The Laws of Manu
Page 46
origin of, 10.8
hunting, a vice, 7.47, 50
husband (pati), 3.55, 174 definition of, 9.32–56
duties of, 9.2, 5–6, 74, 101–2
inherits from childless wife, 9.196
like a god, 5.154
one with wife, 9.45–6
power over wife, 5.147–55, 9.3;
source of that power, 5.152 See also marriage; sex; son of wife; wife; woman
huta, see offering
hypocrite (śaṭha), 3.246, 4.11, 30, 195–6 excluded from hospitality, 4.30, 192–7;
from ceremony for the dead, 3.159
food of, forbidden for priests, 4.211
produced by darkness, 12.44
sanctimonious, to be punished, 9.258, 273
‘I’, the sense of, ahaṃkāra, 1.14, 2.122–3, 9.335
idiot (jaḍa), 2.110, 11.53 excluded from inheritance, 9.201
exempt from taxes, 8.394
property of, not lost by lapse of time, 8.148
illness, see disease
images, of gods, 8.87 makers of, excluded, 3.152, 180, 4.130;
honoured, 4.39
punishment for destroying, 9.285
immortal, immortality (amṛta), 2.5, 4.4–5, 6.60, 7.72, 12.85, 104
impiety, see adharma
impotent man (klība, ṣaṇḍa), see klība
impurity, see clean; defilement; pollution; purification
incest, 11.59, 106n, 171–3. See also guru, adultery with wife of
incorruptible (akṣaya), 3.79, 202, 273, 275, 4.23, 156
indivisible property, see property
Indra, king of the gods, 3.87, 4.182, 5.96, 7.4, 7, 41n, 97n, 8.110n, 344, 9.127, 303–4, 11.120, 122, 12.123
indriya, see sensory power. See also semen; virile strength
indriyārtha, see sensory object
inference, reasoning (anumāna, hetu, tarka), one of the authorities for knowledge, see logic
informer (sūcaka, ‘pointer’), 4.71 excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.161
food of, prohibited, 4.212
punishment in next life, 11.50
See also spy
ingrate (kṛtaghna), 4.214, 11.191 disqualified as witness, 8.64
not to be fed at ceremony for the dead, 3.138–41, 160
inheritance (dāya), a mode of acquiring property, 10.115 (I) succession to male: sons, 9.104, 156–7, 185, 192, 195;
eldest son alone, 9.105, 108;
son of appointed daughter, 9.131–4, 136;
husband of appointed daughter, 9.135;
son of daughter not appointed, 9.135, 139;
adopted son, 9.141–2;
son of appointed widow or wife, 9.120–21, 145–6, 190–91;
six kinds of subsidiary sons, 9.158;
among subsidiary sons, each better one inherits before the rest, 9.165, 184;
illegitimate son of servant, 9.179;
fathers and brothers, 9.185;
close relatives, teacher and pupil, 9.187;
learned priests, 9.188–9;
the king, 9.189;
children of impotent man, 9.203;
son born after distribution, 9.216;
wife’s property to her husband, 9.196;
to reunited brothers, 9.210–12
(2) succession to female: unmarried daughter inherits one-fourth share, 9.118;
appointed daughter, 9.130;
daughter, 9.192, 195;
unmarried daughter, 9.131;
daughter of wife of priestly class, 9.198;
daughter’s daughter, 9.193;
mother and father, 9.197;
mother and paternal grandmother, 9.217
(3) exclusion from inheritance, 9.143–4, 147, 201, 213–14, 11.185–6
initiation (upanayana), 2.68–9, 108, 140, 173 description of, 2.36–47
neglect of, see outlaw;
restoration for neglect second, 9.147, 151–2
a second birth, 2.148, 169–70
initiatory thread, see thread
in-law (sambandhin), see relative
injury, done by carriage, 8.290–98 See also assault
insane (unmatta), 3.34, 4.40, 8.67, 163, 205, 9.79, 201, 230 excluded from inheritance, 9.201;
from ceremony for the dead, 3.161
special punishment for, 9.230
instructor (upādhyāya) definition of, 2.141
may be buried by student, 5.91
venerability of, 2.145
interest, kinds and rate of, 8.140–43, 150–55, 156–7
iṣṭa, isṭi, see sacrificial offering
jackal (gomāyu), 4.115, 5.164, 9.30, 11.155, 200
jagat (‘what moves’), see universe
jaghanya, see rear, hindmost castes
jāmī, woman of the family, see woman
‘jar’ (kumbha), a measure of grain (three or four bushels), 8.320
jātakarman, birth ritual, 2.27, 29
jāti (‘birth’), see birth; caste
jhalla caste, 10.22, 12.45
jitendriya (‘having conquered sensory powers’), see sensory powers
jīva, the living soul, see soul
jñāna, see knowledge. See also understanding (vijñāna)
jñāti, see relative
judge behaviour in court, 8.23 must be just, 8.12–19;
if unjust, to be fined, 9.234
must be a priest, never a servant, 8.9, 20–21
takes king’s place on the bench, 8.9, 11
judicial procedure cases to be heard in order of plaintiffs class, 8.24
causes of failure of suits, 8.53–8
constitution of the court, 8.1–2, 9–12, 20–23
decisions to be just, 8.12–19
eighteen causes of legal action, 8.2–7
fines, three levels of, 8.138;
how paid, 9.229
law of castes and families authoritative, 8.41–2, 46
lawsuits not to be begun or suppressed by king or his retainers, 8.43
method of judicial investigation: inferences from facts, 8.25–6, 44–6;
oaths, 8.109–13;
ordeals, 8.114–16;
special trial in disputes regarding deposits, 8.182;
witnesses, 8.45, 52–5, 61–108, 117–23
punishments, degrees of, 8.124–30
reversal of unjust decisions by king, 9.234
value of metalweights or coins, 8.131–7
void legal transactions, 8.163–8
juncture, lunar (parvan), the days of the change of the moon (new and full moon, 8th and 14th days, defined at 4.113–14, 128, called parvan at 4.150, 153), 1.66, 3.45, 4.10, 150, 153
justice, see dharma
Jyaiṣṭha, month, 8.245
jyeṣṭha: eldest, 1.93; seniority, 2.154–5;
‘most excellent’ chants, 3.185
jyeṣṭhatā, jyesthya, see seniority; son, eldest
Ka (‘Who?’), a name of the Lord of Creatures, 2.58–9, 3.38
kaivarta caste, 10.34
kāla, see time
kalā, fraction, or sixteenth, 1.64
kālasūtra, ‘Thread of Time’, name of a hell, 3.249, 4.88
kali yuga, see Losing Age
kalmaṣa, taint or stain, 4.260, 12.18, 22
kalpa, a subsidiary text of the Veda, 2.140. See also rule
kāma: desire, 1.25, 2.2–5, 94–5, 147, 178, 3.12, 32, 35, 45, 277, 4.16, 6.49, 7.45–52, 8.112, 9.20, 107, 11.243, 12.89; lust, 2.180–81, 214, 3.173, 5.90, 154, 8.67, 11 8, 121, 9.17, 63, 67, 143, 147, 12.11;
pleasure (as one of three human goals or puruṣārthas), 2.13, 220, 224, 6.41, 7.26, 221, 9.76, 107, 12.38;
intention, 2.220
kāṇa (one-eyed), see blind
kānīna, son of an unmarried girl, 9.160
kanyā, see daughter; girl; virgin
karana caste, 10.22
karaṇa, (legal) instrument or agreement, sometimes a written document, more often a verbal agreement, 8.154–5, 168, 255
kārāvara caste, 10.36
karman: action, 2.91, 136, 161, 236, 6.96, 8.314, 9.214, 225–6, 319, 11.230, 12.1–9, 35, 74, 101; activity, 4.15, 70, 159, 8.66, 9.261–2, 267, 11.193–4, 12.82–90;
innate activity, 1.18, 21–30, 42, 49, 53, 55, 65–6, 84, 87–91, 102, 107, 2.183, 4.3, 9, 18, 155, 6.95, 8.42, 418, 9.325, 336, 10.1, 40, 46, 50, 57, 74–6, 80–81, 10.96, 99, 120, 123, 12.70, 98, 107, 119;
effects of past actions (on future lives), 1.104, 107, 117, 3.65, 4.197, 6.61, 74, 95, 11.232, 12.8–9;
ritual, 1.22, 2.2, 26, 68, 103, 142, 171, 190, 208, 3.28, 43, 67, 75, 81, 94, 120, 134, 149, 6.82, 10.58, 11.18, 47–8, 12.82–90;
ritual act, 2.190, 3.134;
work, 7.128, 8.206–7, 9.231 See also deed; kriyā (rite); vidhi (ritual)
karmayoga, engaging in actions, particularly ritual actions,
performing rituals, 2.2, 68, 164, 6.86n
karṣa, see ’scratch‘
kārṣāpaṇa, see ‘scratch-penny’
kāruṣa caste, 10.23
kārya: what is to be done, 1.3; (legal) case, lawsuit, 1.114
kāṣṭhā(‘race-course’), 3.2 seconds, 1.64
Kaśyapa, a sage, 9.129
Kaṭha Upaniṣad, quoted, 7.23n (KU 6.3)
kavi, see poet
Kavi, father of ancestors, 3.198; son of Angiras, 2.151–4
keśānta rite, final haircut, 2.65
khasa caste, 10.22
kilbiṣa, see offence. See also error; guilt
king (nṛpa, rājan), 1.114, 2.138–9, 3.13, 64, 119–20, 153, 4.33, 84–5, 130 cannot be made a witness, 8.65
duties of: to protect and not to oppress subjects 7.2–3, 35, 80, 88, 110–12, 142–4, 8.172, 303–9, 9.253, 10.80, 129;
to punish the wicked, 7.14–34, 8.302–3, 310–11, 335, 343–7, 9.252–93, 312;
to honour, support, and make gifts to learned priests, 7.37–8, 79, 82–6, 88, 134–6, 145, 8.395, 9.313–23, 11.4, 21–3;
to be humble, 7.39–42;
to study the Veda and sciences, 7.43;
to shun the eighteen vices, 7.44–53;
to appoint ministers, 7.54–8;
and other officials, 7.59–68, 80–81, 114–26;
to select a residence and to build a fortress, 7.69–76;
to wed a queen, 7.77;
to appoint a personal and officiating priests, 7.78–9;
to fight bravely and honourably, 7.87–95, 184–200, 10.119;
to distribute booty, 7.96–7;
to make conquests, 7.99–100, 201–3, 9.251, 10.115, 119;
to settle taxes and duties, 7.127–33, 137–40, 10.118, 120;
to sacrifice, 7.79, 145;
to give audience, 7.145–6, 223;
to consult regarding state affairs and to follow the principles of state policy, 7.146–83, 205–16, 9.294–9;
to uphold the laws of castes, 7.203, 8.41–2, 46;
to inspect the army, 7.222;
to decide lawsuits either personally, 8.1–8, 9.233–4,
or through judges, 8.9–10;
to be just, 8.18–19, 126–9, 170–75, 9.249;
to protect minors and women, 8.27–9;
to deal with found property, 8.30–34;
and with treasure-trove, 8.35–9;
to restore or make good stolen property, 8.40–44;
not to begin or to silence lawsuits, 8.43;
to settle rates of sale, 8.401–2;
to have weights and measures examined, 8.403;
not to take property of men guilty of major crimes, 9.243–7;
to be active and energetic, 9.301–11;
to seek death in battle, 9.323
food of, forbidden for priest, 4.218
gifts of wicked, not to be accepted, 4.84–91
incarnation of eight deities, 5.96, 7.4–7
majesty of, 7.8–13
never polluted, 5.93–4, 97
offences by, 8.336
pollution of, causes interruption of Veda-recitation, 4.110
pollution on death of, 5.82
receives the honey-mixture, 3.119–20
receives sixth part of subject’s religious merit or demerit, 9.304–5, 11.23
recreations allowed to, 7.216–17, 224–5
servant, 4.61
service under, forbidden to priest, 3.64, 153
shadow of, not to be stepped on, 4.130 See also edicts; ruler; treason; vassals
Kinnara (‘What?man’), quasi-man, 1.39, 3.196
kirāṭa caste, 10.44
kīrti, see renown
klība, a sexually dysfunctional man, who might be, according to the context, impotent, homosexual, a transvestite, or, in some cases, a man with mutilated or defective sexual organs, 2.158, 3.150, 165, 239, 4.167, 201, 205, 211, 7.91, 8.226n, 9.59n, 167, 201, 11.68, 134, 174–5 excluded from ceremony for the dead, 3.150, 165
excluded from inheritance, 9.201, 203
excluded from sacrificing, 4.205–6
food of, forbidden for priest, 4.205
son of, inherits, 9.167, 203
knowledge (jñāna), 1.86, 2.7–8, 13, 96, 109, 117, 123, 151, 155, 3.78, 132, 134–5, 4.20, 24
Kratu, one of the great sages, a Lord of Creatures, 1.35
kṛcchra, see vow
kriyā: rite, 2.4, 80, 84, 234, 3.7, 56, 63, 4.24, 8.226;
contract, 8.154, 9.53
krodha, see anger
kṛṣṇala, see ‘berry’
kṛta, see son, bought
kṛta yuga, see Winning Age
kṛtrima, see son, made
kṣatriya, ruler, the second, or royal and martial, twice-born class, see ruler; kṣatrabandhu, rājanyabandhu, member of the ruling class, 2.38, 65, 127
kṣattṛ caste, 10.13, 19, 26 occupations of, 10.49
origin of, 10.12, 16
kṣetra, see field
Kubera, god of wealth, 5.96, 7.4, 7, 42
kudmala hell, 4.89
Kuhu, the goddess of the new-moon day, 3.86
kukkuṭaka caste, 10.18
kula, see family
kumārī, see girl; virgin
kumbha, see ‘jar’
kuṇḍa, the son of an adulterous woman, 3.156, 158
Kurus, field of (Kuruksetra), 2.19, 7.193
kuśa, see grass
kuśīlava (‘a man of bad character’), a travelling bard or actor, see bard, travelling
kuṣmāṇḍa (‘pumpkin’) texts, 8.106
Kutsa, hymn of, 11.250
labourer, manual (kāruka), 10.99–100 disqualified to be witness, 8.65
food of, forbidden, 4.219
hand of, always unpolluted, 5.129
may speak to married women, 8.360
to do work for king, 7.138, 10.120
lakṣaṇa, see mark
land false evidence concerning, 8.99, 263
wrongful appropriation of, 11.58
languages of barbarians and Aryans, 10.45
various, of men, 9.332
law, see dharma
law (vyavahāra) of castes and families, 8.41–2, 46
eighteen causes of legal action, 8.3–7
manner of investigation of, 12.105–6
settlement of doubtful points, 12.108–15
lawsuits, see judicial procedure
learning, property acquired by, 9.206
leather-worker, polluted, 4.218 See also caṇḍāla
leftovers, see ucchiṣṭa
legacy (dāya), 3.3
lending money, occupation of commoner, 1.90, 9.326, 10.115 permitted for priest and ruler in extremity, 10.117 See also debt; interest; usury
leper (śvitrin), 3.161, 177, 8.205
lesbianism, 8.369–70
level of existence (gati), 1.50, 2.242, 4.14, 5.42
libation rite (udaka kriyā) to the ancestors, 2.176, 3.70, 74, 81–2, 283, 6.24
to the dead, 5.69–70, 88–90
lie, lying (anṛta), 1.29, 82, 2.179, 3.41, 229–30, 4.138, 236,
5.145, 8.13, 36, 53–4, 59–60, 82, 89–108, 111–112, 119, 123, 273, 9.71, 11.70, 89, 12.6. See also perjury; truth
livestock (paśu), 1.39, 43, 90, 3.104, 7.9, 8.98,324–5, 11.12, 40, 241, 12.42, 67 breeding and tending, duty of commoners, 1.90, 8.114, 230–36, 410, 9.326–8,331, 10.79, 116;
forbidden for priests, 3.154, 166, 8.102;
except in extremity, 10.82 See also damage; herdsman
logic (hetu, tarka), inference, reason, argument, 1.5, 2.11, 8.44, 12.29, 105–6
logician (hetuka, rationalist) member of court, 12.111 not to be entertained as guest, 4.30
lohacaraka hell, 4.90
lohaśanku hell, 4.90
loka: world, 1.11, 31, 2.5, 163, 214, 230, 232–3, 3.140, 195, 4.8, 133, 181–3; people, 2.57, 3.213, 4.157
Lokapāla or Lokeśa, see Guardian of the World
Lord of Creatures (Prajāpati), 1.34, 2.76, 84, 226, 3.21, 30, 38, 86, 4.225, 248, 5.28, 9.46, 327, 11.212, 244, 12.121 horse sacred to, 11.38
oblation to, 3.86
offering sacred to, 6.38
sacrifice of, 5.152
vow revealed by, see vow, ‘Painful’ (kṛcchra)
world of, 4.182
Lords of Creatures (Prajāpatis), 1.35, 12.50
Losing Age (kali yuga), 1.85–6, 9.301–2
lucidity, goodness (sattva), one of three qualities (guṇas), 1.15n, 3.40, 263, 4.259, 7.24–6, 37–8, 12.24–50
conditions produced by, 12.40, 48–50
lust, see kāma
madgu caste, 10.48
madhuparka, see honey-mixture
madhyadeśa, boundaries of, 2.21
madman, see insane
māgadha caste, 10.26 occupation of, 10.47
origin of, 10.11, 17
magic (abhicāra) permitted for priest, 11.31–4 practice of, a minor crime, 11.64, 198
punishable, 9.258, 290
Mahābhārata, myths cited, 5.22, 7.40–42, 8.110, 9.23, 129, 314–15, 321, 10.72n, 106, 108, 11.241
mahānaraka hell, 4.88
mahāpātaka, see crime, major
mahāraurava hell, 4.88
maharṣi, see sage, great
mahat, see great
mahātman, see great-souled
mahāvīci hell, 4.89
māhitra hymn, 11.250
maintenance allowed to outcast women, 11.189