Tories
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29. Worthington Chauncey Ford, ed., The Writings of George Washington, vol. 7 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1890), p. 345. “The half tories,” Washington wrote, “… might prove very useful instruments.”
30. Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds., The Spirit of ‘Seventy-Six, vol. 1 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1958), p. 325.
31. Adams, The Works of John Adams, p. 197.
CHAPTER 1: TWO FLAGS OVER PLYMOUTH
1. Franklin was questioned in February 1766. Adolphus Egerton Ryerson, The Loyalists of America and Their Times, vol. 1 (Toronto: William Briggs, 1880), p. 310.
2. Whether “Plymouth Rock” was actually trod by Pilgrims is not known. According to the Pilgrim Hall Museum in Plymouth, “There are no contemporary references to the Pilgrims’ landing on a rock at Plymouth.”
3. The December 22 date was wrong. The landing occurred on December 11, according to the British calendar, which did not recognize the new calendar decreed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII, who added ten days to the Julian calendar. Catholic countries accepted the change. But anti-Catholic Britain resisted the change until 175l. By then the change had increased to eleven days. The Old Colony members forgot that the difference was only ten days in the previous century, adding eleven days to December 11, 1620, celebrating on the twenty-second instead of the twenty-first.
4. Ryerson, The Loyalists of America and Their Times, p. 22. The work is dedicated, with permission, to Queen Victoria.
5. W. O. Raymond, The United Empire Loyalist (Saint Stephen, NB: Saint Croix Printing and Publishing Co., 1893), p. 3; John Fiske, The Beginnings of New England (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1889), pp. 192–193.
6. L. Carle Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist” (graduate thesis in history, University of New Brunswick, Canada, 1960), p. 9; Atlantic Canada Virtual Archives, The Winslows: Edward Winslow. http://atlanticportal.hil .unb.ca/acva/en/winslow/family/biography.php; accessed 4/20/2009.
7. Information on the club and its members: William T. Davis, History of the Town of Plymouth (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis & Co., 1885), and Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth (Boston: A. Williams and Company, 1883); “Plymouth in the Revolution” (Pilgrim Hall Museum); James H. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the Other Side of the American Revolution (Salem, MA: Salem Press, 1910). These sources draw their information primarily from Proceedings Massachusetts Historical Society, 2nd series, III (1886–1887), in which “The Records of the Old Colony Club” are reprinted, pp. 381–444. See also http:// www.pilgrimhall.org/Rev3.htm; http://www.oldcolonyclub.org/ClubHistory/occhist1.htm; accessed 12/28/2008.
8. Patrick Henry, condemning the Stamp Act, ended his speech by saying, “Tarquin and Caesar each had his Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third”—here the Speaker of the House shouted, “Treason!” while Henry continued—” may profit by their example. If this be treason, make the most of it.” Henry later apologized to the House and declared his loyalty to the king.
9. S. E. Morison, Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution, 1764—1788 and the Formation of the Federal Constitution (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1923), p. 33.
10. Page Smith, A New Age Now Begins, vol. 1 (New York: McGraw-Hill 1976), pp. 281–285.
11. Colin Nicholson, The “Infamas Govener” (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001), p. 177.
12. Moses Coit Tyler, The Literary History of the American Revolution 1763—1783, vol. 1 (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1897), p. 240.
13. John Clark Ridpath, James Otis, the Pre-Revolutionist (Chicago: University Association, 1898; reprint, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004), p. 107.
14. Circular produced by Hancock, September 23, 1768.
15. Paul Revere, “Sons of Liberty Bowl,” Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
16. “The Signer,” Time, July 4, 1976.
17. Nicholson, The “Infamas Govener,” p. 52.
18. Ibid., p. 167.
19. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Relations, s.v. “Gage,” http://www.american foreignrelations.com; accessed 4/20/2009. (The modern U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine calls for twenty security troops and police per thousand inhabitants.)
20. From the caption to a copperplate print by Revere, advertised in the Boston Gazette and Country Journal, April 16, 1770.
21. Encyclopedia of American Foreign Relations, http://www.americanforeignrelations .com; accessed 4/20/2009.
22. Smith, A New Age Now Begins, p. 305.
23. Alexander Winston, “Firebrand of the Revolution,” American Heritage 18, no. 3 (April 1967).
24. Carol Troyen, “A Choice Gallery of Harvard Tories,” Harvard, March-April 1997; Margaretta M. Lovell, Art in a Season of Revolution (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), p. 58.
25. Michael G. Kammen, Colonial New York: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) p. 270.
26. John Adams Diary, August 14, 1769: “Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive.” Massachusetts Historical Society. http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams; accessed 12/28/08.
27. Nicholson, The “Infamas Govener,” p. 203.
28. John Gorham Palfrey and Francis Winthrop Palfrey, History of New England (Boston: Little, Brown, 1890), pp. 404–406; Nicholson, The “Infamas Govener,” pp. 201–204.
29. D. Hamilton Hurd, History of Plymouth County … (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis, 1884), p. 141.
30. Mary Archibald, Gideon White, Loyalist (Halifax: Petheric Press, 1975); p. 2; “Biography of Edward Winslow Junior,” Winslow Papers, University of New Brunswick. The papers, consisting of more than 3,600 items and 11,000 pages, cover a period from 1695 to 1866. The biography quotes from Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, by John Langdon Sibley.
31. Richard B. Morris, Encyclopedia of American History (New York: Harper Collins, 1996).
32. Boston Chronicle, January 15, 1770.
33. Christopher’s last name is variously spelled, and his age is given as fourteen—by a pro-Loyalist newspaper—and twelve in other contemporary sources. J. L. Bell, a Massachusetts writer on the Revolution, tracked down church baptismal records showing that Christopher was baptized in Braintree on March 18, 1759. Typically, in that age of high infant mortality rates, babies were baptized within days of birth. That would mean he was almost certainly ten years old when he was murdered. See http://boston1775.blogspot.com/2006/05/christopher-seider-shooting-victim.html; accessed 12/28/08. Bell also reported on the Thursday crowd-forming phenomenon, the Seider autopsy, and the examination of the other boy, age unknown. See http://boston1775.blogspot.com/search/label/Samuel%20Gore.
34. James K. Hosmer, The Life of Thomas Hutchinson, Royal Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1896), p. 93.
35. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, pp. 422–423.
36. Boston Evening Post, February 26, 1770; Robert C. Kuncio, “Some Unpublished Poems of Phillis Wheatley,” New England Quarterly 43, no. 2 (June 1970), pp. 287–297.
37. John Singleton Copley’s half-brother Henry Pelham, a Loyalist, accused Revere of plagiarizing Pelham’s own depiction of the event, “as truly as if you had plundered me on the highway.” Letters & Papers of John Singleton Copley and Henry Pelham, 1739—1776 (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1914); Henry Pelham to Paul Revere, March 29, 1770, p. 83.
38. Howard Zinn and Anthony Arnove, Voices of a People’s History of the United States (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2004), p. 82. “Teague” was a contemptuous British term for an Irish person.
39. William T. Davis, History of the Town of Plymouth (Philadelphia: J. W. Lewis & Co., 1885), p. 86.
40. Tyler, The Literary History of the American Revolution, vol. 2, p. 194.
41. Benjamin Woods Labaree, The Boston Tea Party (New York: Oxford University Press, 1966), p. 118 (cited as Hutchinson to Tryon, November 21, 1773, Hutchinson Letterbooks 27, pp. 572–574, Massachusetts Archives, Massachusetts Historical Society tra
nscripts).
42. The Tea Act of 1773, http://www.americanrevolution.com/TeaAct.htm; accessed 4/20/2009.
43. Francis S. Drake, Tea Leaves, Being a Collection of Letters and Documents Relating to the Shipment of Tea to the American Colonies in the Year 1773 … (Boston: A. O. Crane, 1884; digitally reproduced by the Gutenberg Project, 1/15/2008).
44. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 165.
45. Sir Theodore Martin, A Life of Lord Lyndhurst (London: John Murray, 1883), p. 6.
46. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, pp. 216–217.
47. Labaree, The Boston Tea Party, pp. 80–128.
48. Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News-Letter, December 23, 1773.
49. Winslow Papers, “Biography of Edward Winslow Junior,” http://www.lib.unb .ca/winslow/sibley.html#7#7; accessed 4/20/2009.
50. Abigail Adams to Mercy Otis Warren, December 5, 1773, Adams Family Correspondence, 1:88, Massachusetts Historical Society, http://www.masshist .org/adams/quotes.cfm; accessed 4/20/2009.
51. Drake Labaree, in his definitive account, paraphrases the Adams quotation but accepts the “teapot” quotation from an eyewitness account.
52. Labaree, The Boston Tea Party, p. 141; Alfred F. Young, The Shoemaker and the Tea Party (Boston: Beacon Press, 1999), p. 43.
53. John Adams Diary, December 16, 1772—December 18, 1773. http:www.masshist .org/digitaladams/diary; accessed 3/18/2010.
54. Thomas A. Bailey and David M. Kennedy, eds., The American Spirit, vol. 1 (Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath and Co., 1994), pp. 130–131.
55. John R. Alden, A History of the American Revolution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969), pp. 139–140.
56. Peggy M. Baker,” ‘Let the Celebration begin!’ Patriots, Pilgrims & the Old Colony Club,” Pilgrim Hall Museum, Plymouth, http://www.pilgrimhall.org/RevOCC.htm; accessed 4/20/2009.
57. Davis, History of the Town of Plymouth, pp. 83–87; Baker. In 1880 Plymouth’s Pilgrim Society moved the top piece of the rock to the bottom of the rock, which was under a canopy. The date 1620 was cut into the rock.
CHAPTER 2: ARMING THE TORIES
1. A ballad of 1774. Esmond Wright, ed., The Fire of Liberty (London: Folio Society, 1983), p. 154.
2. “Edward Winslow,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online, http://www.bio graphi.ca/009004–119.01-e.php?BioId=36839; accessed 4/20/2009.
3. L. Carle Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist” (M.A. thesis, University of New Brunswick, 1960), p. 15; Sabine, The American Loyalists, vol. 2, p. 445.
4. Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist,” pp. 14–15.
5. John Langdon Sibley, Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts (Cambridge: Charles William Sever, University Bookstore), 1873.
6. Henry Steele Commager, Documents of American History (New York: F. S. Crofts & Co., 1940), pp. 71–76.
7. George Bancroft, Bancroft’s History of the United States, vol. 7 (London: Charles Bowen, 1834), chap. 10, p. 37.
8. Biography of Edward Windslow Junior, p. 136; Winslow Papers, University of New Brunswick.
9. Jarvis Munson petition.
10. Peter Oliver’s Origin and Progress of the American Revolution: A Tory View. Douglass Adair and John A. Schutz, eds., p. 114.
11. James Grant Wilson, John Fiske, and Stanley L. Klos, eds., Appleton’s Cyclopedia of American Biography (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1887–1889), available at virtualology.com. Scholars in the twentieth century discovered errors in some of Appleton’s biographies; Bowdoin’s is accurate.
12. Allen Johnson, ed., Readings in American Constitutional History, 1776—1876 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1912), p. 34.
13. Ryerson, The Loyalists of America and Their Times, vol. 1, p. 408.
14. David Hackett Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 42; Ryerson, The Loyalists of America, p. 408.
15. James Thacher, A Military Journal of the American Revolution: From the Commencement to the Disbanding of the American Army (Boston: Cotton & Barnard, 1827), p. 15. Thacher, a witness to the incident, served as a surgeon through the war.
16. Oliver, Peter Oliver’s Orgins and Progress of the American Revolution, pp. 115—116.
17. Boston Gazette, July 4, 1774.
18. Paine’s son, William, would become apothecary to the British forces in America. http://www.worcesterart.org/Collection/Early_American/Artists/badger/lois_o/painting-discussion.html; accessed 4/28/2009.
19. William Lincoln, The History of Worcester, Massachusetts, from its Earliest Settlement to September, 1836 (Worcester: Charles Hersey, 1862), p. 86.
20. David McCullough. John Adams (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), p. 42.
21. Lincoln, The History of Worcester, pp. 86, 87; Sabine, The America Loyalists, p. 376.
22. Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, p. 227.
23. Ibid., p. 87.
24. Stark, The Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 123.
25. Frank Moore, Diary of the American Revolution, vol. 1 (London: Sampson Low, Son & Co., 1860), p. 27.
26. Van Tyne, The Loyalists in the American Revolution, pp. 33–34, 40.
27. Stark, p. 131.
28. Marshfield Massachusetts History. http://www.marshfield.net/History/mar1 .htm; accessed 4/29/2009.
29. Justin Winsor, History of the Town of Duxbury, Massachusetts, with Genealogical Registers (Boston, 1849), pp. 123–146. Winsor was superintendent of the Boston Public Library from 1868 to 1877 and went on to become librarian of Harvard University.
30. John K. Mahon, History of the Militia and the National Guard (New York: Macmillan, 1983), p. 36.
31. Winsor, History of the Town of Duxbury, pp. 123–146.
32. Adams, The Works of John Adams, pp. 194–195.
33. Leonard wrote anonymously as “Massachusettensis” in letters addressed to “The inhabitants of the province of the Massachusetts-Bay,” published in the Boston Gazette from December 1774 to April 1775. John Adams believed Jonathan Sewell, Massachusetts attorney general and longtime friend, was Massachusettensis. Adams reacted using the pseudonym “Novanglus.” The letters were later published in pamphlet form.
34. “A Biography of Daniel Leonard,” An Outline of American History, published by the U.S. Information Agency, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/B/dleonard/leonard.htm; accessed 9/23/2008.
35. Stark, Loyalists of Massachusetts, p. 326.
36. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 708; Calhoon, The Loyalists in Revolutionary America, pp. 277–278.
37. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 708.
38. Ernest F. Henderson, “Laws of Richard I Concerning Crusaders Who Were to Go by Sea,” Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages (London: George Bell and Sons, 1896); see www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/richard .htm; accessed 4/29/2009.
39. Quoted in the Pennsylvania Gazette, June 29, 1774; the citation is from Benjamin H. Irvin, “Tar and Feathers in Revolutionary America,” http://revolution.h-net .msu.edu/essays/irvin.feathers.html; accessed 4/24/2009.
40. Edward L. Pierce, “The diary of John Rowe, a Boston mercant, 1764–1779,” Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society. Second Series, vol. 4, 1885–1886, p. 82.
41. Thacher, A Military Journal of the American Revolution, p. 16.
42. McCullough, John Adams, p. 77; Adams, Works of John Adams, vol. 4, p. 8.
43. Cambridge Historical Commission, Cambridge During the Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Discovery, 1975).
44. Lucius Robinson Paige, History of Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1630—1877 (Boston: H. O. Houghton & Co., 1877), p. 169, quoting from a letter of Frederika Baroness Riedesel.
45. Fischer, Paul Revere’s Ride, pp. 44–46; “Boston1775”: http://boston1775.blogspot .com/2007/09/gen-gage-secures-provincial-powder.html; accessed 4/22/2009.
46. Rowe, The Diary of John Rowe, p. 284. Accompanying the diary is a paper presented by Edward L. Pierce, who id
entifies Rowe as a wealthy merchant, “prudent enough to keep up pleasant personal relations with both sides.”
47. Berkin and Sewall, Odyssey of an American Loyalist, p. 106.
48. Sabine, American Loyalists, p. 495.
49. Rowe, The Diary of John Rowe, p. 88.
50. Winslow Papers, letter to Gage from Edward Winslow, Jr., and others, March 7, 1775.
51. William Clarke to Joseph Patten, August 6, 1774, quoted in Catherine S. Crary, ed., The Price of Loyalty (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1973), p. 26.
52. Letter from an anonymous Loyalist in Marshfield to “a gentleman in Boston,” January 24, 1775, Winsor, History of the Town of Duxbury, p. 128.
53. Richards, History of Marshfield, vol. 1, p. 128.
54. Ibid., pp. 128, 117.
55. Mary Standish Paine, “Patriots and Tory Marshfield,” (Marshfield, MA: Marshfield Historical Society, 1924). Daniel Webster bought the estate from a Thomas descendant in 1832 and lived there the rest of his life.
56. Winslow Papers, New Brunswick University, microfilm 1, 47.
57. Ibid.; Richards, History of Marshfield, vol. 1, pp. 118, 121.
58. Richards, History of Marshfield, vol. 1, p. 121.
59. Duval, “Edward Winslow, Portrait of a Loyalist,” p. 16.
60. “Plymouth in the Revolution,” Plymouth Hall Museum. http://www.pilgrim hall.org/Rev4.htm; accessed 4/28/2009.
61. Wilbur H. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” New England Quarterly 4, no. 1 (January 1931), pp. 108–147; see especially p. 110.
62. Sabine, The American Loyalists, p. 322.
63. “Evidence in the Claim of Thomas Gilbert,” Transcript of the Manuscript Books and Papers of the Commission of Enquiry into the Losses and Services of the American Loyalists, National Archives (formerly Public Records Office of England), vol. 28, p. 213.
64. Ibid.
65. Siebert, “Loyalist Troops of New England,” p. 108.
66. Jones, Loyalists of Massachusetts, pp. 224–225.
67. “Hardwick, Massachusetts,” pp. 358–359 in Nason and Varney’s Massachusetts Gazetteer (1890) reproduced at http://capecodhistory.us/Mass1890/Hardwick 1890.htm; accessed 6/11/2009.