The Age of the Sages
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Zhou, Duke of (Dan): the brother of King Wu, founder of the Zhou Dynasty, who ruled as regent for his nephew following Wu’s death; the Duke of Zhou embodied many of the highest virtues according to Confucius.
Zhou dynasty:the period of Chinese history between the Shang and the Qin Dynasties; 1045–221 bce; divided into the Western and Eastern Zhou when invaders forced the move of the capital eastward.
Zhuangzi,c. 369–286 bce: The Daoist thinker most responsible for drawing out the mystical implications of the foundational Daoist principles. Unlike other philosophers of the Warring States period, Zhuangzi was decidedly disinterested in the political and social affairs.
Zoroaster:Iranian prophet and founder of the religion of Zoroastrianism, or Mazdaism. Some scholarly estimates suggest he lived as early as the fifteenth century bce and as late as the sixth century bce. Zoroaster is the Greek transliteration of Zarathustra.
Zoroastrianism: the religion based on Zoroaster’s reforms of ancient Iranian religion.
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———. Confessions. Translated by R. S. Pine-Coffin. London: Penguin, 1961.
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———, and Nyanaponika Thera. Numerical Discourses of the Buddha: An Anthology of Suttas from theAnguttara Nikaya. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira, 1999.
Boyce, Mary. Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. London: Routledge, 2001.
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______, trans. Mencius. London: Penguin, 1970.
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For Further Study
The Axial Age
Armstrong, Karen. The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions. New York: Anchor, 2007.
Bellah, Robert N. Religion in Human Evolution:From the Paleolithic to the Axial Age. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2011.
———, and Hans Joas. The Axial Age and Its Consequences. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2013.
East Asia
General Works
Adler, Joseph A. Chinese Religious Traditions.Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2002.
Fung Yu-Lan. A History of Chinese Philosophy. Vol. 1 of The Period of the Philosophers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.
Graham, A. C. Disputers of the Dao: Philosophical Argument in Ancient China. Chicago: Open Court, 1989.
Ivanhoe, Philip J., and Bryan W. Van Norden. Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy. New York: Seven Bridges, 2001.
Waley, Arthur. Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1982.
Confuc
ius and Confucianism
Berthrong, John H., and Evelyn Nagai Berthrong. Confucianism: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld, 2000.
Fingarette, Herbert. Confucius: The Secular as Sacred.New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1972.
Tu Weiming, and Mary Evelyn Tucker, eds. Confucian Spirituality. Vol. 1. New York: Crossroad, 2003.
Van Norden, Bryan W., ed. Confucius and theAnalects: New Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Watson, Burton, trans. Xunzi: Basic Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
———, trans. Zhuangzi: Basic Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 2003.
Daoism
Kohn, Livia, and Michael LaFargue, eds. Lao Tzu and the Tao-te-ching.Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Miller, James. Daoism: A Short Introduction. Oxford: Oneworld, 2003.
Oldstone-Moore, Jennifer. Taoism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
South Asia
General Works
Fairservis, Walter A., Jr. The Roots of Ancient India. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975.
Feuerstein, Georg, Subhash Kak, and David Frawley. In Search of the Cradle of Civilization: New Light on Ancient India. Wheaton, IL: Quest, 2001.
“Harrapa.” http://www.harappa.com/.
Kenoyer, Jonathan Mark. “Mohenjo-daro!” http://www.mohenjodaro.net/.
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, and Charles A. Moore, eds. A Sourcebook in Indian Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967.
Hinduism
Basham, A. L. The Origin and Development of Classical Hinduism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
———. The Wonder That Was India. New York: Grove, 1959.
Brereton, Joel. “The Upanishads.” In Approaches to the Asian Classics, ed. William Theodore de Bary and Irene Bloom. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.
Eck, Diana L. Darśan: Seeing the Divine Image in India. 2nd ed. Chambersburg, PA: Anima, 1985.
Edgerton, Franklin. The Beginnings of Indian Philosophy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965.
Hopkins, Thomas J. The Hindu Religious Tradition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1971.
Hume, Robert Ernest, trans. The Thirteen Principal Upanishads. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.
Huyler, Stephen P. Meeting God: Elements of Hindu Devotion. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999.
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Mahony, William K. The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination.Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998.
Miller, Barbara Stoler, trans. The Bhagavad-Gita: Krishna’s Counsel in Time of War. New York: Bantam, 1986.
Muesse, Mark W. The Hindu Traditions: A Concise Introduction. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2011.
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The Buddha and Buddhism
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Bodhi, Bhikkhu. TheNoble Eightfold Path: Way to the End of Suffering. Seattle: BPS Pariyatti, 1994. Available free online at http://www.vipassana.com/resources/8fp0.php.
———, trans. In the Buddha’s Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon (Teachings of the Buddha).Boston: Wisdom, 2005.
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Carrithers, Michael. Buddha: A Very Short Introduction.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
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Dhamma, Rewata. The First Discourse of the Buddha. Boston: Wisdom, 1997.
Gunaratana, Henepola. Mindfulness in Plain English.Rev. ed. Boston: Wisdom, 2002.
Harvey, Peter. An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History, and Practices. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
Mitchell, Robert Allen. The Buddha: His Life Retold. New York: Paragon, 1989.
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The Jains
Jaini, Padmanabh S. The Jaina Path of Purification.Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1998.
Tatia, Nathmal, trans. That Which Is:Tattvārtha Sūtra. San Francisco: HarperCollins, 1994.
West Asia
Zoroaster and Zoroastrianism
Avesta—Zoroastrian Archives. Published by Joseph H. Peterson. http://www.avesta.org/.
Foltz, Richard C. Spirituality in the Land of the Noble: How Iran Shaped the World’s Religions.Oxford: Oneworld, 2004.
Hultgård, Anders. “Persian Apocalypticism.” In The Continuum History of Apocalypticism, ed. Bernard J. McGinn, John J. Collins, and Stephen J. Stein, 30–63. New York: Continuum, 2003.
World of Traditional Zoroastrianism. http://www.zoroastrianism.com/.
Index
Achaemenid (Persian) Empire, 30
Afghanistan, 138
afterlife, 4; Buddhism and parinibbana, 125; classical Hinduism, 55–57, 60–61; Indus Valley Civilization, 42; Judaism, 34; Rig Veda, 45–47; Vedic Period, 45–47, 55–57, 60–61; Zoroastrian paradise, 30, 34; Zoroastrianism and bodily resurrection of the dead, 29; Zoroastrianism and individual destiny after death, 27–28. See also heaven; rebirth
Agam Sutras, 146
Agni, 45
ahimsa: the Buddha’s Five Precepts, 128–29, 143; Jainism, 143, 149–50; of the mind/of speech, 150
Ahriman, 24–25, 34
Ahura Mazda, 12, 13; and Zoroaster, 22, 23, 25, 31, 227
ahuras, 12, 24–25, 45
Alara Kalama, 104
Alexander the Great, 138
Analects(Lunyu) of Confucius, 171, 172–73, 175–77, 180, 182, 183, 186, 187–88, 193
Ananda, 136, 138
anatta (anatman), 119–22
ancestor reverence: contemporary Taiwan, 161; Shang dynasty, 160–61, 162, 168. See also family/filial piety
anekanta, 149
arahants, 125, 133; female, 135–36
Ardhanarishvara, 91
Aristotle, 89
Arjuna, 94–95
Aryans: the “Aryan question,” 43; the Buddha’s subversion of the word, 134; Hitler and symbols of, 43; “Noble Ones,” 10, 43–44. See also Indo-Aryans; Indo-Iranians
asceticism: and Confucian self-cultivation, 186; fasting to death (sallekhana), 150; of Gotama, 104–5, 107; Jain practices, 150; of Mahavira, 146; self-mortification, 86, 105, 107, 146; techniques for disciplining the lower self, 86. See also shramanas
asha, 12–13, 14, 17, 21, 27, 166
ashavans, 17
Ashoka, King, 139-140
asuras, 24, 45
atman: Brahman-atman, 80–82, 87–88; Indo-Aryan, 46, 76; as mind, 76–77; Upanishadic human essence/higher self, 76–77, 227
Augustine of Hippo, 34, 82
Avesta, 10; the Gathas of Zoroaster, 21–22, 24–25, 30
Avestan cosmogony, 13–14, 50
avijja, 118
Axial Age, 1–6, 223–32; attitudes about death, 3–4; compassion and mindful virtue, 228–29; defining, 1–6; human freedom and accountability, 226; individual selfhood, 3–4, 6, 225–28; insights for today, 225, 228–32; moral obligation, 25–26; and phenomenon of human religiousness, 223–25; political/social disorder and instability, 3; shift from cosmic maintenance to personal transformation, 5–6, 229–30; theology, 225–28; transcendental consciousness, 4–5, 231; urbanization and mobility, 2–3. See also preaxial period
bao, 162, 192
Becker, Ernest, 60
Bhagavad Gita, 89, 94–95, 212
bhikkhus/bhikkhunis, 111, 135–36
al-Bistami, Bayazid, 87
bodhi tree, 108, 137, 138
Bodhisattva, 141
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Book of Odes(Shi-jing), 162–63, 168–69, 187, 190
Boyce, Mary, 21
Brahman: Brahman-atman, 80–82, 87–88; nirguna Brahman, 79–80, 90, 93; saguna Brahman, 90; Vedantic school, 78–80, 89, 90, 93; Vedic word for power in ritual, 53–54, 78
Brahmin priests, 52–54, 78; mantras, 53; and the power brahman, 53–54, 78; Vedic shrauta rites, 52–53
Bryant, Edwin, 43n
Buddhism, 97–141; Ashoka and development in India, 140; concept of the self, 119–22, 227; contemporary practitioners, 143; death/individual destiny after death, 125; Dhamma, 109–11, 127, 133–35, 138–39, 140; and divine worship, 139; early divisions and separate schools, 141; early doctrinal disputes and Sangha councils, 138–39; Four Noble Truths, 109–32; images of the Buddha, 138, 224; institutionalization, 138–39, 141, 199, 221; and Jainism, 143; karma, 125, 128; Mahayana (Eastern Buddhism), 141, 199, 221; meditation practice, 108, 131, 135; ritual practice, 139; the Sangha (monastic community), 133–36; stupas, 137–38, 139, 140; Theravada, 141; Triple Refuge (creed), 139; Vajrayana, 141; the West’s early negative evaluation, 123; women/nuns, 135–36; Zen, 125–26, 224. See also Four Noble Truths; Gotama, Siddhattha
caste: Brahmin priests, 52–54, 78; and the Buddha’s message, 134; Indo-Iranian warrior caste, 17–18, 52; and myth of Purusha, 67; and rebirth, 67; shramanas, 69–70, 71
Celestial Masters, 221
change (impermanence): Four Noble Truths, 112, 118–19, 121; the Zhuangzi and Daoist acceptance of, 217–19
Charlie Chan movies, 193
China: Communist rule and Confucianism, 199; contemporary divination practices, 157–58; mythic prehistory and golden age, 156, 175; Period of Warring States, 3, 170, 191, 194, 196, 197, 201, 217; preaxial, 155–63; Shang dynasty religion, 156–63, 168; Spring and Autumn Age, 170, 171; transition to the Axial Age, 165–73; Zhou dynasty, 165–69, 170. See also Buddhism; Confucianism; Daoism; East Asia, preaxial (ancient China); East Asian transition to the Axial Age