International GAAP® 2019: Generally Accepted Accounting Practice under International Financial Reporting Standards
Page 573
Reconciliations are required of all the following:
(a) the total of revenue from reportable segments to the entity’s revenue;
(b) the total profit or loss for reportable segments to the entity’s profit or loss before
income taxes and discontinued operations. Where items such as income taxes have
been allocated to arrive at segment profit or loss, the reconciliation can be made
to the entity’s profit or loss after those items;
(c) if segment assets are reported (see 5.2 above), the total of the reportable segments’
assets to the entity’s assets;
(d) if segment liabilities are reported (see 5.2 above), the total of reportable segments’
liabilities to the entity’s liabilities; and
(e) for every other material item of information the entity chooses to give in its
segment information, the total of each item from all reportable segments to the
corresponding amount for the entity. [IFRS 8.28].
In each of the above reconciliations an entity must separately identify and describe all
material reconciling items. For example, when reconciling segment profit or loss to the
entity’s profit or loss before income taxes and discontinued operations, each material
adjustment arising from differences in accounting policies would have to be separately
identified and described. [IFRS 8.28]. In addition, IFRS 8 requires information about the ‘all
other segments’ category to be shown separately from other reconciling items. [IFRS 8.16].
National Australia Bank evaluates the performance of operating segments on the basis
of cash earnings. This post-tax measure of the profit or loss of reportable segments is
reconciled to the consolidated financial statements as follows:
Extract 32.9: National Australia Bank Limited (2017)
Notes to the financial statements [extract]
Financial performance [extract]
2 Segment
information [extract]
Reconciliations between reportable segment information and statutory results [extract]
The tables below reconcile the information in the segment tables presented above, which have been prepared on
a cash earnings basis, to the relevant statutory information presented in the financial report. In addition to the
sum of the reportable segments, the cash earnings basis includes the segments that do not meet the threshold to
be reportable segments and intra group eliminations. The Wealth net adjustment represents a reallocation of the
income statement of the NAB Wealth business prepared on a cash earnings basis into the appropriate statutory
income statement lines.
[...]
Operating
segments
2877
Group
2017(1) 2016(1)
$m $m
Cash earnings
Group cash earnings(2)
6,642
6,483
Non-cash earnings items (after tax):
Distributions
98
124
Treasury
shares
–
61
Fair value and hedge ineffectiveness
(500)
(126)
Life insurance 20% share of profit(3)
–
(39)
Amortisation of acquired intangible assets
(62)
(83)
Net loss attributable to discontinued operations
(893)
(6,068)
Net profit attributable to owners of NAB
5,285
352
1 Information is presented on a continuing operations basis.
2 Includes eliminations and distributions.
3 Included in statutory profit from 1 October 2016 onward.
5.7
Restatement of previously reported information
Entities may need to change their organisation to respond to their business needs.
This may have an impact on the entity’s segment reporting. IFRS 8 provides explicit
guidance if such a change in the organisation changes the composition of its
reportable segments. However, it does not explicitly address any changes that
impact reportable segments, such as a change in segment measures. This is discussed
further below.
5.7.1
Changes in organisation structure
When an entity changes its organisational structure in a manner that causes a change in
the composition of its reportable segments, corresponding amounts for earlier periods
should be restated unless the information is not available and the cost to develop it
would be excessive. This requirement also applies to the presentation of segment
information in respect of interim periods. [IFRS 8.29].
The exemption from restatement on grounds of excessive cost is applied to each
individual item of disclosure. [IFRS 8.29]. This means that an entity should restate its
comparative information for all the items it can, even if this results in some
comparative information not being presented or restated, such as inter-segment
revenues. When the composition of reportable segments has changed, an entity
should disclose whether the corresponding items of segment information have
been restated. [IFRS 8.29].
2878 Chapter 32
Where corresponding information is not restated to reflect the new composition of
reportable segments, the segment information for the current period should be presented
on both the old and the new bases of segmentation. Only if the necessary information
were unavailable and the cost of developing it excessive would an entity not have to show
current information on the old basis of segmentation. [IFRS 8.30]. In our view, given the
importance of comparable segment information in particular in years of changing
segmentation, the ‘excessive cost’ criterion represents a high hurdle to overcome.
If an entity decides to change its organisational structure during the reporting period,
the fact that this requirement applies equally to interim periods [IFRS 8.29] indicates that
information presented at the reporting date is also restated to reflect the new basis of
segmentation, even though for part of the annual reporting period the entity was
managed and monitored on the old basis.
The following extract illustrates that changes in the composition of operating segments
can often be combined with a review of other aspects of segment reporting, such as a
review of performance measures:
Extract 32.10: Nestlé S.A. (2015)
Notes [extract]
1. Accounting Policies [extract]
Changes in presentation – Analyses by segment [extract]
The scope of the operating segments has been modified following the changes in management responsibilities as from
1 January 2015. Zone Europe has been renamed Zone Europe, Middle East and North Africa (EMENA) and now includes
the Maghreb, the Middle East, the North East Africa region, Turkey and Israel, which were formerly included in Zone
Asia, Oceania and Africa. Zone Asia, Oceania and Africa has been renamed Zone Asia, Oceania and sub-Saharan Africa
(AOA). Nestlé Nutrition now includes Growing-Up Milks business formerly included in the geographic Zones. Finally,
Other businesses now includes the Bübchen business, formerly included in Nestlé Nutrition.
The amount of segment assets is no longer disclosed. Segment assets are not included in the measures used for
allocating
resources and assessing segment performance. The Group discloses on a voluntary basis invested capital (as
defined in Note 3) as well as goodwill and intangible assets by segment for consistency with long-standing practice.
Goodwill and intangible assets are not included in invested capital since the amounts recognised are not comparable
between segments due to differences in the intensity of acquisition activity and changes in accounting standards which
were applicable at various points in time when the Group undertook significant acquisitions.
Information by product has been modified following the main transfer of Growing-Up Milks business in Milk products
and Ice cream to Nutrition and Health Science.
Sales and non-current assets in Switzerland and countries which individually represent at least 10% of the Group sales
or 10% of the Group non-current assets are disclosed separately, instead of the top ten countries and Switzerland.
In addition, intangible assets are attributed to the country of their legal owner rather than being allocated to the countries of the affiliated companies using these assets. Finally, goodwill items which were presented as part of unallocated items are attributed to the countries of the affiliated companies where the related acquired business is operated.
2014 comparative information has been restated.
Segment information may also change as a result of the disposal of an entire reportable
segment or a component of it which qualifies under IFRS 5 – Non-current Assets Held
for Sale and Discontinued Operations – as a discontinued operation. The presentation
of discontinued operations is governed by IFRS 5. The requirements of other
standards do not apply to discontinued operations, unless they specify disclosures
Operating
segments
2879
applicable to them. [IFRS 5.5B]. Since IFRS 8 does not refer to discontinued operations,
entities are not required to include them in their segment disclosures. This would be
the case even if the CODM continued to monitor the discontinued operation until
disposal. Nevertheless, an entity would not be prohibited from disclosing such
information if it wished, on the basis that the requirements of IFRS 8 relate to the
measures reported to the CODM without any adjustments being made in preparing
the entity’s IFRS financial statements. [IFRS 8.25].
5.7.2
Changes in segment measures
When an entity changes any of its segment measures, including the definition of segment
profit, or changes the allocation of income, expenses, assets or liabilities to segments,
without a change to the composition of its reportable segments, the general principles
of IAS 1 for changes in presentation or classification of items apply. Therefore,
comparative information would be restated, unless this is impracticable. [IAS 1.41].
In 2016, Daimler AG changed the allocation of some of its activities for purposes of its
segment reporting:
Extract 32.11: Daimler AG (2016)
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS [extract]
33. Segment reporting [extract]
Management and reporting system [extract]
In the context of fine tuning our performance measurement system in 2016, the definition of segment assets and segment
liabilities was adjusted retrospectively beginning in 2015, and no longer includes hedging instruments that are recognized in equity until maturity. Accordingly, segment assets and segment liabilities in 2015 have been adjusted with reductions
of €0.5 billion and €2.9 billion respectively. The adjustments primarily affected the Mercedes-Benz Cars segment.
5.8 Disclosure
of
commercially sensitive information
The criteria for determining the externally reportable segments, as discussed at 3.2
above, attempt to define which internally reported operating units can be combined,
which must be reported separately and which are included in an unallocated
reconciling item. The interaction between these criteria, in particular with the
requirement that segments cannot be combined if they exhibit different long-term
financial performance, leaves entities open to the risk of having to disclose
information that management would be concerned about sharing with competitors,
customers, suppliers or employees.
However, IFRS 8 does not permit the omission of segment information when
management believes that its disclosure is commercially sensitive or potentially
detrimental to the entity’s competitive position. Indeed, IAS 1 requires an entity not only
to present information in a manner that provides relevant, reliable, comparable and
understandable information, but also to provide additional disclosures if compliance with
an individual standard is insufficient to enable users to understand the entity’s financial
position and financial performance. [IAS 1.17]. The only justification for failing to meet these
requirements is if disclosure would be so misleading that it would conflict with the
objective of financial statements set out in the IASB’s Conceptual Framework. [IAS 1.19].
2880 Chapter 32
Given that the objective of IFRS 8 is to disclose information to help users of financial
statements evaluate the nature and financial effects of the entity’s business activities and
the economic environments in which it operates, [IFRS 8.1], this possibility would seem to
be remote. The IASB rejected similar concerns raised by respondents to ED 8, noting that
entities would be unlikely to suffer competitive harm from the required disclosures since
most competitors have sources of detailed information about an entity other than its
financial statements. [IFRS 8.BC44]. This concern was raised again by respondents to the
post-implementation review. However, the IASB continues to reject such a limitation,
because it would provide a means for broad-based non-compliance with the standard.7
6
ENTITY-WIDE DISCLOSURES FOR ALL ENTITIES
In addition to disclosing segment information derived from the formats and
measurements presented to the chief operating decision maker, IFRS 8 requires certain
entity-wide disclosures about products and services, geographical areas and major
customers. The information described below is required even if the entity has only a
single reportable segment, but need not be repeated if already provided as part of the
disclosures on reportable segments set out above. [IFRS 8.31]. The amounts reported
about products and services and about geographical areas in these entity-wide
disclosures are measured using the same accounting policies and estimates as the
entity’s financial statements (i.e. IFRS amounts). [IFRS 8.32-33]. As such, the amounts
disclosed in this part of the segment disclosures might well be different to the
information already provided in other segment information, which might not be
measured in accordance with IFRS (see 4 above).
Exemption from the requirements set out at 6.1 and 6.2 below is offered if the necessary
information is unavailable and the cost to develop it would be excessive. If disclosure is
not made on these grounds, that fact should be stated. [IFRS 8.32-33]. Some respondents to
ED 8 expressed concern that the basis of this exemption was inconsistent with the test of
impracticability in IAS 1, which makes no allowance for the cost of compliance. [IAS 1.7].
&nbs
p; However, the IASB did not see any merit in divergence from FASB ASC Topic 280 in this
respect and therefore retained the exemption from disclosure if the necessary information
were unavailable and the cost of developing it excessive. [IFRS 8.BC46-47].
This exemption is not available in respect of the disclosures about major customers set
out at 6.3 below.
6.1
Information about products and services
An entity should report revenues from external customers for each product and service
or for each group of similar products and services, measuring revenues on the same
basis as the entity’s financial statements. [IFRS 8.32].
Operating
segments
2881
In Extract 32.6 above, Statoil provides segment information based on its internal
management reporting, with reportable segments relating to domestic, North American
and international development and production activities; marketing, processing and
renewable energy; and other activities. Accordingly, it also discloses external revenues
by product group (and combines it with a geographical analysis of revenue), as follows:
Extract 32.12: Statoil ASA (2017)
STRATEGIC REPORT [extract]
SEGMENT REPORTING [extract]
The following tables show total revenues by country. [extract]
2017 Total revenues and other income by country
Crude oil
Natural
Natural gal
Refined
Other
Total sales
(in USD million)
gas
liquids
products
Norway 23,087
9,741
4,948
6,463
1,026
45,264
USA 5,726
1,237
668
1,497
1,237
10,365
Sweden 0
0
0
1,268
10
1,277
Denmark 0
0
0