The Unseen War
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Powell, Colin: Desert Storm strategy, 10; groundwork for war, 15; postwar Iraq, troops and planning for, 242, 376n3; Pottery Barn rule, 36; UN resolutions, enforcement of compliance with, 12; UN Security Council speech, 36, 322n103
Predator UAVs, 22, 69, 89, 183, 199, 223, 239, 305
prewar defense-suppression operations, 60–71
Prominent Hammer exercise, 23
propaganda. See information operations and leaflet drops
Provide Comfort, Operation, 32
psychological warfare campaign, 112, 122–23, 144–45, 234, 373–74n154
Qaeda, Al, 2–3, 36, 288
Qatar: bandwidth capacity, 197; bases in and combat and combat-support operations conducted from, 41, 43, 45, 281; combined air operations center in, 18, 20, 47, 210, 218, 221; flow of forces to, 38; Franks’ headquarters in, 47, 52; TACS headquarter, 188
RainDrop, 213
RC-135 Rivet Joint aircraft, 101, 119, 169, 182, 200, 226, 239, 279
Red Team, 32, 321n88
Renaurt, Gene: air offensive, updates on, 292; combat operations planning and briefing sessions, 28–29; deployment orders and flow of forces, 39; information operations, 228–29, 230, 231; lessons-learned assessment, 185; no-fly zone enforcement role, 318n42; no-fly zone operations, 65; planning and preparations for campaign, 19
Republican Guard and Special Republican Guard: attacks on, 27, 81–82, 83, 104, 110–11, 113, 126, 137–38, 223, 226–27, 237–39, 289, 294, 301–2, 305, 371–72n125, 375–76n191; attacks on and BDA about status of, 275–76; command and leadership of, 128, 235–37; defeat of, 2, 128–29, 138, 139, 142, 143–45, 224, 239, 291, 294; Desert Storm and fighting capacity of, 9, 316–17n4; ground order of battle, 59, 143; inside-out plan for Fortress Baghdad, 27; planning for attacks on, 17; resistance from, 123, 126, 144; targeting of, 21, 35, 49, 320n66
Romania, 17, 41
Royal Air Force (RAF): achievements and performance during campaign, 163–69, 175–77, 358nn68–69, 359n78; air offensive planning, 28; air-ground power integration and coordination, 270–71; command and control structure, 151–54, 175–76; force strength, 157–59, 356n41; information sharing and force interoperability, 282–87, 389n153, 390n156, 390n161; Iraqi Freedom role of, ix, xiii, 1–2, 4–5; no-fly zones, enforcement of, 1, 147, 313n1; planning, participation in, 155–56; planning and preparations for campaign, 32; relationships among coalition forces, 28, 29, 147–48, 168, 176–77; target identification and selection, 161–62; training exercises and air-ground integration training, 147, 176–77, 361n105; warfighter conference, 29
Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF): achievements and performance during campaign, 163, 169–75, 359n82, 360n86, 360n97; aircraft from, 346n236; force strength, 159–60, 356n47; Iraqi Freedom role of, ix, xiii, 1–2, 4–5; planning and preparations for campaign, 31, 32; relationships among coalition forces, 149, 163; target identification and selection, 162–63, 357n59; training exercises and air-ground integration training, 176–77, 361n105
Rumsfeld, Donald: air defense responses, 62, 66, 331n28; combat operations planning and briefing sessions, 49; commitment of U.S. to regime change in Iraq, 11; CRAF activation, 39; decapitation opportunity, 75; deployment orders, 36–37, 322–23n106; Desert Storm outcome, 9–10; Enduring Freedom leadership role, 5; force strength for peace and nation-building, 306–7; groundwork for war, 12, 15, 317n19; initiation of war, 42–43; Iraqi Freedom leadership role, 5; OPLAN 1003V acceptance, 28; planning and preparations for campaign, 12, 15–16, 18–19, 26–28, 31; postwar Iraq, planning for, 352n350; prewar briefing, 52; shock and awe campaign, 36, 322n102; ultimatum to Hussein, 43
sandstorms, 2, 29, 100–110, 132–33, 260, 289, 342n178, 343n204, 344n207
satellite communications systems, 221, 366–67n72, 372n132
Saudi Arabia: airspace use and overflight approval, 56, 135–36; bases in and combat and combat-support operations conducted from, 17, 35, 41, 43, 44, 45, 277; combined air operations center in, 6, 18, 33, 50–51, 207, 210–11, 218, 221; Scud missile attacks on, 333–34n68; visual observation posts near, 56
Scud missiles: control of missile sites, 20–21, 43, 56, 319nn49–50; counter-Scud operations, x, 71–73, 94, 227–28, 333–34n68; counter-Scud operations, planning for, 29, 320n77; counter-Scud operations, training for, 385n104, 391–92n17; Desert Storm use of, 20–21, 72, 333–34n68; location and destruction of, x; number and range of, 319n50; targeting of, 35, 44, 328–29n190
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, xiii, 2, 11, 15, 44, 47, 288, 391n4
shock and awe campaign, 36, 90, 93, 94, 141, 322n102, 340n149
SIPRNet (secure Internet protocol router network), 185, 198, 215, 282–83, 285–87, 389n153
Slipper, Operation, 149, 156, 285, 354n12, 356n40
Southern Focus, Operation, 26, 51, 54, 61–66, 69–71, 80, 82, 118, 207, 290, 323n117, 331n28, 354n3, 359n82
Southern Watch, Operation, 1, 18, 24, 25, 26, 37, 39, 50, 57, 58, 61–71, 142, 178, 285, 313n1, 318n42, 329n196, 329n197, 368n81
Special Operations Forces (SOF): air offensive to support, x, 20, 24, 71–74, 123–24; air-ground power integration and, 28, 301; force strength, 72; goals and objectives of operations, 56–57; missions and operations, 16, 17, 26, 27, 56–57, 70, 71–74, 81, 334n74; planning operations, 25; psychological warfare campaign, 373–74n154; reconnaissance operations, 41; timing of and timeline for operations, 21, 28–30, 56–57, 75; training of, 301, 385n104
Special Security Organization, 17, 21, 83, 103, 291, 339n143
strike coordination and reconnaissance (SCAR) missions, 95–96, 341n161
suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) operations, 53, 67–69, 84–89, 117–20, 337–38nn115–16, 338n118, 338n121
Taliban, 11–12
targets: aim-point placement and analysis for effective attack, 34, 50, 51; all-weather target attack capabilities, 23; approval procedures, 5; ATO cycle and, 207–15, 219–20, 369n93, 370n101; attacks with precision-guided munitions, 36, 142–44, 294–95; authority for approval of, x, 40, 203–7, 290, 292, 367–68nn76–77; categories and numbers of, 23, 33; collateral-damage avoidance and mitigation, 30, 43, 46, 89, 90–92, 95, 111–12, 113–14, 276, 345n224; dump targets, 294; effects-based operations, 23, 33, 295–97; hard-target capabilities, 23; identification and selection of, 15, 21, 23, 28, 30, 33–34, 50, 51, 161–63, 357n54, 357n59; infrastructure targets during Desert Storm, 33; intelligence about and effective targeting, 15, 184–85, 198–203, 366–67n72; legal advice on, 206–7, 357n59; multiple aim points from single aircraft, 23, 181; munitions requirements to achieve effects against, 30, 31; no-drop incidents and weapons bring-back rate, 258–59, 382n65, 383n81; no-strike list, 46; number of attacks in campaign, 241; number of attacks in opening days of war, 36, 82–83; positive and visual identification of, 200, 366n64; protected targets, 53; rules of engagement and attacks on, 329n196; scaled and selective target destruction, 23; status of, tracking of, 387n127, 387n129; tactical objectives and tasks for, 34; time-sensitive and high-value, 44, 170, 203–7, 213, 214–15, 219–20, 328–29n190, 360n86, 368nn80–81. See also battle damage assessment (BDA)
Tenet, George, 13, 74–75
theater air control system (TACS), 188, 208, 217, 369n90
Theater Battle Management Core System (TBMCS), 189, 210–13, 282–83, 286, 370n98
Tomahawk land-attack missiles (TLAMs), 43, 50, 55, 56, 75, 77, 94, 180, 184, 220, 335n82, 336n109
Torpy, Glenn, ix, 48, 49, 90, 152–53, 168–69, 251, 270, 346n256, 355n21, 357n54
Turkey: airspace use and overflight approval, 41, 42, 55–56, 65, 73, 74, 89, 99, 135, 277, 358n68; bases in and combat and combat-support operations conducted from, 17, 21, 25, 41–42, 43, 45, 54, 55–56, 229, 277, 309; Desert Storm operations from, 25; flow of forces to, 38; second-front option, 25, 54, 55; trade with Iraq, 328n183
U-2 aircraft, 67, 199, 215, 279
United Arab Emirates, 41, 43, 178, 372n137
United Kingdom/Great Britain: British Army air-ground power int
egration and coordination, 270–71; casualties and fatalities, 4, 180; decision to go to war, 147–48, 354n3, 354n5; Fairford base, 41, 43, 136, 161, 199; relationships among coalition forces, 147–48; UN resolution and participation in Iraq war, 14
United Nations (UN): Bush speech and groundwork for invasion of Iraq, 14; no-fly zone mandate, 1, 10, 11, 147, 313n1, 331n28; resolutions against Iraq, 9, 10, 11, 14, 36, 52, 150; Security Council speech by Powell, 36, 322n103; WMD program and UN inspectors, 11
United States (U.S.): debate about Iraq war in, 2–3; opinions of public and veterans about Iraq war, 3, 314nn10–11
United States (U.S.) military services: air-ground integration, 255–63, 265–69, 380–81n60, 381–82n64, 382n76; casualties and fatalities, 3, 4, 32, 180, 313–14n8; cross-service misunderstandings, 268; decision making and personalities of leadership, 175–76; information sharing and force interoperability, 197–203, 282–87, 389n153, 390n156, 390n161; joint and combined forces operations, 1–2, 3, 4–5, 7, 290–305, 313n2, 392–93nn36–37, 394–95nn68–70; relationships among coalition forces, 28, 29, 147–51, 163, 168, 176–77; traditional roles of land and air power, 239–41; training exercises and air-ground integration training, 176–77, 269, 292–93, 361n105, 383–84n89, 385n104, 385–86n110, 391–92n17; trust relationships and cross-service harmony, x, 28, 29, 290–91, 292, 302–4, 319n60, 391n12. See also Air Force, U.S.; Marine Corps, U.S.; Navy, U.S.
unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), 60, 184–85, 223–24, 373n139
Wallace, William, 99, 251, 253, 254, 260–63, 269, 383n83
warfare: air power models, 352–53n352; attrition and annihilation models, 142, 352–53n352; digital warfighting, 304–5, 395n73; doctrine of preemption, 13, 288, 317n19, 390–91n2; fourth-generation war, 306, 309–10, 397n89; getting out not as easy as getting in, 306; traditional roles of land and air power, 239–41
weapons of mass destruction (WMD): Al Qaeda, connection to, 288; denial of use of, 33, 44, 84; elimination of, 18, 20, 30; failure to find, 2–3; intelligence about sites, 84; intelligence failure about, 3, 314n10; program to acquire and develop, 10–11, 13; targeting of production and delivery systems, 35, 320n66; threat from and initiation of war, 2–3, 11, 15, 150; threat to troops from, 46, 48; UN inspectors and program for, 11; UN Security Council speech by Powell about, 36
weather and timing of offensive, 29–30, 46, 100–110, 132–33, 342n178, 343n204, 344n207
Wolfowitz, Paul, 12, 15
XC4I tactical operations center, 47, 327n150
Zircon Chat, 52
About the Author
Benjamin S. Lambeth is a Senior Fellow with the Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments, a position he assumed in 2011 following a thirty-seven-year career at the RAND Corporation. A long-time specialist in international security affairs and air warfare, he has extensive flight experience in more than forty different combat aircraft types worldwide. He is the author of The Transformation of American Air Power.
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