by Norman Stone
Kurchatov, Igor
Kurds
Kuroń, Jacek
Kuwait
Kuybyshev (Samara)
L
labour camps (Communist)
Labour Party (British):
1945 government
1951 election defeat
1970 election defeat
1983 election defeat
Callaghan government
and miners’ strike
Wilson government
Lacouture, Jean
Lady Chatterley’s Lover obscenity trial
Lafontaine, Oskar
Laidler, David
Laing, R.., Sanity, Madness and the Family
Lam Son operation (1971)
Landau, Lev
Lang, Fritz
Lang, Jack
Lansky, Meyer and Jack
Laos
Lapps, sterilization of
Lasch, Christopher
Lasky, Melvin
Lasky, Victor
Lattimore, Owen
Latvia
Lawrence, D. H.
Lady Chatterley’s Lover trial
Lawrence, Prust (stockbrokers)
Lawson, Nigel, Baron Lawson of Blaby:
Chancellor of the Exchequer
junior minister
Secretary of State for Energy
Lazare, Christopher
Leach, Sir Henry
Lebanon
Lebedev, Alexandr
Ledeen, Michael
Léger, Fernand
Leipzig
Lend-Lease aid
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich:
and bureaucracy
commissariat for culture
corpse
economic reform
and Germany
Khrushchev and
on left-wing ‘infantilism’
Maoism and
and Revolution
Leningrad (St Petersburg)
Hermitage
Russian Museum
Soviet-era slums
Zoo
Leo, Pope
Leontiev, Konstantin
Lewis, Michael
Liberal Democrats (German)
Liberal Party (British)
Liberty ships
Libya:
British bases
coup of 1969
under Gaddafi
oil production
Lieven, Alexander
Ligachev, Yegor
Lin Biao
Lindsay, John
Lithuania
Lithuanians
‘Little Entente’
Litzmann, Karl
Liverpool:
dockers
industrial decline
Irish immigration
local government
sale of council houses
Victorian prosperity
Liverpool University
Lloyd George, David, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor
Lomé Convention
Lominadze, Beso
London:
bomb damage
local government
Millennium Dome
property prices
smogs
theatre
wartime
winter weather of 1946-7
see also City of London
London Business School
London conference (1948)
London School of Economics (LSE)
London Underground
Long March (1934-5)
Lorraine
Los Angeles
Louis, King of France
Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the French
Louis Philippe, King of France
Louvain, University of
Louvre Agreement (1987)
LSD (drug)
LSE (London School of Economics)
Lublin
Lukas, J. A.
Lunacharsky, Anatoly
Luns, Joseph
Luther, Martin
Lutheran Church:
East Germany
Hungary
Slovakia
Sweden
Luttwak, Edward
Turbo-Capitalism
Luxemburg
coal and steel production
see also Benelux
Lvov (Lwów)
Lyubimov, Yuri
M
MacArthur, Douglas
McCarthy, Joseph
McDonald’s (fast food)
Macedonia
Macedonians
McGovern, George
MacGregor, Sir Ian
McKenzie, D. N.
Maclean, Donald
Maclean, Sir Fitzroy
Macmillan, Harold, 1st Earl of Stockton
McNamara, Robert
MacShane, Denis
Madoff, Bernard
Magloire, Paul
Magnet, Myron
Mailer, Norman
Makarios, Archbishop
malaria
Malatya
Malaya
Malaysia
Malenkov, Georgy
Malraux, André
Malta
Malta summit (1989)
Manaos
Manchester
Grammar School
Manchester Guardian see Guardian
Manchukuo
Manchuria
Chinesewar
Japanese invasion (1931)
Soviet claims to territory
Mann, Klaus
Mann, Thomas
Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf Emil
Mannesmann (corporation)
Mansfield, Mike
Mansfield Amendment (1973)
Manuilsky, Dmitry
Mao Tse-tung:
and atomic bomb
background and character
andwar
death
early career
‘hundred flowers’ campaign
and Hungarian uprising of 1956
inauguration of People’s Republic
Jiangxi soviet
and Korean War
and Long March
and Marshall
military genius
and Nixon’s visit to China
and Stalin
tyranny
and Vietnam
and village politics
Western intellectuals’ views of
Maoism
‘Little Red Book’
Maraş
Marchais, Georges
Marcuse, Herbert
Margolina, Sonja
Marjolin, Robert
Marshall, George.:
background and character
and Chinesewar
development of Marshall Plan
and Greekwar
and Mao
Moscow conference (1947)
Paris Peace conference (1947)
and Stalin
Yalta conference (1945)
Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program)
costs of
Economic Co-operation Administration (ECA)
Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)
and Soviet bloc
Martí, José
Marx, Karl
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon
Marxism:
in Chile
in China
defeat of
in France
and Frankfurt School
Marxist economists
mayhem caused by
in Turkey
Masaryk, Jan
Maspéro, François
mass-production methods
Massoud, Ahmad Shah
Massu, Jacques Émile
Masur, Kurt
Matsu islands
Matthews, Herbert
Matusow, Allen
Mauthausen concentration camp
Maxwell, James Clerk
Maxwell, Robert
Meese, Edwin
Meinhof, Ulrike
Meir, Golda
Mekong Delta
Melhuish, Sir Ramsay
Menderes, Adnan
Mendès France, Pierre
Mengele, Josef
mental illness
Mersin
Messina conference (1955)
Metternich, Klemens Wenzel, Prince von
Mexico:
Castro in
development of contraceptive Pill
oil industry
Mexico City
Meyer, Herbert E.
Miami
Michael I, King of Romania
Microsoft (corporation)
Midnight Cowboy (film)
Midnight Express (film)
Mikoyan, Anastas
Milan, Catholic University
Milken, Michael
Millar, Ronald
Miller, William
Milward, Alan
Minc, Julia
Mindszenty, József, Cardinal
miners’ strike (Britain; 1984-5)
Minford, Patrick
Minh, Duong Van
MIR (Latin American Movement for the Revolutionary Left)
MIRVs (multiple independently targeted re-entry vehicles)
Mises, Ludwig von
Missing (film)
Missoffe, François
Mitchell, John
Mitterrand, Danielle
Mitterrand, François
Mobil (oil company)
mobile phones
Modrow, Hans
Mollet, Guy
Molotov, Vyacheslav:
and Austria
and Germany
and Hungary
and Khrushchev
and Korean War
Molotov Plan
Moscow conference (1947)
and nuclear weapons
obstructiveness
‘our common European home’
on Stalin’s death
Mondale, Walter ‘Fritz’
Monde, Le (newspaper)
monetarism
monetary union, European
money, as emblem of the eighties
Mongolia
Monnet, Jean
Monnet Plan
Mons
Montand, Yves
Montanelli, Indro
Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de
Montgomery, Bernard, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein
Moon landings
Moore, Barrington
Morgan, Kenneth, Baron
Moro, Aldo
Morocco
Moscow:
alcohol prohibition
Hotel Lux
Khrushchev as Party head
Olympic Games (1980)
Oriental Workers University
post-war rebuilding
see also Kremlin
Moscow conference (1947)
Moslems:
Greece
India
Pakistan
Palestine
Vietnam see also Islam
Mossadegh, Mohammad
overthrown
motor cars see automobile industry
Mounier, Emmanuel
Mount, Ferdinand
Mountbatten, Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma
Moynihan, Daniel Patrick
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus
Muggeridge, Malcolm
mujaheddin
Müller-Armack, Alfred
multinational corporations
Munich
Münzenberg, Willi
Murdoch, Rupert
Murray, Charles
Murray, Lionel ‘Len’, Baron Murray of Epping Forest
Musil, Robert
Muskie, Edmund
Mussolini, Benito
Mussorgsky, Modest
My Lai massacre (1968)
Myrdal, Gunnar
N
Nagasaki
Nagorny Karabakh
Nagy, Imre
Najibullah, Mohammed
Namur
Nancy Festival (France)
Nanking
massacre (1937)
Nanterre, University of
Naples:
earthquake (1980)
student population
Napoleon I
Code Napoléon
Napoleonsee Louis Napoleon
Nasser, Gamel Abdal:
and Algerian independence
and Aswan Dam
coup of 1952
death
disasters of regime
Egyptian-Syrian union
pan-Arab nationalist ambitions
Six Day War (1967)
and Suez crisis
National Archives (British)
National Coal Board (British)
National Enterprise Board (British)
National Freight (British lorry company)
National Health Service (British)
National Review (magazine)
National Rifle Association (American)
National Security Council (American; NSC)
National Union of Journalists (British)
National Union of Mineworkers (British)
National Union of Public Employees (British; NUPE)
nationalism
Belgium
China
Hungary
India
Ireland
Kurdish
Middle East
Romania
Scotland
Slovakia
South East Asia
Spain
USSR
Yugoslavia
nationalization of industry:
Britain
Chile
France
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):
establishment of
and European missile bases
fiftieth anniversary
French withdrawal from military command
headquarters moved to Brussels
intelligence network
and Korean War
military-financial complex
Turkish membership
West German membership
natural gas
Nature (magazine)
Nazism see Germany, Nazi; neo-Nazism
Needham, Joseph
Neil, Andrew
Nekrich, Alexandr
Nemchinov, Vasily
Németh, Miklós
Nenni, Pietro
neo-Nazism
Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689)
Neruda, Pablo
Neues Deutschland (newspaper)
Neues Forum (East German independent political movement)
Nevşehir
New Deal (Roosevelt)
New Delhi
New Frontier (Kennedy)
New Republic (magazine)
New York:
affluence
anti-Vietnam War protests
bankruptcy and collapse of public services
Castro in
crime
financial centre
government
Kennedy airport
poverty
New York Review of Books
New York Times
New Zealand
Newsweek (magazine)
Newton Dunn, Bill
Nhu, Madame Ngo Dinh
Nicaragua
Contras
Nicholas of Cusa
Nicolson, Sir Harold
Nielsen, Birgit
Nietzsche, Friedrich
Nigeria, oil production
Nightingale, Florence
Nissan (automobile manufacturer)
Nixon, Richard:
appearance and character
and Cambodia
and Ceauşescu
and Chile
China visit (1972)
and Congress
economic policy
election as President: (1968); (1972)
impeachment proceedings and resignation
and Israel
loses 1960 election
re
putation
row with Khrushchev over culture
and SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
‘silent majority’ speech
Vice-President
and Vietnam
Watergate scandal
Nkrumah, Kwame
NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs)
Noble, Denis
Nol, Lon
Norilsk
North Korea:
establishment of
and Japan
Kim II Sung regime
missiles
see also Korean War
North Sea
oil
North Vietnam:
agricultural collectivization
Army
bombing of
Chinese military support
establishment of
executions see also Vietnam War
Norway
Novorossiysk
Novotný, Antonín
nuclear physics
nuclear power
nuclear weapons:
American development of
British development of
French development of
Geneva conference on nuclear tests (1958)
‘nuclear deterrent’ doctrine
Pakistan’s development of
‘peaceful coexistence’ doctrine
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)
Soviet development of
threatened use in Korean War
see also ICBMs
NUPE (British National Union of Public Employees)
Nuremberg trials
Nuti, Mario
O
Oberdorfer, Don
Observer (newspaper)
Öcalan, Abdullah
Occidental Petroleum
OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development)
OEEC (Organization for European Economic Co-operation)
oil crisis of 1973
oil prices
oil production:
Indonesia
Mexico
Middle East
Nigeria
North Sea
OPEC
Sahara
USA
USSR
Venezuela
Oistrakh, David
Olçay, Osman
Olympic Games, Moscow (1980)
Onassis, Aristotle
O’Neill, Thomas ‘Tip’
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
opera
opium
‘Optimal Functioning’ (Soviet planning system)
Orbán, Viktor
Organization of American States
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC)
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries see OPEC
Orlov, Andrey
Orlov, Yuri
Orthodox Church
Orwell, George
Coming Up for Air
Nineteen Eighty-Four
Osborne, John
Ostpolitik
O’Sullivan, John
Oswald, Lee Harvey
Ottoman Empire
collapse of
Outer Mongolia
Owen, Sir Geoffrey
Oxford University
Bodleian Library
Özal, Turgut:
background, family and character
death
economic reforms
foreign policy
and Kurdish nationalism
opposition to
premiership and presidency