31
duties of acceptance of food, 4.205–25, 250, 253;
of gifts and begging, 4.33–4, 84–91, 186–91, 247–52, 10.113–14, 11.1–6;
bathing, 4.45, 129, 152, 201–3;
clothing, 4.18, 34–6, 66;
eating, rules for, 4.43, 45, 55, 58, 62–3, 65, 74–6;
general behaviour, 4.15–16, 18, 72, 145–6, 155–85, 204, 236–46;
hospitality, 4.29–32;
giving, 4.192–7, 227–35;
interruptions of Veda-recitation, 4.101–27;
performance of daily rites, 4.14, 21–4, 92–4, 152;
of public sacrifices, 4.25–8, 226;
residence, 4.60–61;
sleeping, 4.57, 75–92;
studying the Veda, 4.17–20, 95–100, 146–9;
voiding excrement, 4.45–52, 152;
miscellaneous rules, 4.37–42, 44, 53–9, 63–83, 128, 130–44, 150–54. See also householder
may retire from the world, 4.257–8
receives the honey-mixture, 3.119
way to be made for, 2.138–9
grain (dhānya), 2.155, 246, 3.6, 4.7
‘grain, against (or with) the’, see anuloman, pratiloman
grāma: village, 2.185, 219, 4.60, 74, 107–8, 116, 118, 5.11, 6.3, 7.114–20; metaphorically, a cluster, 2.100, 175, 215;
everysort of person, riff-raff, 4.205
boundaries of, see boundary
pasture-ground around, 8.237
grandfather (pitāmaha), 1.9, 3.148, 221–2, 284
grass (tṛṇa), 1.48, 3.101, 4.166, 11.206 sacrificial (barhis, darbha, kuśa, Poa Cynosuroides, a grass with long, pointed stalks), 2.43, 75, 182, 3.208, 210, 216, 245, 255–6, 279, 10.88
‘Seated-on-Sacrificial-Grass’ (barhiṣad), a class of ancestors, 3.196, 199
great one (mahat), often identified with the supreme soul or paramātman, 1.15, 12.14, 24, 50
great-souled (mahātman), 1.4, 41, 53, 61
greed (lobha), 2.178, 3.51, 179, 4.28, 87, 195, 5.161, 7.30, 49, 8.63, 118, 120, 213, 412, 9.213, 243, 10.96, 12.33, 61
greeting, duty of, 2.117, 120–21, 4.154 various modes of, 2.122–37
Guardian of the World (Lokapāla), 5.96–7, 7.23, 8.23, 9.315
guest (atithi), 3.18, 70, 72, 80–81, 94–120, 130, 4.29, 122 definition of, 3.102–3, 110
duty of feeding for householder, 3.70, 72–4, 80, 94, 100, 115, 118, 4.29;
for forest-dweller, 6.7–8
manner of reception, 3.99–113 See also honey-mixture
persons not to be received as, 4.30
quarrels with, forbidden, 4.179, 182
guhyakas, gnomes, 12.47
guilds, law of, authoritative, 8.41
guilt (enas), 2.27, 102, 221, 3.37, 4.200, 202, 5.34, 6.96, 8.19, 11.54, 72, 83–4, 146, 179, 211, 262. See also error; offence
guṇa: quality, 1.75–8, 2.92, 137, 3.36, 40, 6.72, 9.22; good quality, 2.247, 10.97;
virtue, 1.107, 117, 2.30, 212, 3.22 (in contrast with doṣa, vice, q.v.);
seasoning (of foods), 3.226, 228, 233, 236–7;
tactic, 7.160;
advantage (in contrast with disadvantage, aguṇa), 3.22;
the three qualities, characteristics, or constituent ‘strands’ of matter, nature, or the soul, entwined together like a braid: darkness, ignorance, inertia or torpor (tamas), energy, activity, greed or passion (rajas), and lucidity, wisdom, goodness or balance (sattva), 1.15, 20, 12.24–53. See also darkness; energy; lucidity
guru, teacher, any respected or closely related male, 2.51, 67, 69, 71–3, 108, 130, 142, 164, 175, 184, 191–218, 231, 233, 241–7, 3.1, 4, 95, 110, 119, 148, 153, 156–7, 4.1, 114, 130, 153, 9.57, 62, 11.1, 225, 12.83 adultery with wife of (gurutalpaga), a major crime, 9.63, 235, 11.55, 59, 103–7, 171;
punishment for, 9.237, 11.252;
in next birth, 11.49, 12.58. See also
restoration for violating the guru’s marriage-bed definition of, 2.142, 149
duty of maintaining, 4.251–2, 11.1
manner of greeting, 2.130
pollution on death of learned, 5.82
reverence towards, 2.194–206, 4.130, 162, 7.83, 175. See also father; mother;
teacher wife of, 2.131, 210–17, 247
hair (keśa), 4.35 on the body (loman), 3.8–9, 5.38, 6.6, 8.116. See also anuloman
haircut (cūḍā), 2.27, 35, 5.58, 67 final (keśānta), 2.65
happiness (sukha), 1.54, 2.9, 163, 3.79, 4.12, 149, 170, 229, 5.45, 6.26, 49, 80, 7.20, 9.25, 11.235, 12.20, 88 and unhappiness (sukhaduḥkha), 1.26, 49, 4.160, 6.64, 12.13, 19
Hara, a form of Śiva, 12.121
harm, malice (droha), 1.29, 2.144, 4.2. See also violence
hatred (dveṣa), 2.1, 111, 6.60, 7.12, 8.346, 9.77, 12.26
havirbhuj ancestors, 3.197
havis, see oblation
haviṣmant ancestors, 3.198
havya, see offering to the gods
havyakravya, see offerings to gods and ancestors
head, 2.60, 4.82–3; head of hair, 2.156
heart (hṛd, hṛdaya), 2.1, 62, 8.91–2, 11.232
heart and mind (manas), see mind-and-heart
‘Heating’ (santāpana) vow, see vow
heat, inner (tapas, tāpasya), 1.33–4, 41, 94, 110, 114, 2.83, 97, 228–9, 3.98, 134, 4.162, 190, 236, 243, 5.105–7, 109, 10.107, 11.101–2, 194, 228, 1 2.31, 104 accumulation of, by student, 2.164–7, 175
best form of, 2.166–7, 4.148, 6.70
created, 1.25
leads to final Freedom, 12.83
power of destroying guilt and producing other effects, 4.148, 10.42, 11.228, 234–45
as restoration, 10.111, 11.234–45
sole duty in Winning Age, 1.86
to be generated by renouncer, 6.75;
by forest-dweller, 6.8, 22–4,30
heaven (svarga), 2.57, 232, 3.18, 79, 106, 140, 4.13, 5.48, 155, 7.53, 89, 8.75, 103, 127, 313, 318, 9.28, 253–4, 10.122, 11.40, 241, 243, 12.20
hell (naraka), 2.116, 3.172, 249, 4.81, 165, 197, 235, 6.61, 84, 8.75, 127, 307, 313, 9.138, 11.37, 43n, 207–8, 12.16–22,54, 75 construction of body for, 12.16–23
enumeration of, 4.84–90
torments of, 12.73–81
hemp fibre (mūrvā grass), Sanseviera Roxburghiana, used for bowstrings, 2.42. See also belt
herdsman, food of permitted for priests, 4.253 disputes of, with owners of cattle, 8.5, 229–43
heretic (pāṣaṇḍin), 1.118, 4.61, 5.90 to be banished, 9.225
doctrines and books of, 11.66, 12.95–6
no libations offered to dead, 5.89–90
not to be fed, 4.30
hermit (muni), 1.58–60, 110, 6.25, 43, 7.29, 8.91, 407 food fit for, 3.257, 272, 5.54, 6.5, 11
pays no toll at a ferry, 8.407
heron, 4.30, 192, 196–7, 5.14, 7.106, 11.136, 12.66
Himālaya, 2.21
hiṃsā, see violence. See also non-violence
Hiraṇyagarbha, the God of the Golden Womb, 3.194
homa, see offering
homecoming (samāvartana), 2.108, 245–9, 3.4
homicide, 11.41, 55, 57, 67 punishment for, 8.296, 9.235 See also restoration for killing; self-defence
homosexuality, see klība
honey (madhu), 2.107, 177, 3.226, 272–4, 4.39, 247, 6.1
4, 7.131, 8.328, 11.9, 159, 12.62
honey-mixture (madhuparka), offering of honey and milk to certain guests, 3.3n, 119–20, 5.41, 9.206
present received with, is separate property, 9. 206
horse (aśva), 2.204, 246, 3.64, 162, 4.120, 188–9, 231, 5.133, 7.96, 192, 8.98, 113, 146, 296, 342, 399n, 9.48, 55, 137, 223n, 10.47, 11.38, 51, 69, 137, 174n, 200, 12.43, 67; vājin, race-horse, 2.88. See also equine
‘mare’s mouth’, 9.314n, 321n
received by overseer priest and priest of the oblation, 8.209
thief, 11.58
horse-sacrifice (aśvamedha), 1.21n, 5.53, 11.75, 83, 261
‘Hot’ (tapta) vow, see vow
hotṛ, see priest of the oblation
house, decision concerning boundaries of, 8.262
housebuilder, excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.163
householder (gṛhastha) duties of: marriage, 3.5–44;
sexual union with wife, 3.45–50;
treatment of female relatives, 3.51–62;
performance of daily and domestic rites, 3.67–121;
ceremony for the dead, 3.122–286
entrance into stage of life, 3.2, 4.1
excellence of stage, 3.77–8, 4.89–90
livelihood of, 4.1–12
mode of personal purification, 5.136–7
as renouncer, 6.86–90, 95–7 See also graduate, Vedic; livelihood
human (mānava, mānuṣa, mānusya, ‘descended from Manu’), 1.39, 43, 65, 81, 2.9, 20, 70, 3.117, 124, 201, 4.124, 5.87, 135, 7.8, 205, 9.66, 284, 309, 10.86, 11.174, 211, 235, 253, 12.40, 94
humility (vinaya), 4.196 of the king, 7.39–43, 8.1–2
‘hundred-weight’ (śatamāna), 8.137
hunger (kṣudhā), 4.33–4, 67, 187, 6.16, 7.133–4, 8.67, 10.101,105–8, 113, 11.21
hunter, 8.44 food of, forbidden for priest, 4.212
‘Hunter’ (niṣāda), a caste of Untouchables descendants of, 10.18, 34, 36–7, 39 food of, forbidden for priest, 4.215
occupation of, 10.48
The Laws of Manu Page 45