Inventing Ireland
Page 82
21. Mary C. King, The Drama of J. M. Synge, London 1985, 49.
22. Synge, Plays 1, 19.
23. Oliver Goldsmith, "The Deserted Village", Field Day Anthology 1, Deny 1991, 450.
24. W. B. Yeats, "Notes and Opinions", Samhain, November 1905; also Samhain, October 1902, 3–7.
25. Quoted by Nowlan, The Gaelic League Idea, 48–9.
26. Seamus Deane, "Synge and Heroism", Celtic Revivals, London 1985,51–62.
27. David H. Greene and Edward M. Stephens, J. M, Synge 1871–1909, New York 1961, 66.
28. Synge, Plays 2, 63.
29. Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 83–5.
30. Synge, Plays 2, 63.
31. Ibid., 89.
32. Ibid., 103.
33. Ibid., 95.
34. John Berger, Ways of Seeing, Harmondsworth 1972, 51.
35. Synge, Plays 2, 99.
36. Art Mac Cumhaigh, "Bodaigh na hEorna", Dánta, ed. Tomás Ó Fiaich, Dublin 1981, 102.
37. Dónal Ó Coimáin, Parliament na mBan, ed. B Ó Cuív, Dublin 1970, 11. I have modernized spelling in this passage.
38. Donncha Ó Corráin, "Women in Early Irish Society", Women in Irish Society, eds. Margaret MacCurtain and Donncha Ó Corráin, Dublin 1978, 11.
39. Synge, Prose, 143.
40. Synge, Plays 2, 97.
41. Ibid., 28.
42. See Dedan Kiberd, Synge and the Irish Language, 122–50.
43. Synge, Plays 2, 151.
44. Green and Stephens, 241.
45. Synge, Plays 2, 167.
46. Lady Gregory, Cuchulain of Muirthemne, Gerrards Cross 1970, 33.
47. Synge, Plays 2, 167.
48. Interview, Freeman's Journal, 30 January 1907, 7.
49. Mary Colum, Lift and the Dream, London 1947, 139.
50. Green and Stephens, 148.
51. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 119–49.
52. Jacques Lacan, Ecrits: A Selection, New York 1977, 2.
53. The Jungian methodology has been most lucidly explained by Helen M. Luke, "Mirrors", Parabola: The Magazine of Myth and Tradition, Vol. XI, No. 2, Summer 1986, 56–63.
54. Synge, Plays 2, 127.
55. Ibid., 169.
56. Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, 180.
57. Synge. Prose, 398.
58. Synge, Poems, 49.
59. Fanon, Wretched, 181.
REVOLUTION AND WAR: INTERCHAPTER
1. Richard Davis, Arthur Griffith and Non-Violent Sinn Fein, Tralee 1974.
2. Brian Murphy, Patrick Pearse and the Lost Republican Ideal, Dublin 1991.
3. Sean O'Casey, The Story of the Irish Citizen Army, Dublin 1919.
4. C. Desmond Greaves, The Easter Rising as History, London 1966.
5. Quoted by Mary Kotsonouris, Retreat from Revolution: The Dail Courts 1920–24, Dublin 1994, 21.
6. Tim Pat Coogan, Michael Collins: A Biography, London 1990.
7. Lord Craigavon (Sir James Craig), Northern Ireland Parliamentary Debates, Hansard, House of Commons, Vol. 16, Col. 1095.
8. Michael Farrell, Northern Ireland: The Orange State, London 1980.
ELEVEN: UPRISING
1. Standish O'Grady, History of Ireland: Heroic Period London 1878, v.
2. Quoted by Yeats, Autobiographies, 424.
3. Yeats, Collected Poems, 393.
4. George Russell, The Living Torch, ed. Monk Gibbon, London 1937, 134–44.
5. Yeats, Collected Poems, 375.
6. V. I. Lenin, On Ireland, London 1949, 32–3.
7. Conor Cruise O'Brien, "The Embers of Easter", 1916 The Easter Rising, ed. Owen Dudley Edwards and Fergus Pyle, London 1968, 227. Connolly quotation ibid.
8. On this phenomenon in other revolutionary situations see Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of Revolution, New York 1965, 34, 42, 53, 68 ff.
9. Russell, Thoughts for a Convention, 7.
10. Yeats, Essays and Controversies, 24. There are some anti-English outbursts in the writings of Pearse, but even Fr Francis Shaw – no admirer of Pearse – comments that "nowhere does Pearse teach as explicitly as Tone the duty of hate", "The Canon of Irish History: A Challenge", Studies, Summer 1972, LXI, 126.
11. Shaw, The Matter with Ireland, 112.
12. Yeats, Collected Poems, 205.
13. Thomas MacDonagh, "Language and Literature in Ireland", The Irish Review, IV, March-April 1914, 176–82.
14. P. H. Pearse, Plays, Stories, Poems, Dublin 1924, 336.
15. Letters of W. B. Yeats, 295.
16. Quoted by Conor Cruise O'Brien, Ancestral Voices, Dublin 1994, 68.
17. Pearse, Plays, Stories, Poems, 44.
18. Joseph Mary Plunkett, Poems, Dublin 1916, 59–60.
19. Yeats, Collected Plays, 591.
20. Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man: On the Social Psychology of Capitalism, New York 1978, 184, 184, 186.
21. Ibid., 192.
22. Yeats, Plays and Controversies, 161.
23. Ibid., 158.
24. J. P. Sartre, Life/Situations, New York 1977, 167.
25. Beltaine, No. 3, April 1900.
26. Yeats, Collected Poems, 373.
27. Jose Onega Y Gasset, España Invertebrada, Madrid 1922, 3, 146–50.
28. Yeats, Collected Plays, 431–46.
29. Harold Rosenberg, "The Resurrected Romans", The Tradition of the New, Chicago 1982, 155 ff.
30. Brinton, 203.
31. Máire nic Shiubhlaigh, The Splendid Years, Dublin 1955, 87.
32. Quoted Coogan, Michael Collins, 53–4.
33. On this see Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914, Cambridge, Mass. 1979.
34. Pearse, Plays, Stories, Poems, 323.
35. Yeats, Collected Poems, 206.
36. Desmond FitzGerald, Memoirs 1913–16, London 1968, 142–3.
37. Pearse, Plays, Stories, Poems, 324.
38. Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, London 1985, 104 ff.
39. Quoted by Bruce Mazlish, The Revolutionary Ascetic, New York 1976, 85.
40. J. J. Horgan, From Parnell to Pearse, Dublin 1948, 285.
41. Shaw, Studies, Summer 1972, 123.
42. P. H. Pearse, "The Coming Revolution", November 1913, 91–2.
43. See Eric Hobsbawn, "Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe 1870–1914", The Invention of Tradition, 271.
44. Ronald Paulson, Representations of Revolution 1789–1820, New Haven 1983, 14.
45. Tom Paine, The Rights of Man, Harmondsworth 1969, 71, 73.
46. Bernard MacLaverty, Cal, Belfast 1984, 73.
47. Yeats, Collected Poems, 202–5.
48. Yeats, "The Tragic Theatre", Essays and Introductions, 245.
TWELVE: THE PLEBEIANS REVISE THE UPRISING
1. Joseph Holloway, Impressions of a Dublin Playgoer: A Selection, eds. Robert Hogan and Michael J. O'Neill, London 1967, 215.
2. David Krause, Sean O'Casey: the Man and his Work, London 1967, 22 ff. and Robert G. Lowery, "Sean O'Casey: Art and Politics", Sean O'Casey; Centenary Essays, eds. Krause and Lowery, Gerrards Cross 1980, 123 ff.
3. Citations from Krause, 4–7.
4. Sean O'Casey, Drums Under the Windows, 115–30. Reference to the shilling fee is on 130.
5. Samuel Beckett, "Sean O'Casey", Disjecta, New York 1984, 82.
6. O'Casey, Drums, 73.
7. Quoted by Herbert Coston, "Prelude to Playwriting", Sean O'Casey Modern Judgements, ed. R. Ayling, London 1969, 49, 50.
8. Quoted by Onwuchekwa Gemie, Langston Hughes: An Introduction, New York 1976, 28.
9. Sean O'Casey, Three Plays, London 1957, 111.
10. Ibid., 110.
11. Ibid., 110–11.
12. Ibid., 27.
13. Ibid., 8.
14. Ibid., 70.
15. Nic Shiubhlaigh, The Splendid Years, 145.
16. O'Casey, Innishfallen, Fare Thee Well (with Rose and Crown, Sunset and Evening Star), London 1963, 125–38.
17. Bertolt Brecht, The Life of Galileo, London 1963, 107�
��8.
18. Capt. David Platt in a letter to his wife Jane, May 1916.
19. Three Plays, 178.
20. This is the argument put, with some qualifications, by William Irwin Thompson, The Imagination of an Insurrection: Dublin Easter 1916, 114 ff.
21. Three Plays, 46.
22. Yeats, Mythologies, 331.
23. Three Plays, 169.
24. Ibid., 208.
25. Ibid., 164, 193, 193–4.
26. O'Casey, Drums, 273. Connolly ordered that looters be shot
27. Seamus Deane, Celtic Revivals, 109. See also Greaves, Sean O'Casey: Politics and Art, 116–22.
28. Patrick Pearse, Political Writings, Dublin 1924, 371, 376.
29. O'Casey cites this as the major reason in his autobiography, but his history of the Citizen Army refers favourably to uniforms. See Greaves, 74.
30. Karl Marx, Surveys from Exile, ed. David Fernbach, Harmondsworth 1973, 94.
31. Quoted Marshall Berman, All That is Solid Melts into Air, London 1983, 22–3.
32. Pearse, Political Writings, 216.
33. See Declan Kiberd, "Inventing Irelands", The Crane Bag, Vol. 8, No. 1, 1984, 11–25.
34. Wohl, The Generation of 1914, 5.
35. Pearse, Political Writings, 216.
36. Wohl, 236.
37. Francis Sheehy Skeffington, "An Open Letter to Thomas MacDonagh", 1916 The Easter Rising, eds. Edwards and Pyle, 150.
38. Coston, O'Casey: Modern Judgements, 54.
39. In this I follow the analysis of Ramond Williams, Drama from Ibsen to Brecht, Harmondsworth 1973, 161–9.
40. C. S. Andrews, Man of No Property, Dublin 1982, 53–5.
41. They were the most popular of all plays in the Abbey repertoire and The Plough was the most often revived: Ernest Blythe, The Abbey Theatre, Dublin 1963, 9. T. R. Henn says they offered audiences "a defence mechanism against the rawness of their recent memories of the 'Troubles'", The Harvest of Tragedy London 1956, 212.
42. Alexander Pope, public letter to John Gay, Daily Journal, 23 December 1731.
43. Three Plays, 185.
44. Lennox Robinson ed., Lady Gregory's Journals, London 1946, 97.
45. Quoted by Una Ellis-Fermor, "Poetry in Revolt", Sean O'Casey: Modem Judgements, 108.
46. Three Plays, 215.
THIRTEEN: THE GREAT WAR AND IRISH MEMORY
1. Francis Ledwidge, "Lament for Thomas MacDonagh", Field Day Anthology of Irish Writing 2, 774.
2. Reproduced in 1916: The Easter Rising 220.
3. There is a good account of the epistolary controversy in "The Silver Tassie: Letters", Sean O'Casey: A Collection of Critical Essays, ed. Thomas Kilroy, New Jersey 1975, 113–17.
4. Bertrand Russell, Autobiography London 1975, 283.
5. Sean O'Casey, Three More Plays, London 1965, 34.
6. Ibid., 41.
7. Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory, London 1975, 26–8.
8. Three More Plays, 38.
9. This point is well argued by Krause, 109–22.
10. Three More Plays, 59.
11. Ibid., 51.
12. Ibid., 53, 48.
13. Ibid., 105.
14. Ibid., 97.
15. Ibid., 67.
16. D. H. Lawrence, Kangaroo, Harmondsworth 1951, 241.
17. Fussell, 86–8, 196.
18. The phrase is used by Dick Diver in Tender is the Night, Harmondsworth 1955, 125.
19. Letters of W. B. Yeats, 874.
20. Henry James, Letters 2, ed. Percy Lubbock, New York 1920, 384.
21. Wohl, 115.
FOURTEEN: IRELAND AND THE END OF EMPIRE
1. Conor Cruise O'Brien, foreword, The Shaping of Modern Ireland, London 1960, 10.
2. See The Gonne-Yeats Letters 1893–1938, eds. McBride and Jeffares, London 1992, 293–4.
3. W. B. Yeats, Explorations, New York 1962, 401. On the theme see Ganesh Devi, "India and Ireland: Literary Relations", J. McMinn ed., The Internationalism of Irish Literature and Drama, Gerrards Cross 1992, 300–3.
4. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, 515.
5. Dhananjay Keer, Veer Savakar, Popular Prabakashan, Bombay 1950–66,77.
6. Eamon de Valera, India and Ireland, speech to Friends of the Freedom of India, New York 1920, 3.
7. Ibid., 6, 8, 11, 16–17,24.
8. See C. Desmond Greaves, Liam Mellows and the Irish Revolution, London 1971, 205, 216; Ramesa-Chandra Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement of India, Vol. 2, 387–91, 398–402; and Liz Curtis, The Cause of Ireland, London 1995, 124–5, 175–6, 315–16.
9. British Cabinet Papers, 458, 15 Jan 1920, CAB 24/96, 13(185).
10. H. A. L. Fisher's diary, 1921. Information from Tim Pat Coogan.
11. A. P. Thornton, The Imperial Idea and its Enemies, 217.
12. Dáil Éireann debates, August 1921, private sessions, 12: Sean T. O'Kelly's report.
13. Anthony Babington, The Devil to Pay: The Mutiny of the Connaught Rangers, India, July 1920, London 1991, 3–4.
14. Ibid., 7, 10, 27, 28, 63, 65, quoted 86, quoted 26.
15. Sean T. O'Kelly, India and Ireland, New York 1924, 2.
16. Ibid., 3, 4, 9.
17. The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi, Vol. XXII (1921–2), New Delhi 1966, 17–18.
18. O'Kelly, 11.
19. On this see George Gilmore, The Irish Republican Congress, Dublin. Rev. ed. 1978, 30, which alleges that de Valera refused Patel's request for support for his Indian Congress in its anti-imperial struggle in 1932. The IRA also seemed uninterested: Patel recorded that only Maud Gonne was keen to help.
INVENTING IRELANDS: INTERCHAPTER
1. Kotsonouris, Retreat from Revolution, 99–105 for O'Higgins's role.
2. Terence Brown, Ireland: A Social and Cultural History 1922–79, London 1981, 42.
3. W. R. Rodgers, Irish Literary Portraits, London 1972, 10.
4. Yeats, Autobiographies, 533.
5. Máirtín Ó Cadhain, "Irish Prose in the Twentieth Century", Literature in Celtic Countries, Cardiff 1971, 150 ff.
FIFTEEN: WRITING IRELAND. READING ENGLAND
1. Appendix 1, "The Irish Times on the Easter Rising", 1916: The Easter Rising, 247.
2. Letters of W. B. Yeats, 349.
3. Edward Dowden, "The Teaching of Literature", New Studies in Literature, London 1895, 445.
4. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, 104.
5. Yeats, "The Literary Movement in Ireland", Ideals in Ireland, 101.
6. Yeats, Essays and Introductions, 108.
7. Yeats, Explorations, 222.
8. For more on Crashaw's 1610 sermon see Edwards, Threshold of a Nation, Cambridge 1979, 98–100.
9. A. P. Rossiter, quoted by Kenneth Muir, introduction, Richard II, New York 1963, xxviii.
10. Quoted by John Devitt, "English for the Irish", The Crane Bag, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1982, 108.
11. James Joyce, Ulysses, Harmondsworth 1992, 271, 272.
12. Nicholas Mansergh, The Irish Question 1840–1921, 88–9.
13. Holloway, diaries, National Library manuscripts.
14. Quoted by Ellmann, Oscar Wilde, 41.
15. Sankaran Ravindran, W. B. Yeats and Indian Tradition, Delhi 1990, 19– 32.
16. James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Harmondsworth 1992, 228.
17. Edward Dowden, "The Serenity of The Tempest", The Tempest: A Selection of Critical Essays, ed. D. J. Palmer, London 1968, 75.
18. Edward Dowden, "The Scientific Movement and Literature", Studies in Literature, London 1878, 114.
19. Joyce, Portrait, 205–6.
20. Synge, preface to The Playboy, Plays 2, 53–4.
21. Deane, Celtic Revivals, 48.
22. Cited David Reed, Ireland: The Key to the British Revolution, London 1984, 9–11.
23. See Paul Buhle, C. L. R. James: The Artist as Revolutionary, London 1988, 160.
24. See Roberto Fernandez Retamar, Caliban and Other Essays, translated by Edward Baker, M
inneapolis 1989.
25. William Shakespeare, The Tempest, ed. Robert Langbaum, New York 1964, 55.
26. Samuel Beckett, Endgame, London 1964, 32.
27. The Tempest, 54.
28. Ibid., 89.
29. G. Wilson Knight, The Crown of Life, London, 138.
30. The Tempest, 121.
31. Ibid., 110.
32. George Lamming, The Pleasures of Exile, London 1984, 110.
33. Seamus Heaney, North, London 1975, 65.
34. Ulysses, 235.
35. Wilde, The Artist as Critic, 235.
36. Ibid., 307.
37. Ulysses, 6.
38. Ellis-Fermor, The Irish Dramatic Movement, 59–90.
39. Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale,
40. Wilde, The Artist as Critic, 291.
41. Yeats, Autobiographies, 89.
42. Séamus Ó Buachalla, ed., A Significant Irish Educationalist: Educational Writings of Patrick Pearse, Cork 1980, 353–4.
43. Buhle, C. L. R. James, 18.
44. Lamming, Pleasures, 27.
45. Significant Irish Educationalist, 354–5.
46. Lamming, Pleasures, 42.
47. Significant Irish Educationalist, 372.
48. Aimé Césaire, Discourse on Colonialism, translated by Joan Pinkham, New York 1972, 21.
49. The comparison was first made by Tomás Bán Ó Concheanainn; and later taken up by Douglas Hyde.
50. Letters of W. B. Yeats, 414.
51. Both Earnest and Intentions contain ideas of educational reform.
52. Significant Irish Educationalist, 374, 377.
53. Ibid., 377.
54. Yeats, Autobiographies, 291.
55. Chris Baldick, The Social Mission of English Criticism 1848–1932, Oxford 1983.
SIXTEEN: INVENTING IRELANDS
1. Quoted by R. Poirier, A World Elsewhere, Wisconsin 1985, 210.
2. Tomás Ó Criomhthainn, Allagar na hInse, Dublin 1928, 115.
3. Muiris Ó Súilleabháin, Fiche Blian ag Fás, Maynooch 1976, 196.
4. Synge, Prose, 140.
5. Weldon Thornton, J. M. Synge and the Western Mind, Gerrards Cross 1979, 98 ff.
6. These features are all discussed in, for instance, Edward Said's Orientalism, New York 1978.