The Laws of Manu
Page 49
rjīṣa hell, 4.90
robber, manner of discovering, 9.261–9
robbery, 8.6 definition of, 8.332
punishment for, 9.275–6, 280;
of those who give no assistance in cases of, 9.274 See also theft
rod, see daṇḍa
roga, see disease
root (mūla), 4.73, 9.290, 10.38, 11.64; used metaphorically, 1.110, 2.3, 6, 11, 4.12, 24, 155, 172, 174, 7.139, 8.353, 11.84. See also phala
row (pankti), the row of people invited to eat at the ceremony for the dead, acceptable society, defined in 3.151–68; 1.105, 183; panktidūṣaṇa (‘defiler of the rows’), 3.150–82;
restoration for, 11.201;
panktipāvana (‘purifier of the rows’), 3.183–6;
apanktya (‘one who does not belong in the rows’), 3.167, 169–70, 176, 182–3, 11.201
ṛṣi, see sage
ṛṣyaśṛnga, a sage born of a female antelope, 9.34n, 10.42n, 10.72n
ṛta: truth, 1.29, 2.52; lawful, 4.4–5 See also truth
ṛtu: season (of the year), 1.30, 3.217, 4.26, 119, 9.36 (spring [vasanta, March-May], summer [grīṣsma, May–July], the rains [varṣa, July-September] 3.273,
autumn [śarad, September-November], winter [hemanta, November–January], and the cool season [śiśira, January-March]); fertile season of a woman, 3.45–6, 48, 4.40, 128, 5.153, 9.5, 70, 93
ṛtvij, see priest
Rudra, hymn to, 11.255
Rudras, a group of storm gods (= Maruts), 3.284, 11.222
ruin (nirṛti), personified, as the goddess who presides over the southwest, 11.105, 119
rule: vidhi; dhāraṇā, a rule that should be kept; kalpa, rule, ruling, 3.147, 4.15; stithi, a fixed rule, 2.224, 3.120, 4.33, 8.162, 200
ruler, ruling class (kṣatriya) ancestors of, 3.187 causes of degradation of,10.43–5
duties and occupations, 1.89, 10.77–9, 115;
in battle, 7.87–95, 144;
in extremity, 8.411–12, 10.83, 95, 117;
punishment for neglect of, in next life, 12.71
female, punishment for adultery with, 8.382–5
guilt of, in case of theft, 8.337
killing man of, 11.67. See also restoration for killing
not a guest, but to be fed, 3.110–11
origin of, 1.31, 87, 12.46
and priest, 2.135, 4.135–6, 9.313–22
punishment for adultery, 8.375–7, 382;
for defamation, 8.267, 269, 276
seniority among, 2.155
special rules for: administration of oath, 8.113;
burial, 5.92;
examination as witness, 8.88;
final haircut, 2.65;
greeting, 2.127;
initiation, 2.36–8, 41–2, 44–6;
marriage, 3.44;
naming, 2.31–2;
pollution, 5.83, 99;
purification, 2.62;
studentship, 2.49, 190
wives permitted to, 3.13–14 See also king; sons by wives of several classes
rūpa: form, 1.49, 77, 7.10; beauty, 3.40, 4.141;
image, 4.38;
appearance, 468
rushes (muñja), Saccharum Sara or Munja, a tall grass used in making baskets, 2.42–3, 169–71
sacrifice: makha, 4.24–5; yajña, 1.22–3, 86–91, 2.3, 15, 23, 28, 84–6, 97, 169, 183, 208, 3.28, 65, 118, 120, 122, 283, 285, 4.21–4, 57
of battle, 5.98
description of, 3.81–121
destroys evil, 11.246
duty of performing, for householders, 3.75–80, 93, 4.21–4;
for forest-dwellers, 6.5
forbidden, 3.151, 164, 9.290, 11.64. See also restoration for performing forbidden sacrifices
interior, internal, 2.85, 4.21–4
not to be performed by fools, infants, women, 2.171–2, 4.205–6, 11.37–7
offering sacrifices (ijyā), 2.28
reason for performing, 3.68–9
specific types of
abhijit, 11.75
agniṣṭoma, 2.143
agniṣṭut, 11.75
agnyādheya, 2.143, 8.209, 11.38
daily fire (agnihotra), 2.15n, 3.171, 4.10, 25, 5.167, 6.9, 11.42
dākṣāyaṇa, 6.10
domestic (pāka), 2.86, 143, 11.119
extended (sattra), 5.93, 8.303;
brahmasattra, the protracted sacrifice consisting in the daily recitation of the Veda, 2.106, 4.9;
performer of, never polluted, 5.93
first-fruits (āgrāyaṇa), 4.10n, 6.10;
navasasya, 4.26–7
four-monthly (cāturmāsya), celebrated at the end of spring (mid-May), the rains (mid-September), and winter (mid–January), 4.10n, 26, 6.10
full moon (paurṇamāsa, pūrṇamāsa), 4.10, 25
gosava, 11.75
great (mahāyajña), 1.112, 2.28, 3.67, 69–74, 83, 281, 286, 4.22
household (gṛhya), 3.84
new-moon (darśamāsa), 3.283, 4.10, 25, 6.10
several-day (ahīna), a Soma sacrifice lasting two to twelve days, 11.198
śrauta (public), 2.28 duty of performing, 4.15–28;
by a king, 7.78–9
forbidden for impotent men and women, 4.205–6;
for poor men, 11.38–40
initiation to, a third birth, 2.169
materials for, may be taken by force, 11.11–15;
not to be begged from servants, 11.24
person initiated for, 2.128, 4.130, 210, 8.360. See also restoration for killing
property destined for, is indivisible, 9.219;
seizing such property, 11.26
substitute for, 11.27–30
svarjit, 11.75
trivṛt, 11.75
viśvajit, 11.75
sacrificer produced by lucidity, 12.49 punishment for rejecting, 8.388
sacrificial gift (dakṣiṇā), paid to the officiating priest, or to a guru at the end of studentship, 3.141, 143 due, must be given, 11.38–40
payment and distribution of, 8.206–10
sacrificial offering (iṣṭa, iṣṭi), fruit, butter, and so forth, in contrast with animal victims, 4.10, 26
sacrificing for oneself, duty of, 1.88–90, 10.75, 77–8
for others, occupation of priest, 1.88, 10.75–6
for unworthy men, forbidden, 3.65, 11.60;
permitted in extremity, 10.103, 109–11
See also restoration for teaching and sacrificing for wicked men; servant, sacrificing for
sacrificing priest (adhvaryu), see priest
sādhu, virtuous person or holy man, 2.6, 11, 80, 109, 193
sādhya, see Amenable
sadist (hiṃsarata, hiṃsaruci, ‘one who enjoys violence’), 4.170, 11.52
sages (ṛṣi)s, great sages (maharṣi)s 1.60, 2.154,189, 3.21, 24, 29, 38, 53, 80–81, 117, 194, 4.21, 94, 12.106 address Manu, 1.1–4;
Bhṛgu, 5.1–2, 12.1
debt due to, see debts, three
fathers of the ancestors, 3.201
origin of, 1.34–6, 12.49
worship of, 2.176
sāhasa, physical violence, see violence
sahoḍha, see son of pregnant bride
śaikha caste, 10.21
sairandhra caste, 10.32
śaka caste, 10.44
sakākola hell, 4.89
śākṣin, see witness
sale of adulterated goods, forbidden, 8.203
of children, 11.62
of daughter, see daughter
fraudulent, forbidden, 8.203;
void, 8.165
of garden and pool, 11.62
of human beings, 10.86. See also slave
of self, 11.60
of son, see son
of various goods, forbidden for priest, 3.152–9, 10.86–94, 11.63
of wife, 9.46, 11.62
without ownership, 8.4, 197–202
śālmala hell, 4.90
samānodaka, see relative
samāvartana, student
’s homecoming rite, 2.108, 3.4
Sāma Veda, ‘Veda of the chants’, second of the three Vedas, 1.23 3.145, 4.123–4, 11.265, 12.112
sambandhin, see relative
saṃghāta hell 4.89
saṃjīvana hell, 4.89
saṃkara see confusion
saṃpratāpana hell, 4.89
saṃsāra, the cycle of transmigration or rebirth, 1.28–9, 50, 117, 55–6, 117, 5.164, 6.61–5, 74, 9.3–9, 11.25, 12.15–22, 39–81, 124
saṃskāra, see transformative ritual
ṣaṇḍa, (impotent man), see klība
sandhyā, see twilight
sanga, sakta, see attachment
Śānkhāyana Gṛhya Sūtra, quoted, 9.20 (SGS 3.13.5)
Śānkhāyana Śrauta Sūtra, quoted, 10.107n (SSS 16.11.11)
sannyāsa, see renunciation
sāntapana (‘heating’), see vow
sapiṇḍa, see relative, co-feeding
sapiṇḍīkaraṇa (‘joining with those who share the same balls at the ceremony for the dead’), a ritual, performed for a man thirteen days or a year after his death, which allows him to join the company of his male ancestors who receive the same balls of rice at the ceremony for the dead, 3.247–8. See also ball
Sārangī, wife of Mandapāla, 9.23
Sarasvatī goddess, oblation to, 8.105
river, 2.17, 11.78
sarga, sṛṣṭi, see emission
śarīra, see body
Sarvannabhūti (‘the Spirit of All Food’), 3.91
śāstra, see teaching
śatamāna, see ‘hundred-weight’
Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa, quoted, 9.321 (SB 12.7.3.12)
sattra, see sacrifice
sattva, living creature, 4.47. See also lucidity
sātvata caste, 10.23
satya, see truth
śauca, śuci, see pollution; purification
saumya (‘connected-with-Soma’), a class of ancestors, 3.199
saunika, see butcher
savana, pressing (of Soma), done at sunrise, noon, and sunset, 6.22
savarṇa (‘of the same class’), 2.132, 210, 3.4, 12–13, 43
sāvitrī, see verse to the sun-god
‘scratch’ (karṣa), a measurement, 8.134–6
‘scratch-penny’ (kārṣāpaṇa), a measurement equal to 16 pennies (paṇas) if made of silver, 8.136
sea trade by, 8.157, 406
voyages by, forbidden, 3.158
season, see ṛtu
secret text (rahasya), 2.140, 165, 11.266, 12.107, 117. See also Upaniṣad
security measures (yogakṣema), 7.128, 8.230
seed (bīja), 1.46, 48, 56, 2.27, 112, 3.141, 8.113, 9.32–56, 79, 145, 181, 291, 330, 10.42, 69–73. See also field
self (ātman), 1.14–15, 2.6, 12, 3.72, 115, 118, 8.84, 9.130, 10.28, 12.12–13, 24, 85, 91–2, 118–25 See also soul
self-control (dama), 4.246; controlled (dānta), 4.246
self-defence permitted, 8.348–351
Self-existent (svayambhū), an epithet of Brahmā, 1.3, 5, 6, 61, 63, 92, 94, 102, 5.39, 6.54, 7.42n, 8.124, 413, 9.138, 158
semen (indriya, retas, śukra, vīrya), 1.8, 2.16, 26, 142, 180–81, 3.49, 4.220, 5.63, 135, 11.59 of women, 3.49
See also restoration for shedding semen
seniority, primogeniture (jyeṣṭhya, jyeṣṭhatā), 2.154–5, 9.85, 125–6
sensory object, object perceived by the senses (indriyārtha; viṣaya), 1.15, 89, 2.88, 96, 4.16, 6.55, 59, 7.30, 9.2, 11.44, 12.18, 32, 75
sensory power (indriya); the five sensory powers are both the senses (jñānendriyas, sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, 2.91)
and the sense organs (eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin), as well as the motor powers (karmendriyas, 2.91), 1.7, 15, 55, 2.70, 88–9, 93, 96, 98–100, 175, 181, 192, 215, 3.79, 4.16, 22, 145, 6.1, 4, 34, 59, 71, 75, 92, 7.44, 8.66, 173, 9.2, 10.63, 11.39–40, 76, 107, 110, 129, 12.31, 52, 73, 83, 98
enumeration of, 2.90–92
deficiency in, disqualifies for ceremonies for the dead, 3.161, 177–8, 242;
excludes from inheritance, 9.201
duty of restraining, 2.88, 92–100, 175, 192, 4.145, 246, 5.105, 6.1, 4, 52, 59–60, 72, 92, 7.44, 10.63, 11.76, 12.31, 83
jitendriya (‘having conquered sensory powers’), 2.70, 98, 4.145–6, 6.35, 11.39
sensual, 12.29, 73
servant (śūdra), the fourth class, not twice-born; also called vṛṣala/ī ancestors of, 3.197
cannot commit an offence causing loss of caste, 10.26
disabilities, not allowed to be initiated, 10.4;
to be judge, 8.20–21; to carry out dead priest, 5.104;
to fulfil duty except certain portions, 4.223, 10.126–7;
to hear, learn, recite, or teach Veda, 3.156, 4.99, 10.127;
to receive leftovers at ceremony for the dead, 3.249;
to receive spiritual advice from priest, 4.80–81;
exception, 10.2;
to sacrifice, 3.178;
to travel with Vedic graduate, 4.140
duties and occupations, 1.91, 8.410, 418, 9.334–5;
in extremity, 10.99–100, 121–9
food and gifts of, unlawful for priest, 3.164, 4.211, 218, 223, 11.24–5;
exception, 4.253
forcible appropriation of servant’s property by priest, 8.417, 11.13
guilt of, in cases of theft, 8.337
killing a, a minor crime, 11.67. See also restoration for killing
kings, 4.61
labourers to work for king, 7.138
marriage and sexual union of servant woman with twice-born men, 3.13–19, 44, 64, 155, 191, 256, 8.383–5, 11.179
See also son of servant wife origin of, 1.31, 87, 12.43
position of, naturally a slave, 8.413–14
presence of many, destroys a country, 8.22
punishment for adultery with twice-born women, 8.364;
for assaulting men of higher caste, 8.279–83, 9.248;
for defaming men of higher caste, 8.267, 270–77;
for neglect of duty, in next birth, 12.72
residence of, 2.24
rules of inheritance, 9.157,179
seniority among, 2.155
special rules for: administration of oath, 8.113;
burial, 5.92;
examination as witness, 8.88;
greeting, 2.127,137;
marriage, 3.44;
naming, 2.31–2;
pollution, 5.83, 99;
purification, 2.62;
shaving, 5.140;
rinsing mouth with water, 5.139–40
visitor not a guest, but fed, 3.110,112
witness for servants, 8.68
wives permitted for, 3.13, 9.157
servant, menial, preṣya, 2.32, 3.9, 153, 242
servitude, service (sevā) excludes from ceremony for the dead, 3.153 forbidden for priest, 4.4, 6
with servants, an error, 11.70
See also king, service of; servant, duties of
sesame seeds (tila), 3.120, 223, 234–5, 255, 267, 4.75, 188–9, 229, 5.7, 9.39, 10.90–91, 94, 11.135, 12.63
several-day sacrifice, see sacrifice, ahīna
sex bestial, see bestiality
homosexual, see klība; lesbianism
illicit (vyabhicāra), sexual misconduct, a major crime, 8.352–78, 11.59, 174–5;
excludes from ceremony for the dead, 3.164;
punishments for, 8.352–63;
restoration for, 11.171. See also adultery; corruption of a virgin; incest; vow for shedding semen
inter-class, see confusion;
punishments for, 8.352–78, 382–5
marital (maithuna), 3.32, 4.116, 5.56;
duty of, 3.45–50, 5.144, 8.98, 9.4;
when forbidden, 3.45–7, 4.40–42, 128. See also ṛtu
pleasure of, see rati See also kāma
shadow (chāyā), 3.274, 4.130, 185, 5.133
sheep, 3.6, 166, 8.235, 298, 9.119, 10.114, 1
1.69, 12.55
sign, distinctive (linga), 1.30, 4.197, 200, 6.66, 8.65, 249, 252–4, 407 See also mark
śilā, see character
sin, see error
singing (gītā), 2.178, 7.47
sister (svasṛ), 2.50, 133, 215. See also brother; incest
śiśucāndrāyaṇa (‘child’s moon-course’), see vow
śiṣya, see pupil
Śiva, 11.106n
slanderer (piśuna), 3.161
slave (dāsa), 3.246, 4.185, 8.412–14, 10.32, 34 classes of, 4.253–6, 8.415
disqualified from earning property, 8.416–17;
from being witness, 8.60;
exception, 8.70
food of servant, eatable, 4.253
offspring of woman, 9.55, 179. See also son, illegitimate, of servant
quarrels with, forbidden, 4.180, 185
sex with woman, 8.363
sleep (svapna, supta), 1.5, 52–4, 57, 65–74, 181, 2.108, 163, 180, 3.34, 4.57, 99, 6.26, 7.47, 92, 9.13, 12.33, 122 forbidden at sunset and sunrise, 2.219–21, 4.55
purification after, 5.145
rules regarding, for student, 2.108;
for Vedic graduate, 4.57, 75, 92
smṛti, see tradition
snake (sarpa, uraga), 1.37, 44, 2.79, 3.9, 196, 4.126, 133, 7.23, 11.69, 134, 229
snātaka, see graduate
Soma a god of the Soma plant and of the moon, 3.87, 211, 257, 4.26, 52, 9.129, 11.255
a plant used in the Soma sacrifice, and the drink produced from it, probably a mind-altering substance, 11.8, 12
sale of, forbidden, 3.158, 180, 10.80
somapa (‘Soma-drinker’), a class of ancestors, 3.197–8
Soma sacrifices, 4.26, 11.7–10
somasad (‘Soma-seated’), a class of ancestors, 3.195
son (putra, suta), 2.28, 109, 135, 151, 3.37–42, 48, 136–7, 160, 194; son of the guru, 2.207–9, 247
adopted (dattaka), 9.141–2, 159, 168
anantara, 10.6, 14, 41
of appointed daughter, see daughter, appointed
begotten on wife or widow, 9.31–56, 143–7, 159, 162–5, 167, 190–91. See also appointment of widows
born after distribution of inheritance, 9.216
born secretly, 9.159, 170
bought, 9.160, 174
cast off, 9.159, 171
duties towards parents, 2.145–8, 225–7. See also father; mother
duty of begetting a, 2.28;